Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab kev siv hauv tsev, ntau hom resin feem ntau pom. Lawv yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, kho cov cuab yeej, hauv daim ntawv ntshiab lossis ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus. Yog li dab tsi yog natural resin?
Resin and its composition
Resin yog ib yam khoom tsim los ntawm qee hom nroj tsuag. Qhov no yog ib tug complex qauv nyob rau hauv nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas hardens thaum sib cuag nrog huab cua, thiab tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Tab sis nws melts zoo nyob rau hauv tshuaj solvents.
Nyob rau hauv tsos, ntuj cob yog ib yam khoom uas muaj xim sib txawv. Nyob ntawm tsob ntoo, cov resin tuaj yeem yog xim av los yog xim av mus rau dub. Nws yog muab rho tawm los ntawm resinous ntoo hom. Cov nroj tsuag tsim nws thaum raug mob los tiv thaiv pob txha los yog lwm yam kev raug mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm cov resin tsis tau hloov pauv. Raws li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws yog saunyob rau hauv hav zoov los ntawm tshwj xeeb incisions. Ancient fossilized natural resins yog mined thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm pom deposits.
Ntau cov khoom sib txuas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab tsw, vim lawv feem ntau muaj cov acids complex, cawv, phenols thiab cov roj yam tseem ceeb.
Ancient siv resin
Los ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm keeb kwm, peb paub tias tsuas yog cov neeg Iyiv pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws siv rau resins. Peb tseem tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv qhov kev sim ua tau zoo hauv cov tsev cia puav pheej thoob ntiaj teb. Cov tshuaj tsw qab ntuj siv los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub yog ib qho tseem ceeb xws li xyab. Resins raug crushed thiab ntxiv rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, complex compositions ntawm cov roj thiab cov khoom xyaw ntuj tsim nyob rau hauv lawv lub hauv paus. Cov khoom xyaw smelly yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv rituals ntawm mus pw, dej txheej txheem.
Cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab xyab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev cai dab qhuas. Nyob rau hauv cov tuam tsev, raws li kev txiav txim ntawm Ramses II, ib tug neeg yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm, uas ua kom cov xyab haus luam yeeb ib ncig ntawm lub moos.
Cov kws kho mob hauv tebchaws Egypt thiab kws tshuaj tau ua tiav qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv cov resins hauv tshuaj. Peb tab tom tham, ntawm chav kawm, txog mummification. Cov secrets ntawm cov txheej txheem no tseem unsolved mysteries. Ib qho qauv tshwj xeeb rau kev sib tov sib txawv ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw qab tau siv. Thaum xub thawj, cov khoom xyaw ntuj tau siv, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau pom tias lawv nyob ntev. Thaum embalming lub cev, lawv pib siv ib tug complex sib tov ntawm resins, tshauv thiab tsiaj rog.
Uss
Ntshav lossis pob txhanatural resin muab faib ua ob peb hom nyob ntawm seb qhov kev siv: rosin, shellac, amber, copal. Cov resins no feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj rau kev tsim cov kua roj vanish thiab cov xim tsev. Thiab lawv kuj tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim ntau hom kua nplaum, linoleum, sealing ciab. Qee zaum suav nrog hauv cov tswm ciab.
Natural resins, lawv cov khoom thiab daim ntawv thov txuas mus rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Lawv yog siv los ua xab npum, ntxiv rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qee cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, thaj ua rau thaj. Vim yog cov khoom ntawm cov pob tshab, cov resin yog sib xyaw ua ke rau kev tsim cov khoom siv lossis cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Qee zaum, cov khoom xyaw no tseem ntxiv rau cov pos hniav.
Nyob ntawm resins
Cov yam ntxwv thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab lawv hom muaj kev faib tawm meej. Muaj ob peb hom nrov:
- Akaroid. Cov resin no yog muab rho tawm los ntawm Australian ntoo. Nws muaj xim daj lossis xim liab thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish.
- Dammara. Hom kab no yog muab rho tawm los ntawm tsob ntoo dammara, uas loj hlob ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Java, Borneo thiab Sumatra. Nws yog siv rau zus tau tej cov pob tshab varnishes ntawm nce durability. Muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tsw phem.
- Lwm cov resin nrov yog rosin. Qhov no resin yog nkig heev nyob rau hauv nws cov yam ntxwv. Nws dhau los ua khoom tom qab cov khoom tseem ceeb tsis hloov pauv tau raug tshem tawm ntawm nws. Rosin yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov kua roj vanish thiab xim,tab sis, raws li txoj cai, tsis nyob hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus.
- Copals yog hom tom ntej ntawm cov khoom qub. Lawv tsuas yog mined hauv African lub teb chaws: Mozambique, Zanzibar, Angola. Copals muaj siab hardness, zoo tiv taus rau kub kub thiab tshuaj lom neeg aggressive yam.
- Shellac. Tej zaum tsuas yog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim los ntawm cov kab uas parasitize ntoo. Xws li resin tuaj yeem tsaus, lub teeb thiab txawm tias pob tshab. Insoluble hauv roj, lwm yam roj thiab roj av. Ib qho nthuav qhov tseeb txhawj xeeb txog kev rho tawm cov resin. Ua ntej tshem nws tawm ntawm tsob ntoo, nws raug kho nrog dej kub.
Cov no yog cov khoom ntawm ntuj resins.
Amber
Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej txog pob zeb pob zeb - amber. Nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub, qhov kev zoo nkauj no tau ntev tau txais ib qho xwm txheej. Peb tau paub txij li hnub kawm ntawv tias amber yog ib lub pob zeb uas muaj nuj nqis ib nrab uas ua los ntawm cov khoom qub uas muaj zog ntau lab xyoo dhau los. Nws pom nws daim ntawv thov feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab haberdashery, nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov costume hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Nyob rau hauv me me, amber yog siv nyob rau hauv pharmaceuticals, perfumery thiab cosmetology.
Natural amber yog yooj yim heev los txheeb xyuas los ntawm ib tug fake los ntawm ntau yam. Thaum muas, nco ntsoov them sai sai rau qhov purity, ci ntsa iab ntawm lub pob zeb, nrog rau qhov muaj cov npuas dej khov. Lawv lub xub ntiag qhia tias qhov no tsis yog amber kiag li, tab sis yog cuav cuav.
Copal - imitation ntawm amber
Peb txhua tus nyiam thiab qhuas txog kev zoo nkaujmuaj tseeb amber. Tab sis cov neeg uas tsis to taub zoo los yog tsis to taub gemology nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov yuav ua yuam kev loj thaum muas, tsis meej pem tej yam ntuj tso amber nrog copal. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim lawv zoo sib xws.
Copal yog cov pob txha pob txha zoo li amber, tawv heev, muaj peev xwm tiv taus siab thiab kub. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntoo ntawm tsev neeg legume thiab mined tsuas yog hauv Mexico. Cov neeg Mev tseem siv cov khoom no ua cov xyab hauv ntau yam kev ua koob tsheej. Txawm li cas los xij, copal nws tus kheej feem ntau tsis muaj qhov hnov qab thiab tsw.
Nws yog siv los ua cov kua roj vanish, tab sis nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj, nws yuav luag poob nws lub hom phiaj.
Kev tsim cov kua nplaum los ntawm txhais tau tias
Natural resin kua nplaum tam sim no tsis tshua muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim thaum koj xav tau cov tshuaj no los ntawm cov khoom siv improvised, ces koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj ntoo coniferous.
Rau kev tsim cov kua nplaum, koj yuav xav tau resin los ntawm cov ntoo coniferous. Thiab koj tseem yuav xav tau cov ntoo tshauv zoo tib yam. Cov resin ntawm txhua hom ntoo muaj nws tus kheej sib xws, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab thiab nrhiav koj tus kheej raws nraim qhov yuav pab tau koj daws qhov teeb meem.
Tom ntej, tag nrho cov khoom xyaw yuav tsum tau crushed. Qhuav lub resin mus rau ib tug dej sib xws, ntxiv crushed tshauv thiab qhuav nplooj rau nws. Sib tov txhua yam kom huv si, boil. Cov cua txias me ntsis tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb ntu thiab siv raws li xav tau.
Industrialkua nplaum production
Cov nplaum muaj ntau tshaj plaws yog PVA qub zoo. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws thiab siv rau hauv kev tsim cov rooj tog zaum, hauv kev tsim kho, thiab tsim cov twj paj nruag. Cov kua nplaum tuav nws cov duab zoo. Txawm li cas los, nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb drawback. Tom qab siv, ib zaj duab xis elastic ntawm polymer tuaj yeem tsim ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw. Hauv qhov no, nws raug nquahu kom tsis txhob siv lub zog ntawm qhov sib txuas.
PVA muaj lub homphiaj, uas tso cai rau koj thov nws hauv tus nqi yuav tsum tau nrog txhuam, txawm tias ntawm cov ntsiab lus me me. Adhesives yog acidic, yog li yuav tsum tau saib xyuas thaum siv lawv nyob rau hauv cov pob qij txha ferrous, vim cov kab yuav nyob twj ywm.
Rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, ntsej muag ua haujlwm, rau gluing ua npuas ncauj roj hmab, ntawv tuab lossis txawm hlau, lwm hom kua nplaum yog siv - dispersion. Cov qauv tso cai rau lawv siv rau qhov txias thiab kub gluing. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov kua nplaum yuav tsum tau siv nrog txheej thib ob thaum thawj zaug dries me ntsis.
Synthetic resins
Cov qauv ntawm hluavtaws thiab ntuj resins, lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab kev siv sib txawv. Thiab xav tau kev txiav txim siab.
Synthetic resins thiab lawv cov derivatives tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv insulating. Nyob ntawm cov khoom siv thawj zaug, nws cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, resins yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm binders, granular thiab kua formulations. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv yog conditionally muab faib ua subspecies: rau kev tsim khoomcov ntaub ntawv uas twb tau siv rau hauv daim ntawv tiav thiab rau kev npaj cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg uas yuav siv rau yav tom ntej.
Synthetic resin processing technology
Hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv, qhov tseem ceeb yog them rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab cov kws tshaj lij pib los ntawm qhov no. Synthetic resins tau muab faib ua cov thermoset thiab thermoplastic resins.
Thermosetting resins harden nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb tebchaw thiab irrevocably poob lawv cov khoom qub. Yog hais tias cov khoom no raug cua sov heev, lawv decompose.
Ib qhov xwm txheej sib txawv kiag li tshwm sim nrog cov thermoplastic resins. Yog tias lawv raug cua sov, lawv tig mus rau hauv cov kua dej khov thiab, thaum txias, rov ua kom lawv cov khoom muaj tseeb. Lawv muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm tshwj xeeb compounds, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm cov zoo ntawm cov resin nws tus kheej. Raws li cov sib tov cuam tshuam rau nws evaporate, lawv rov qab lawv cov yam ntxwv qub.
Siv cov khoom siv hluavtaws
Synthetic resin tebchaw tau los siv txog ib puas xyoo dhau los thiab tam sim ntawd hloov cov khoom qub. Yog li, tib neeg txiav txim siab los tiv thaiv nws tus kheej los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis tau pom dua xws li kev siv peev txheej.
Hnub no, cov khoom siv hluavtaws tau nkag mus yuav luag txhua qhov ntawm lub neej. Lawv tsim cov kav dej rau cua sov, dej kub thiab txias, lim dej manholes. Lawv tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho. Cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawmhluavtaws resins, muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev: lawv tsis raug rau qhov kub thiab txias, lawv tiv taus tshuaj lom neeg. Lawv tsis ntshai tej kev puas tsuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, synthetics tau zoo nrog dej.
Cov khoom siv uas nrov tshaj plaws yog yas. Nws yog siv rau ntau lub pob, lub raj mis thiab cov kaus poom, thiab tus number case yog tsim los ntawm nws. Nws dries zoo thiab tsis ploj thaum lub sijhawm.
