Allen Ginsberg tau nthuav tawm tseem ceeb hauv Asmeskas kab lis kev cai txij li Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Nws yog ib tus kws sau ntawv uas muaj kev hwm tshaj plaws thiab yog tus kws sau paj huam muaj npe nrov ntawm nws tiam.
Allen Ginsberg: biography
Nws yug hauv xyoo 1926 hauv Newark, New Jersey rau tsev neeg neeg Yudais tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Loj hlob nyob ze Paterson. Leej Txiv Louis Ginsberg tau qhia lus Askiv, thiab niam Naomi yog ib tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Allen Ginsberg tau pom nws cov teeb meem puas siab puas ntsws hauv nws cov hluas, suav nrog kev ntxhov siab vim muaj kev ntshai ntawm kev tsim txom rau nws cov kev ua ub no.
Pib ntaus zog
Allen Ginsberg thiab Lucien Carr tau ntsib xyoo 1943 thaum kawm hauv Columbia University. Tom qab ntawd coj tus tub ntxhais kawm thawj xyoo ua ke nrog William Burroughs thiab Jack Kerouac. Cov phooj ywg tom qab tau tsim lawv tus kheej los ua cov nuj nqis tseem ceeb hauv kev sib tw khiav. Paub txog lawv qhov kev xav tsis thoob thiab tus cwj pwm chim siab, Allen thiab nws cov phooj ywg kuj tau sim tshuaj.
Ginsberg ib zaug siv nws chav tsev kawm ntawv qib siab los khaws cov khoom raug nyiag los ntawm cov neeg paub. Tau ntsib nrog cov lus iab liam, nwstxiav txim siab ua dag ntxias thiab tom qab siv ntau lub hlis hauv tsev kho mob puas hlwb.
Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv, Allen nyob New York thiab ua ntau yam haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 1954, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau tsiv mus rau San Francisco, qhov chaw tuav lub zog tau sawv cev los ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Kenneth Rexroth thiab Lawrence Ferlinghetti.
Qhia tawm tsam kev vam meej
Allen Ginsberg thawj zaug tuaj rau pej xeem qhov muag hauv 1956 nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm Shriek thiab Lwm Cov Paj Huam. Cov paj huam no, nyob rau hauv kev lig kev cai ntawm W alt Whitman, yog ib tug quaj ntawm npau taws thiab poob siab tawm tsam ib tug puas thiab inhumane haiv neeg. Kevin O'Sullivan hauv Newsmakers hu ua cov hauj lwm npau taws, paj huam hais txog poj niam txiv neej thiab hais ntxiv tias ntau tus xav tias nws yog kev hloov pauv hauv Asmeskas paj huam. Allen Ginsberg nws tus kheej txhais lub "Scream" yog "ib tug neeg Yudais-Melville bardic ua tsis taus pa."
Paj huam tshiab, hais lus ncaj ncees tau ua rau ntau tus neeg thuam thuam. James Dickey, piv txwv li, piav txog "Scream" yog "lub xeev ntawm kev zoo siab" thiab xaus lus tias "nws tsis txaus los sau paj huam". Lwm cov neeg thuam tau teb zoo dua. Richard Eberhart, piv txwv li, hu ua txoj haujlwm "ib txoj haujlwm muaj zog tawg mus rau hauv lub siab muaj zog … Nws yog lub suab quaj tawm tsam txhua yam hauv peb txoj kev vam meej uas tua tus ntsuj plig… Nws lub zog zoo thiab lub zog los ntawm lub hwj chim txhiv dim ntawm kev hlub." Paul Carroll hu zaj paj huam "ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm ib tiam". Kev ntsuam xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm The Howl, Paul Zweig tau sau tseg tias tus kws sau ntawv "xav tau ib leeg-tes rau kev hloov pauv.paj huam kab lig kev cai ntawm xyoo 1950."
txheej txheem
Ntxiv rau qhov xav tsis thoob cov neeg thuam, "Scream" ua rau San Francisco Tub Ceev Xwm xav tsis thoob. Vim hais tias ntawm cov duab ntawm kev sib deev lus ntawm paj huam, phau ntawv tau tshaj tawm hais tias qias neeg, thiab tus tshaj tawm, tus kws sau paj huam Ferlinghetti, raug ntes. Cov kev sib foob tom qab tau nyiam lub teb chaws thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb: Mark Schorer, Kenneth Rexroth, thiab W alter Van Tilberg Clark tiv thaiv The Howl. Schorer tau ua tim khawv tias "Ginsberg siv lub suab thiab hais lus ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam. Paj huam raug yuam siv lus hais lus phem. Clark hu ua "Scream" ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam ncaj ncees uas tseem yog tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij. Cov tim khawv thaum kawg tau yaum Tus Kws Txiav Txim Clayton Horn los txiav txim tias txoj haujlwm tsis yog kev qias neeg.
Yog li, Allen Ginsberg, uas nws cov paj huam zoo tshaj plaws tau nthuav dav thaum lub sijhawm sim, tau los ua tus sau ntawm manifesto ntawm beatnik kev nyeem ntawv txav. Novelists xws li Jack Kerouac thiab William Burroughs thiab cov kws sau paj huam Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, thiab Ginsberg tau sau rau yav dhau los taboo thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis yog kev sau ntawv hauv cov lus ntawm txoj kev. Beat flow tswv yim thiab kos duab tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov kab lis kev cai nrov hauv Asmeskas xyoo 1950 thiab 1960s.
Thov Vajtswv Rau Cov Tuag
Hauv xyoo 1961, Ginsberg luam tawm Kaddish thiab Lwm Cov Paj Huam. Cov paj huam zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv thiab daim ntawv rau "Lub Cry" thiab, raws li cov neeg Yudais ib txwm thov Vajtswv rau cov neeg tuag, hais txog lub neej ntawm nws niam. Cov kev xav nyuaj uas tus kws sau paj huam muaj rau nws, xim los ntawm nws qhov kev tawm tsam nrog kev puas siab puas ntswskab mob yog lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj haujlwm no. Nws raug suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm Allen qhov kev tsim zoo tshaj plaws, nrog Thomas Merrill hu nws "Ginsberg ntawm nws cov purest thiab tej zaum zoo tshaj" thiab Louis Simpson hu nws "ib tug masterpiece."
Nov yog nws
Allen Ginsberg, uas nws cov ntawv sau tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm William Carlos Williams, nco qab nws lub tsev kawm ntawv tus yam ntxwv li "lub xeev tsis txaus ntseeg, tsis zoo los ntawm New Jersey", tab sis tom qab tham nrog nws, "dheev pom tau tias tus kws sau paj huam tau mloog zoo nrog" liab qab "pob ntseg". Lub suab, lub suab meej thiab lub suab sib dhos uas tau hais nyob ib puag ncig nws, thiab nws sim hloov nws cov suab paj nruag los ntawm cov lus sib tham tiag tiag uas nws tau hnov, thiab tsis yog los ntawm metronome lossis archaic literary chant.
Raws li tus kws sau paj huam, tom qab kev pom tam sim ntawd, nws ua tam sim ntawd. Allen Ginsberg quotes los ntawm nws tus kheej prose nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm me me fragments ntawm 4 los yog 5 kab, raws nraim coj mus rau ib tug neeg txoj kev sib tham-xav, teem raws li ua pa, raws nraim li lawv yuav tsum tau tawg yog hais tias lawv yuav tsum tau hais, thiab ces xa. lawv rau Williams. Nws yuav luag tam sim ntawd xa nws ib daim ntawv nrog cov lus: Qhov no yog nws! Koj puas tseem muaj qhov no?”
Kerouac thiab lwm tus
Lwm qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm Ginsberg yog nws tus phooj ywg Kerouac, uas tau sau ntawv "spontaneous prose" novels uas Allen qhuas thiab yoog rau hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Kerouac tau sau qee yam ntawm nws cov phau ntawv los ntawm kev thauj cov tshuab ntaus ntawv nrog yob ntawm daim ntawv dawb thiab ntaus ntawv tsis tu ncua hauv "kwj ntawm kev nco qab". Allen Ginsberg pib sau paj huam txawv ntawm qhov nws thov, "ua haujlwm rau lawvme ntsis thiab cov khoom los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm, tab sis khaws lub tswv yim hauv siab, thiab sau nws rau ntawm qhov chaw, thiab ua tiav rau ntawd."
Williams thiab Kerouac tau hais txog tus kws sau ntawv tus cwj pwm thiab hom kev qhia ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv ib txwm muaj. Ginsberg tau hais txog keeb kwm yav dhau los rau lub tswv yim no hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam W alt Whitman, tus kws sau paj huam Herman Melville, thiab cov kws sau Henry David Thoreau thiab Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Libertarian politician
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Ginsberg lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm yog kev nom kev tswv. Kenneth Rexroth hu ua qhov no ntawm Allen txoj hauj lwm "ib qho yuav luag zoo meej embodiment ntawm Whitman lub sij hawm ntev populist social revolutionary kab lig kev cai nyob rau hauv American paj huam." Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov paj huam, Ginsberg hais txog lub union kev tawm tsam ntawm 1930s, nrov radical cov duab, McCarthy liab yos hav zoov, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm sab laug zog. Hauv Wichita Vortex Sutra, nws sim xaus Tsov Rog Nyab Laj nrog qee yam kev ua khawv koob. Hauv Pluto's Ode, cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tau sim - tus kws sau paj huam ua tsis taus pa ua pa kom lub zog ntawm lub atom los ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig txaus ntshai. Lwm cov paj huam zoo li "Scream", txawm hais tias tsis yog kev nom kev tswv, txawm li cas los xij suav nrog ntau tus neeg thuam kom muaj kev thuam hauv zej zog.
paj lub zog
Ginsberg txoj haujlwm nom tswv tau ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej, hais txog nws txoj kev nyiam poetic rau tus kheej qhia tus kheej ntawm daim ntawv ib txwm muaj. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s, nws tau sib raug zoo nrog cov counterculture thiabtiv thaiv tsov rog. Nws tau tsim thiab tsim lub tswv yim "paj fais fab", qhov uas cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam tawm tsam cov txiaj ntsig zoo xws li kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev hlub ua rau lawv tawm tsam kev tuag thiab kev puas tsuaj los ntawm Nyab Laj Tsov Rog.
Kev siv paj, tswb, luag nyav thiab mantras (dawb huv chants) tau dhau los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam ib ntus. Nyob rau hauv 1967, Ginsberg yog tus tsim ntawm Kev Sib Sau ntawm Pawg Neeg rau Tib Neeg, ib qho kev tshwm sim ua qauv ntawm Hindu kev cai dab qhuas kev ua koob tsheej. Nws yog thawj qhov kev ua koob tsheej tawm tsam thiab dhau los ua kev tshoov siab rau ntau txhiab leej lwm tus. Xyoo 1969, thaum qee cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam ua "Pentagon exorcism," Ginsberg tau tsim ib qho mantra rau nws. Nws kuj tau ua tus pov thawj tiv thaiv ntawm Chicago G7 Kev Sib Tham uas cov neeg tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev ua tsov ua rog raug foob nrog "kev koom tes hla lub xeev cov kab kom pib muaj kev kub ntxhov."
Protester
Qee zaum Ginsberg cov kev ua nom ua tswv tau ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Nws raug ntes ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv New York hauv xyoo 1967 thiab tawg nrog kua muag kua muag ntawm Democratic National Convention hauv Chicago xyoo 1968. Xyoo 1972, nws raug kaw vim koom nrog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Thawj Tswj Hwm Richard Nixon ntawm Republican National Convention hauv Miami. Xyoo 1978, nws thiab nws tus khub ntev ntev Peter Orlovsky raug ntes vim thaiv kev tsheb ciav hlau kom nres tsheb ciav hlau.radioactive pov tseg los ntawm Rocky Flats cog, uas tsim riam phom-qib plutonium hauv Colorado.
May King
Ginsberg txoj haujlwm nom tswv ua rau nws muaj teeb meem hauv lwm lub tebchaws thiab. Xyoo 1965 nws tau mus xyuas tebchaws Cuba ua tus sau xov xwm rau Evergreen Review. Tom qab nws yws txog kev kho mob ntawm gays ntawm University of Havana, tsoomfwv tau thov Ginsberg tawm hauv lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, tus kws sau paj lug tau mus rau Czechoslovakia, qhov chaw uas nws tau raug xaiv los ntawm "King of May" los ntawm ntau txhiab tus pej xeem Czech. Hnub tom qab, tsoomfwv Czech tau hais kom nws tawm mus vim nws "tsis huv thiab lwj". Ginsberg nws tus kheej piav qhia nws qhov kev xa tawm los ntawm hais tias Czech tub ceev xwm tau txaj muag los ntawm kev pom zoo dav dav ntawm "tus kws sau paj huam American fairy-tale".
Mystic
Lwm qhov teeb meem uas tau tshwm sim hauv Ginsberg cov paj huam yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev paub tsis meej. Nws qhov kev txaus siab rau cov teeb meem no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm ntau qhov kev pom nws muaj thaum nyeem cov paj huam ntawm William Blake. Allen Ginsberg nco qab "lub suab tob tob hauv chav", uas nws tam sim ntawd, tsis xav, ntaus nqi rau Blake lub suab. Nws hais ntxiv tias muaj "ib yam dab tsi uas tsis nco qab txog qhov zoo ntawm lub suab, vim nws zoo li yog Vajtswv muaj tib neeg lub suab nrog txhua yam kev sib nyiam thiab kev ywj pheej tsis kawg thiab lub luag haujlwm hauv ntiaj teb ntawm tus Tsim muaj sia nyob hais lus rau nws tus tub." Cov kev pom zoo li no tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab hauv mysticism, uas coj tus kws sau paj huam mus rau ib ntus kev sim nrog ntau yam tshuaj. ua li casAllen Ginsberg tom qab ntawd tau hais tias nws tau sau "Scream" nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm peyote, "Kaddish" - ua tsaug rau amphetamines, thiab "Wales - mus ntsib" - nrog LSD.
Tom qab taug kev mus rau Is Nrias teb xyoo 1962, lub sijhawm nws tau qhia txog kev xav thiab yoga, Ginsberg hloov nws tus cwj pwm ntawm kev siv tshuaj. Nws tau ntseeg tias kev xav thiab yoga tau zoo dua ntawm kev ua kom lub xeev ntawm kev paub, tab sis nws suav tias yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sau paj huam. Psychedelics, nws hais tias, yog ib qho txawv ntawm yoga thiab ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav kev nco qab.
Kev hloov pauv rau Buddhism
Ginsberg txoj kev kawm txog kev ntseeg sab hnub tuaj pib tom qab nws nrhiav pom mantras, suab nkauj nrov siv hauv kev coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Lawv siv atherosclerosis, ua tsis taus pa thiab theem pib suab zoo li nws ib hom paj huam. Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov paj huam, nws suav mantras nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, tig txoj hauj lwm mus rau hauv ib hom kev thov Vajtswv. Nws feem ntau pib nyeem paj huam los ntawm kev rov ua mantras los teeb tsa txoj kev xav. Nws qhov kev txaus siab rau kev ntseeg sab hnub tuaj thaum kawg coj nws mus rau Rev. Chogyama Trungpa, ib tug Tibetan Buddhist abbot uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau Ginsberg txoj haujlwm. Thaum xyoo 1970, tus kws sau paj lug tau kawm hauv Trungpa Institute hauv Colorado thiab kuj tau kawm paj huam. Xyoo 1972, Allen Ginsberg tau cog lus rau Bodhisattva, ua kev lees paub txog kev ntseeg.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Trungpa txoj kev cob qhia yog ib hom kev xav hu ua shamatha, uas ib qho ua rau nws tus kheej ua pa. Raws li Ginsberg, nws coj mus rau lub calming ntawm lub siab, cov neeg kho tshuab zus tau tej cov fantasy thiab hlwbdaim ntawv; qhov no ua rau muaj kev paub ntau ntxiv thiab xav txog lawv. Phau ntawv "Ua pa ntawm lub siab" mob siab rau Trungpa muaj ob peb zaj paj huam sau nrog kev pab ntawm shamatha meditation.
Ntxhais mus rau kev nplua nuj
Nyob rau xyoo 1974, Allen Ginsberg thiab nws cov npoj yaig Ann Waldman tau tsim lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Jack Kerouac ntawm Disembodied Poetry ua tus koom tes ntawm Naropa Institute. Raws li tus kws sau paj huam, lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws yog los tsim kom muaj ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab uas nyob ruaj khov hauv Tibetan kev lig kev cai, uas muaj cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob ua ke hauv ib lub tsev uas yuav ua haujlwm rau ntau pua xyoo. Los qhia thiab tham hauv tsev kawm ntawv, Ginsberg tau nyiam cov kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb xws li Diana di Prima, Ron Padgett, thiab William Burroughs. Correlating nws paj huam nrog rau kev txaus siab rau ntawm sab ntsuj plig, Ginsberg ib zaug hais tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm paj huam yog ib daim ntawv ntawm kev paub txog tus kheej rau kev txhim kho tus kheej, tso kev nco qab ntawm tus kheej uas koj tsis yog. Nws yog ib qho kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kheej thiab tus kheej, lossis ib tus neeg lub cev, thiab nkag siab qhov twg ntawm tus kheej yog sab nraud ntawm nws.
Ginsberg tau ntsib qee qhov kev sau ntawv sib npaug ntawm qhov hu ua "rags rau kev nplua nuj" - los ntawm nws qhov kev ntshai thiab thuam thaum ntxov "kev qias neeg" rau nws tom qab kev koom ua ke rau hauv "pantheon ntawm Asmeskas cov ntaub ntawv." Nws yog ib tus kws sau paj huam uas muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws ntawm nws tiam neeg thiab, raws li James Mersman, "ib tug zoo kawg nkaus hauv keeb kwm ntawm paj huam."
xyoo tshiab
Ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab qhia los ntawm Jerry Aronson, Lub Neej thiab Lub Sijhawm ntawm Allen Ginsberg tau tso tawm xyoo 1994. Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Stanford University them tus kws sau paj huam ib lab nyiaj rau nws tus kheejkhaws cia. Cov paj huam tshiab thiab sau los ntawm Ginsberg cov hauj lwm yav dhau los txuas ntxiv muab luam tawm tsis tu ncua. Thiab nws cov ntawv, cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov duab ntawm cov phooj ywg beatniks ua rau nws tuaj yeem saib tshiab ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam.
Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1997, Ginsberg, uas tau mob ntshav qab zib thiab mob siab ntev, tau kuaj pom tias muaj mob qog noj ntshav. Tom qab kawm txog tus kab mob no, nws tau sau 12 zaj paj huam luv luv. Hnub tom qab, tus kws sau paj lug raug mob stroke thiab poob rau hauv coma. Nws tuag ob hnub tom qab ntawd. Hauv New York Times, William Burroughs tau hais lus zoo rau nws, hu nws tias "tus txiv neej zoo nrog lub ntiaj teb kev cuam tshuam."
Allen Ginsberg: phau ntawv
Paj huam los ntawm ob peb xyoos dhau los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam lub neej tau sau nyob rau hauv Death and Glory: Paj Huam, 1993-1997. Cov ntim no suav nrog cov haujlwm tsim tam sim tom qab Allen paub txog nws tus mob. Ib tug kws tshuaj xyuas rau Publishers Lub Limtiam tau piav qhia txog qhov sau ua "qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej muaj koob meej". Ray Olson thiab Jack Helberg, sau rau hauv Phau Ntawv Teev Npe, pom Ginsberg cov paj huam "polished, yog tias tsis nruj," thiab Rochelle Ratner, nyob rau hauv Library Journal kev ntsuam xyuas, sau tseg tias nws muaj "ntau yam pov thawj ntawm rhiab thiab tu."
Lwm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tom qab los ntawm Ginsberg, Deliberate Prose: Xaiv Essays, 1952-1995, nta ntau dua 150 cov ntawv sau txog riam phom nuclear, Nyab Laj Tsov Rog, censorship, kws sau paj huam xws li W alt Whitman thiab Gregory lub beatnik Corso, thiab lwm yam kev coj noj coj ua. suav nrog John Lennon thiab kws yees duab Robert Franke. Ib tug neeg thuam rau Publishers Lub Limtiam qhuas phau ntawv li "qee zaum qab zib, qee zaum sloppy" thiab ntxiv tias nws"yuav tsum resonate nrog ntau yam ntawm admirers ntawm tus kws sau paj lug." Phau ntawv pom Ginsberg cov ntawv sau "ntau dua li nws cov paj huam."
Daim iav ntawm kuv lub sijhawm
Ginsberg xav kom nco qab li cas? Raws li nws, raws li ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm lub qub American transcendental ib tug neeg, los ntawm lub qub Gnostic tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, uas pauv lawv mus rau lub xyoo pua 20th. Ginsberg ib zaug piav hais tias ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg ua tsis tau tejyam, nws yog feem ntau ua siab ntev ntawm kev npau taws; nyob rau hauv nws cov phooj ywg, nws feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov muaj nuj nqis calmness thiab kev sib deev rhiab; nws txoj hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws yog "kev hais lus ntawm kev xav hauv lub tuam txhab". "Zoo li nws lossis tsis yog, tsis muaj leej twg xav txog nws lub sijhawm zoo li Mr. Ginsberg," tus kws tshuaj xyuas Economist xaus lus. "Nws yog qhov txuas ntawm kev sau ntawv avant-garde thiab kab lis kev cai pop."
