Afghanistan tej zaum yog ib lub tebchaws txom nyem tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Cov pej xeem nyob deb ntawm txhua lub xeev tau ntsib teeb meem ntau npaum li nws cov pej xeem tau ntsib dhau 40 xyoo dhau los. Afghanistan, txawm hais tias muaj kev tsov rog ntev xyoo, muaj kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb, thiab nws cov pej xeem tseem tab tom saib mus rau yav tom ntej nrog kev cia siab. Cia peb kawm paub ntau ntxiv tias cov pej xeem ntawm lub tebchaws Esxias no yog dab tsi.
thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw
Ua ntej koj yuav paub cov pej xeem ntawm ib lub xeev, koj yuav tsum paub seb nyob hauv thaj chaw twg nws muaj.
thaj chaw ntawm Afghanistan yog 652.9 txhiab square meters. km, uas yog qhov ntsuas 41st hauv ntiaj teb. Lub xeev nyob hauv cheeb tsam, uas feem ntau hu ua Central Asia. Lub teb chaws tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau dej hiav txwv. Sab qaum teb ciam teb ntawm Afghanistan yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog Turkmenistan, Tajikistan thiab Uzbekistan, nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj nws yog ib tug nyob ze ntawm Tuam Tshoj, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb - Pakistan thiab Is Nrias teb, thiab nyob rau hauv sab hnub poob - Iran. Peev - Kabul.
Afghanistan feem ntau yog roob roob. Kev nyab xeebsubtropical continental yam ntxwv los ntawm lub caij ntuj no txias thiab lub caij ntuj sov kub.
A Brief History
Tam sim no cia peb saib luv luv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Afghanistan. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Afghanistan yog ib feem ntawm ntau lub teb chaws: lub Achaemenids, lub xeev ntawm Alexander lub Great, thiab lwm yam. Thaum lub sij hawm tom qab, lub teb chaws los ua qhov chaw ntawm lub Kushan faj tim teb chaws, thiab ces cov Hephthalites (dawb Huns.), uas qee cov keeb kwm xav txog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Pashtuns - cov neeg niaj hnub ntawm Afghanistan.
Tom qab ntawd, txij li ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 7, lub sijhawm Islamic pib hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws, uas cuam tshuam nrog Arab conquests. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Turks pib nkag mus rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Afghanistan. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, nws tau los ua qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub zog muaj zog ntawm Ghaznavids thiab Ghurids. Tab sis tom qab lub Mongol conquest nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, tsis muaj ib tug ywj siab lub xeev nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Afghanistan tau ntev.
Pib txij li xyoo pua 16th, sab hnub poob ntawm Afghanistan yog ib feem ntawm Iranian lub xeev Safavids, thiab sab hnub tuaj, suav nrog Kabul, suav nrog Mughal Empire nrog nws qhov chaw hauv Is Nrias teb. Thaum kawg, xyoo 1747, Pashtun Ahmad Shah Durrani tau tsim ib lub xeev Afghan ywj pheej, uas tau los ua lub npe hu ua Durrani Empire. Lub peev ntawm lub xeev yog thawj Kandahar, thiab tom qab ntawd Kabul. Nws tau tswj hwm kom txuas ntxiv nws lub zog tsis yog rau tag nrho Afghanistan, tab sis kuj rau qee qhov ntawm Iran thiab Is Nrias teb.
Los ntawm 1838, kev ua tsov rog Anglo-Afghan pib. Lub hom phiaj ntawm Great Britain yog tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm Afghanistan. Lub tebchaws Russia muaj cov hom phiaj zoo sib xws. ATThaum lub sij hawm kev tawm tsam ntawm ob lub teb chaws, Great Britain txawm tswj los tsim ib ntus kev tiv thaiv ntawm Emirate ntawm Afghanistan, tab sis tom qab Tsov Rog Thib Peb Anglo-Afghan, Central Asian lub xeev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv nws txoj kev ywj pheej.
Txij xyoo 1929, lub tebchaws Afghanistan tau raug hu ua lub nceeg vaj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1973 lub monarchy twb abolished los ntawm ib tug coup. Xyoo 1978, kev tawm tsam tshiab tau tshwm sim, uas yog ib qho kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg ntseeg, taw qhia rau USSR, tau los ua lub hwj chim. Xyoo 1979, nws tau thov kev pab tub rog los ntawm Soviet Union hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam. Txij thaum ntawd los, muaj kev tsov rog tsis tu ncua hauv Afghanistan.
Xyoo 1989, cov tub rog Soviet tau raug tshem tawm hauv lub tebchaws, thiab kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm tsis ntev. Nws cov neeg tawm tsam tuaj rau lub hwj chim, uas tau coj los ntawm cov teb chaws sab hnub poob. Tab sis kev tsov rog tsis nres. Cov Islamist rog ntawm cov Taliban zog tsa lawv lub taub hau. Los ntawm 1997 lawv tau tswj hwm Kabul thiab feem ntau ntawm lub tebchaws. Kev tawm tsam ntawm cov skyscrapers hauv New York City thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 11, 2001 thiab cov Taliban harboring nws tus thawj coj Osama bin Laden tau ua ib qho piv txwv rau coj US cov tub rog thiab lawv cov phooj ywg mus rau Afghanistan.
Txawm hais tias cov pab pawg Taliban tau raug yuam tawm mus rau thaj chaw deb ntawm lub tebchaws, thiab kev xaiv tsa kev ywj pheej tau muaj nyob rau hauv Afghanistan, los ntawm qhov loj, kev tsov rog tseem niaj hnub no.
Pabneeg
Tam sim no cia saib seb muaj pes tsawg tus neeg nyob hauv Afghanistan.
Txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem nyuaj rau kev suav pej xeem ntawm pej xeem, vim muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tu ncua, hauvLub sijhawm kawg nws tau tuav tsis ntev dhau los - hauv 2013. Raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv, cov pejxeem ntawm Afghanistan yog 31.108 lab tus tib neeg. Daim duab no nyob 40th hauv ntiaj teb. Rov qab rau xyoo 2009, cov pejxeem yog 28.4 lab.
Population density
Paub thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws, nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj los xam cov pejxeem ntawm Afghanistan. Hauv xyoo 2013, nws yog 43.5 tus neeg / sq. km.
Rau qhov sib piv: tib qhov taw qhia hauv Russia yog 8.56 tus neeg / sq. km.
Ethnic composition
Cov pejxeem faib li cas raws li haiv neeg thiab cov yam ntxwv? Afghanistan yog ib lub teb chaws zoo nkauj heev hauv qhov no, uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg nyob.
Cov neeg coob coob hauv Afghanistan, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, yog Pashtuns. Qhov tseeb, thaum lo lus "Afghans" yog siv rau hauv qhov nqaim ntawm lo lus, lawv txhais tau raws nraim lawv. Raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, tus naj npawb ntawm Pashtuns hauv Afghanistan yog 39-42% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem hauv lub tebchaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev sib haum xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg no hauv Pakistan thiab Iran. Cov lus Pashtun yog Pashto, hom lus ntawm Afghanistan, uas yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Iranian pawg.
Cov haiv neeg thib ob hauv lub tebchaws yog Tajik, lossis Farsivan. Lawv feem ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Afghanistan yog 25-30%. Lawv cov lus yog Dari, uas kuj yog ib pab pawg Iranian. Cov lus no yog hom lus thib ob hauv lub xeev Afghanistan, thiab tseem yog ib txoj hauv kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg sawv cev.ntau haiv neeg.
Pab pawg tseem ceeb thib peb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Afghan yog Uzbeks. Lawv ua 6-9% ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws. Cov lus Uzbek, tsis zoo li ob qho dhau los, twb yog pawg Turkic.
Ntxiv rau, pawg tseem ceeb hauv Afghanistan yog Hazaras, Pashais, Charaimaks, Turkmens, Nuristanis, Pamir haiv neeg, Balochs, Brahuis, Gujars, Kirghiz, Qizilbash thiab Afshars.
Kev ntseeg
Cov neeg Afghanistan ntseeg dab tsi? Kev ntseeg occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws. Ntxiv mus, kev cai dab qhuas lub neej yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug tswv yim txoj kev ntseeg - Islam. Nws yog siv los ntawm ntau tshaj 99% ntawm lub teb chaws cov pej xeem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kwv yees li 80% ua raws li Sunni qauv (tsuas yog Hanafi madhhab), thiab 18% - Shiite. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Islam nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws yog hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog officially hu ua lub Islamic koom pheej ntawm Afghanistan. Thaum lub sij hawm tswj hwm ntawm cov Taliban, lub teb chaws txawm nyob raws li txoj cai Sharia, uas ua txhaum loj tshaj tshaj tawm ntawm Human Rights thiab Freedoms.
Tab sis yog Afghanistan tsuas yog sawv cev los ntawm Islam ntawm kev ntseeg? Tus naj npawb ntawm cov pejxeem tshaj tawm txoj kev ntseeg hauv lub tebchaws yog 30,000 tus neeg. Cov no feem ntau yog Protestants, uas kuj muaj neeg txawv teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev ntseeg hauv qab no hauv Afghanistan: Hindus, Baha'is, Zoroastrians, Sikhs, tab sis lawv sawv cev, feem ntau, cov pejxeem tsawg. Afghanistan yog li no lub tebchaws Islamic.
xeev kev lag luam
Tau kawglub xeev uas raug ntaus rau ntau xyoo los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tsis tuaj yeem muaj kev lag luam muaj zog thiab ruaj khov. Tam sim no, lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv 219th qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm GDP per capita, uas yog, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg pluag tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog ib lub teb chaws ua liaj ua teb feem ntau ua nplej, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntaub plaub, thiab lwm yam.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej tsis muaj kev cia siab, thiab cov pejxeem nws tus kheej tab tom nrhiav txoj hauv kev tawm. Afghanistan yog lub ntiaj teb qhov chaw tsim tshuaj, uas ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau ntawm UN cov qauv.
Lub neej yav tom ntej
Yog li, peb tau piav txog yav dhau los thiab tam sim no ntawm lub tebchaws zoo li Afghanistan. Thaj chaw, pej xeem, kev lag luam thiab lwm yam teeb meem tau txiav txim siab los ntawm peb. Tab sis dab tsi tos lub xeev yav tom ntej? Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab nyob ntawm ntau yam. Tab sis peb tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias yam tsis muaj kev ua kom tiav ntawm kev ua phem hauv Afghanistan thiab tsim kom muaj kev tswj hwm tag nrho ntawm nws thaj chaw los ntawm tsoomfwv, lub neej yav tom ntej ruaj khov rau lub tebchaws tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau.
Cia siab tias yuav muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau Afghanistan yav tom ntej.
