Lichens yog ib pawg symbiotic ntawm fungi, ntsuab algae thiab cyanobacteria. Lub npe ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm qhov zoo sib xws ntawm lawv cov tsos nrog qee yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab txhais los ntawm Latin li "lichen".
Kev piav qhia ntawm symbiotes
Lawv tau faib thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab tuaj yeem loj hlob zoo sib xws hauv cov pob zeb txias thiab hauv cov suab puam kub. Lawv cov xim tuaj yeem yog cov xim sib txawv: liab, daj, dawb, xiav, xim av, dub. Lub mechanism ntawm lichen tsim yog tsis to taub tag nrho. Tab sis nrog qhov tseeb peb tuaj yeem hais tias lawv qhov tsim tau cuam tshuam los ntawm hnub ci. Muaj cov nplai, fruticose thiab nplooj lichens. Lub thalli ntawm lub qub yog zoo ib yam li ib tug crust uas adheres nruj nreem rau lub substrate. Lawv yog cov me me (txog 2-3 cm), sib koom ua ke, loj hlob nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tsob ntoo trunks thiab pob zeb, tsim conglomerates kaum ntawm centimeters nyob rau hauv lub cheeb. Bushy - ntau hom kab mob uas loj hlob vertically thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag ob peb meters hauv qhov siab. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav saib ze dua ntawm hom thib ob. Cov kab mob, qhov tsos thiab cov qauv ntawm nplooj lichens, zoo li cov nplooj ntoo hauv lawv cov duab.
Dab tsi yog cov txheej txheem ntawm
Thallus lossis thallus yog ib feem ntawm unicellular lossis multicellular fungi, mosses thiab lichens. Yog hais tias piv nrog cov nroj tsuag, ces rau lawv nws yog lawv cov hluas ntsuab ceg. Lub thalli tuaj yeem yog nplooj-puab lossis bushy.
Gifa yog ib qho filamentous tsim zoo ib yam li cobweb. Nws yog multinucleated thiab multicellular. Thiab nws yog tsim los nqus cov as-ham, dej thiab, zoo li lub vev xaib, tuaj yeem siv los ntes lwm yam kab mob (piv txwv li, nceb nceb).
Substrate yog qhov chaw uas cov khoom txuas nrog. Nws kuj yog qhov chaw yug me nyuam rau qee cov nroj tsuag thiab lichens.
Zoo ntawm foliose lichens
Lawv muaj lub ntsej muag sib npaug, nplooj-zoo li tus thiab lamellar, qee zaum muaj ib lossis ntau qhov chaw. Thiab hyphae loj hlob raws ntug los yog raws lub vojvoog ntawm lub voj voog. Leafy lichens muaj daim ntawv ntawm cov phaj txheej nyob rau ntawm lub substrate nyob rau hauv kab rov tav. Qhov tseeb ntawm cov duab ntawm thallus nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub substrate. Qhov smoother, qhov sib npaug ntawm lichen yuav saib.
Nws txuas nrog lub hauv paus nrog ib txhais ceg luv luv nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm thallus. Lub phaj nws tus kheej nrog ib txoj kab uas hla tsis tshaj 20-30 cm yog heev ntom thiab tawv. Nws qhov ntxoov ntxoo tuaj yeem txawv ntawm ntsuab tsaus lossis grey rau xim av thiab dub. Lawv loj hlobqeeb heev, tab sis foliose lichens me ntsis sai dua li lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv nyob ntev. Qee cov thalli muaj hnub nyoog tshaj ib txhiab xyoo. Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub substrate thiab lub neej ntev ntawm lichen.
Kev tsim kho
Foliate lichens muaj ob theem thallus vim lawv cov qauv dorso-vertral. Ntawd yog, lawv muaj lub ntsej muag sab sauv thiab sab qis. Lub sab sauv yog ntxhib los yog txawm, qee zaum them nrog outgrowths, tubercles thiab cilia, warthogs. Hauv qab muaj cov kabmob uas cov lichen txuas nrog rau lub substrate. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv, nws kuj yuav du los yog tsis sib xws. Ob qhov sib txawv tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov duab xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov xim siv.
Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom, plaub txheej anatomical tseem ceeb tau pom meej:
- sab nyuj;
- algae;
- core;
- kub nyuj.
Foliate lichens yog xoob txuas rau saum npoo ntawm substrate thiab yooj yim sib cais los ntawm nws. Tab sis nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub thallus thiab lub hauv paus ib lub cushion cua yog tsim. Nws nourishes qhov chaw ntawm lichen nrog oxygen, nqa tawm cov pa pauv, thiab pab txhawb rau tsub zuj zuj thiab khaws cia ntawm noo noo. Lub hyphae muaj tshwj xeeb txuas organelles - lub rhizoid.
Thallus yog los ntawm ib phaj, ces nws yog monophilic, los yog los ntawm ob peb txheej thiab hu ua polyphilic. Cov tom kawg tsis muaj ceg, lawv lub hauv paus yog ruaj khov rau saum npoo, yog li lawv tuav mus rau lub substrate ntau ruaj khov. Lawv tsis ntshai cua daj cua dub thiablwm yam huab cua phem. Lub thallus tuaj yeem muab faib ua lobes, txiav raws cov npoo, muab faib ua lobes. Qee lub sij hawm cov tsos ntawm lichen zoo li cov ntaub lace intricately.
Kev faib tawm
Foliose lichens loj hlob hauv thaj chaw uas muaj dej nag ntau. Lawv yooj yim mus nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws, xws li txawm tias txias Antarctica. Lawv tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm pob zeb liab qab thiab pob zeb, ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov ntoo, mossy stumps, ntawm cov tsev qub. Lawv loj hlob raws txoj kev, hauv swamps, ntug thiab qhuav meadows. Yeej, lawv qhov chaw nyob yog qhov tseeb vim yog kev xaiv ntawm substrate. Nrog rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig, lichens feem ntau hloov xim ze rau qhov tsaus thiab grey. Cov kab mob hauv av loj hlob tshwj xeeb tshaj yog luxuriantly, npog thaj tsam loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov no suav nrog reindeer moss (Cladonia hav zoov).
Type of foliose lichens
Ntau tshaj 25,000 hom lichens tau kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Yog tias koj faib cov kab mob raws li cov substrate uas lawv nyiam txuas, ces muaj:
- Epigean - nyob rau hauv av lossis xuab zeb (piv txwv li, Parmelia xim av, Hypohymnia Nephrom, Solorina).
- Epilite - txuas rau pob zeb, pob zeb (Gyrofora, Collem, Xanthoria, Cetraria).
- Epiphytic - loj hlob ntawm cov ntoo thiab cov ntoo, feem ntau ntawm nplooj thiab pob tw (Parmelia, Fiscia, Cetraria, Lobaria, Candelaria).
- Epixial - nyob rau ntawm cov ntoo tuag, stumps tsis muaj tawv, phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev qub (Hypohymnia, Parmeliopsis, Xanthoria).
Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tib lub genus tuaj yeem suav nrog hom foliose thalli thiab bushy thalli, lossis lawv cov ntawv nruab nrab.
Parmelia lichen
Nyob hauv nws cov qauv sab hauv, nws zoo ib yam li ntsuab algae. Nws nto tuaj yeem yog daj, xim av nrog ntsuab, dub thiab dawb thaj ua rau thaj. Lub genus Parmelia yog nplooj lichen, uas muaj txog 90 hom nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj ib tug thallus txiav rau hauv loj pieces. Nws cov hniav tuaj yeem nqaim thiab dav. Nws loj hlob zoo sib xws ntawm cov ntoo trunks thiab ntawm pob zeb, thiab yoog raws cov huab cua hauv nroog. Daim ntawv ntawm cov kab mob no muaj ntau haiv neeg uas nws lees paub qhov tseeb tias nws tsis yog ib txwm pom zoo kom faib cov lichens tsuas yog hauv cov tsos. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, parmelia hmoov tau siv los nres los ntawm qhov txhab. Nws kuj tau ntxiv rau hmoov los tiv thaiv kab tsuag thiab ua kom lub neej txee.
Foliose lichens, uas nws cov npe tau txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm cov qauv thiab cov duab, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov chaw nyob halo, hom substrate, muaj ntau haiv neeg. Ntau ntawm lawv yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus. Lawv pub nyuj loj thiab me. Tsis ntev los no, hmoov los ntawm lawv tau dav siv los ua zaub mov additives uas ua cov tshuaj npaj. Piv txwv li, Cetraria yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev, txhawm rau txhawb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, normalize lub plab zom mov, thiab. Nws yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
