Txhua lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom yooj yim, nyob hauv lub xeev dawb. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, lub zog ntawm atoms tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, lawv yog symmetrical. Nyob rau hauv complex tshuaj, qhov teeb meem yog ntau nyuaj. Chemical bonds nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog asymmetric, complex covalent bonds yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov molecules ntawm complex tshuaj.
txhais li cas los ntawm oxidation
Muaj cov tebchaw uas cov electrons faib tsis sib npaug li qhov ua tau, piv txwv li. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm complex tshuaj, valence electrons kis ntawm atom mus rau atom.
Nws yog qhov kev faib tsis sib luag hauv cov khoom sib xws uas hu ua oxidation lossis oxidation. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho atom hauv molecule yog hu ua qib ntawm oxidation ntawm cov khoom. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev hloov ntawm electrons los ntawm atom mus rau atom, qhov tsis zoo lossis qhov zoo yog qhov txawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm muab los yog tau txais ib tug atom ntawm ib lub caij ntawm ob peb electrons, ib tug zoo thiab tsis zoo oxidation lub xeev ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsim, ntsig txog (E + los yog E-). Piv txwv li, qhov nkag K+1txhais tau hais tias cov poov tshuaj atom muabib electron. Nyob rau hauv txhua yam organic compound, carbon atoms nyob hauv nruab nrab. Lub valency ntawm lub caij no sib haum mus rau 4th nyob rau hauv tej compound, txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv sib txawv tebchaw, lub oxidation lub xeev ntawm carbon yuav txawv, nws yuav sib npaug zos rau -2, +2, ± 4. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm valency thiab oxidation xeev yog pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov sib xyaw.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm oxidation xeev
Yuav kom txiav txim siab txog qib ntawm oxidation, koj yuav tsum paub cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
Metals tsis muaj peev xwm muaj qhov tsis zoo, txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tsis tshua muaj thaum hlau ua cov sib txuas nrog hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, cov pab pawg neeg ntawm ib tug atom sib haum mus rau lub siab tshaj plaws tau oxidation xeev: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, thiab lwm yam khoom. Thaum lub atom electronegative hloov mus rau lwm lub atom, ib tug electron tau txais tus nqi ntawm -1, ob electrons -2, thiab lwm yam. Txoj cai no tsis ua haujlwm rau tib lub atoms. Piv txwv li, rau kev sib txuas H-H, nws yuav sib npaug rau 0. C-H txuas \u003d -1. Qib ntawm oxidation ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas C-O \u003d + 2. Cov hlau ntawm thawj thiab thib ob pawg ntawm Mendeleev system thiab fluorine (-1) muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi. Hauv hydrogen, qhov degree no yuav luag tag nrho cov tebchaw yog +1, tshwj tsis yog hydrides, uas nws yog -1. Rau cov ntsiab lus uas tsis muaj qhov tsis tu ncua, nws tuaj yeem suav tau los ntawm kev paub txog cov qauv ntawm cov compound. Txoj cai tseem ceeb uas hais tias qhov suav ntawm lub hwj chim hauv ib qho molecule yog 0.
Piv txwvoxidation xeev xam
Cia peb xav txog kev suav ntawm lub xeev oxidation siv cov piv txwv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide CH3CL. Cia peb pib cov ntaub ntawv: qib ntawm hydrogen yog +1, cov tshuaj chlorine yog -1. Rau kev yooj yim, hauv kev suav x peb yuav xav txog qib ntawm oxidation ntawm carbon. Tom qab ntawd, rau CH3CL qhov sib npaug x + 3(+ 1) + (-1)=0 yuav tshwm sim. Tom qab ua haujlwm yooj yim lej, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lub xeev oxidation ntawm carbon yuav yog +2. Ua li no, kev suav suav tuaj yeem ua rau txhua lub caij hauv kev sib txuas nyuaj.
