Arcature siv yog ib qho khoom siv hauv kev tsim kho ntau yam qauv. Nws yog tsim ob sab hauv thiab sab nraum lub tsev. Txog qhov siv arcade yog dab tsi, txog nws cov yam ntxwv thiab cov qauv yuav piav qhia hauv tsab ntawv no.
Arcature yog dab tsi?
Ua ntej peb pib xav txog dab tsi arcature siv yog, peb yuav tsum piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog lub tswv yim no.
Ib nqe lus no yog "arcature". Txhais los ntawm Italian, nws txhais tau tias "arc", "khoov". Hauv German, arcature yog "kab ntawm arches". Nws tseem hu ua arcuate siv, arcuate frieze. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog tag nrho nws ntau yam.
Arcature yog ib qho txuas ntxiv lossis txiav tawm ntawm cov hniav cuav cuav. Lawv nyob rau ntawm lub facade ntawm lub tsev los yog nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm sab hauv. Lub ntsiab saib yog qhov muag tsis pom kev arcade, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus plastically superimposed rau ntawm phab ntsa. Qee zaum ib qhov chaw me me nyob nruab nrab ntawm phab ntsa thiab archway.
Tseem muaj ob hom arcature: dissected thiab nruam. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txoj siv arcuate,uas yog supplemented nrog txhua kab ntawm brackets. Tshwj xeeb, qhov kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev no muaj nyob hauv cov tuam tsev ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
Arch nta
Lwm lo lus yog "arch" - ib qho khoom vaj khoom tsev uas ua rau arcade thiab nws ntau yam, raws li txoj siv arcade. Nws yog lub qab nthab nkhaus ntawm qhov muag tsis pom lossis los ntawm kev qhib lossis ncua hauv ib phab ntsa, uas muaj kev txhawb nqa. Arches tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ntawm consoles, kab thiab brackets. Lawv yog ob qho tib si tiag thiab tsis tseeb, uas yog, kho kom zoo nkauj. Feem ntau, arches yog symmetrical txog lub ntsug axis. Cov ntsiab lus arcade no yuav tham txog ntau yam hauv qab no.
Yog tias peb piv lub koov nrog cov kab teeb, tom qab ntawd qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm qhov qub (ib txwm) kev ntxhov siab, thaum lub koov yog tangential. Vim yog kev nyuaj siab shear, qhov nthuav dav tshwm sim (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab rov tav).
Lub koov txawv ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej uas nws muaj qhov dav me dua. Vim lub ntsug load, lub koov ua hauj lwm ntau nyob rau hauv compression tshaj nyob rau hauv dabtsi yog khoov, uas yog vim li cas rau nws zoo technicalities.
Arches muab faib ua peb hom:
- hinged;
- ob-hinged;
- peb-hinged.
Thaum qhov kev txhawb nqa arched xaus txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm ib lub jumper, (ib tug pas nrig uas pom tau tias muaj kab rov tav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv), qhov no yuav yog ib lub koov nrog lub puff.
Npe ntawm cov ntsiab lus
Lub koov muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, cov npe uas tau muab hauv qab no:
- wedgestone;
- capstone (crowning sab saum toj hauv nruab nrab);
- extrados (sab nrauv ntawm koov);
- intrados (sab hauv);
- impost (pob taws, pob taws - lub pob zeb nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev txhawb nqa);
- retaining phab ntsa;
- span;
- nqa xub (nruab deb ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub xauv lub ntsiab lus los ntawm txoj kab uas txuas ob qhov chaw ntawm pob zeb pob zeb - impost).
Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub axes ntawm lub impost yog hu ua xam armhole. Yog hais tias lub lifting boom nce, raws li, lub thrust ntawm lub koov nws tus kheej txo. Lub axis ntawm tag nrho cov qauv yog xaiv nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas lub bending siab yog tsawg. Kev suav cov qauv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, vim qhov tseeb no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm chav tsev tag nrho.
In ancient times
Thawj zaug, txoj siv arched nyob rau hauv architecture, siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse, kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm facades thiab interiors, tshwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo txhiab BC. e. nyob rau hauv Ancient Mesopotamia, thiab nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd ntawm lub Ancient East. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, kev tsim kho ntawm ntau lub tsev siv cib blocks tau mus txog qib siab tshaj plaws, thiab nrog nws cov complexity ntawm cov qauv lawv tus kheej tau nce. Thaum lub sij hawm heyday ntawm ancient Rome, arches tau siv heev heev. Piv txwv li, lub ntiaj teb nto moo Colosseum tau tsim los siv ntau lub arches, qhov kev sib txuas ntawm uas ua rau arcature.
Arcature siv hauv ntiaj teb architecture
Hauv cov tebchaws sab hnub tuaj, cov arcade yog siv los tsim kho cov chaw qhib, uas nyob rau hauv cov facades ntawm tsev. Mainlub load nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm xws li ib tug kev daws teeb meem yog faib ntawm txhua tus neeg pab txhawb nqa.
Kev siv txoj siv arcature nce lub zog ntawm cov qauv tag nrho, thaum txo qhov hnyav ntawm tus qauv nws tus kheej. Lub Colosseum tau hais yav dhau los tau tsim los siv ntau lub arches, lawv kuj tau siv los ntawm cov neeg Loos hauv kev tsim cov kav dej, uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no.
Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Nrab Hnub nyoog, thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm Askiv Gothic cathedrals thiab monasteries, arched siv tau nquag siv. Qhov chaw uas nws nyob tam sim ntawd attracts lub qhov muag nrog nws txoj kev zoo nkauj.
Feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov tsev teev ntuj Catholic, ib tug arched passage coj los ntawm lub nave los yog transept mus rau sab hauv. Feem ntau cov arcade txuas nrog lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, thaiv cov kab hauv cov tuam tsev, uas muaj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv Gloucestershire Cathedral, ua nyob rau hauv 1029, lub arcade yog nyob rau ntawm lub opposite sab, uas yog me ntsis inconsistent nrog lub canons ntawm kev tsim kho, tab sis tseem tshwm sim.
Arcature-columnar belt
Cov hlua li no yog hu ua cov motifs zoo nkauj los ntawm cov kab me me uas so ntawm cov kab me me. Raws li tau hais los saum no, txoj siv tawv columnar yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm arcature. Nws tau dav siv nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Ancient Russia. Nrog nws cov kev pab, cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev thiab lub tsev teev ntuj nruas (lub pre-dome ib feem ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj) tau dai kom zoo nkauj. Feem ntau, elongated, nqaim qhov rais ntawm lub teeb hla nruab nrab ntawm kab.
Cov hlua khi tau sib txawvkev xaiv ua. Yog li, piv txwv li, ib txoj hauv kev yog kev teeb tsa ntawm cov kab me me tsis nyob hauv txhua pob taws ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze, tab sis nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm - hauv ib lossis ob lub arches. Ib qho kev npaj zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom hauv Kremlin, ntawm lub nruas ntawm Cathedral ntawm Annunciation.
Txoj siv arched ntawm lub tuam tsev nws thiaj li pib siv nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam architecture. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 17th, cov khoom siv zoo nkauj no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog hauv Lavxias lub tuam tsev, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv kev tsim vaj tsev secular. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias qhov twg lub arcade siv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tuam tsev architecture, feem ntau cov qhib thiab crowns ntawm lub arches tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog mosaics ntawm phau Vajlugkub cov ntsiab lus.
tshwm sim thaum ub, cov khoom vaj tsev no tau dhau los tsis yog tsim nyog thiab siv ntau zaus, tab sis kuj tau txais cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj, ennobling thiab kho kom zoo nkauj txhua lub tsev.
