Rau cov neeg Lavxias, tsis muaj tsob ntoo zoo dua li birch. Lo lus nws tus kheej tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 7 los ntawm cov lus qhia "tiv thaiv". Rau cov ancient Slavs, deity Bereginya, uas lawv sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug birch, yog lub cim ntawm fertility, raws li zoo raws li ib tug tiv thaiv ntawm tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub npe ntawm tsob ntoo tuaj rau peb los ntawm cov ancient sij hawm. Koj puas paub ntau npaum li cas thiab hom birch loj hlob hauv Russia? Hnub no peb yuav tsum paub.
Kev piav qhia
Ntau hom birches yog ntoo ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 30 mus rau 45 meters, nyob rau hauv girth lub cev loj hlob mus txog 150 centimeters, txawm hais tias muaj loj thiab me shrubs, nrog rau creeping sawv daws yuav, NW nyuam qhuav tsa saum av. Txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg birch yog monoecious, dioecious, cua-pollinated nroj tsuag.
Cov cag ntoo ntawm cov genus no muaj zog, nws tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si sab nraud thiab obliquely sib sib zog nqus (nyob ntawm qhov loj hlob). Lub fading ntawm kais hauv paus ntawm cov yub tshwm sim sai heev, tab sis cov lateral sawv daws yuav nrog ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm nyias uriculate keeb kwm tsim sai heev. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo, birch hlob heevmaj mam, tab sis dhau sij hawm, nws pib sai sai rau pem hauv ntej, kov yeej cov nroj tsuag.
Cov tawv ntoo ntawm ntau hom yog xim dawb, daj, pinkish lossis liab-xim av, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam nrog grey, xim av thiab txawm dub sab hauv ntawm lub cev. Cells ntawm cork cov ntaub so ntswg yog sau nrog yooj yim exfoliated betulin (dawb resinous tshuaj). Nyob rau hauv cov ntoo uas nyob ntev, nws yog qhov pom tau tias muaj qhov tsaus nti nrog ntau qhov sib sib zog nqus hauv qab ntawm lub cev.
Cov nplooj ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg birch yog hloov pauv, serrated raws ntug, tag nrho, ovate-rhombic los yog daim duab peb sab-ovate, du, monosymmetrical, ncav cuag 7 centimeters nyob rau hauv ntev, 4 nyob rau hauv dav.
Nyob ntawm birch nyob rau hauv Russia
Peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov genus no. Tam sim no kuv xav nyob ntawm qee yam ntau yam hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv. Koj puas paub muaj pes tsawg hom birch nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb? Biologists muaj txog 120 ntau yam ntawm slender, dawb-ntws, lub teeb-xim ntoo, thaum nyob rau hauv Russia muaj txog 65 ntau yam uas txawv nyob rau hauv tej yam ntxwv. Tsis xav tias lub birch tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm peb lub tebchaws.
Ntxiv rau cov ntoo ib txwm blond nrog ntev catkins, muaj, nws hloov tawm, ntau yam sib txawv kiag li. Feem ntau hom birch nyob rau hauv Russia yog drooping thiab fluffy, txawm hais tias tseem muaj cov ntoo nrog daj, ntshav, cherry, grey, xim av thiab dub bark nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Hauv cov ntoo tshwj xeeb no, tsuas yog cov kws paub txog botanists yuav tuaj yeem ua taulees paub tus neeg sawv cev ntawm birch genus. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Far Eastern taiga, birch hlob nrog shaggy bark es tsis txhob ntawm birch bark. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob ntawm no muaj cov ntoo nrog tsaus liab doog sab nraud ntawm lub cev. Cov hom no yog hu ua hlau birch vim nws cov ntoo tawv, lub zog uas yog thib ob tsuas yog boccaout (ib tsob ntoo uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv tropics).
Betula pendula
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, lub cim ntawm Russia yog birch. Peb yuav txiav txim siab txog hom thiab ntau yam ntawm cov ntoo ntau tshaj plaws hauv peb lub teb chaws hauv tsab xov xwm. Thiab cia peb pib nrog drooping birch (warty). Cov ntoo no tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 30 meters nrog lub cev txoj kab uas hla ntawm 60-80 centimeters. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib qho openwork crown, nrog tua dai, daus-dawb los yog greyish-dawb tawv tawv nrog ntau yam kab nrib pleb, cov duab uas nyob ntawm seb hom birch bark. Nyob rau hauv qis ib feem ntawm lub cev, tsim ib tug ntxhib crust yog ua tau. Birches nrog cov duab rhomboid-fractured loj hlob sai, feem, nrog cov tawv tawv tawv - maj mam. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm cov tsiaj no yog lub xub ntiag ntawm me me loj hlob, lub thiaj li hu ua warts ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ceg. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov nyiaj birch yog Karelian.
Betula pubescens
Npau suav teb yog tsob ntoo ncaj ncaj nrog cov ceg tawm, du dawb lossis greyish tawv thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas tua dai. Lub burl birch yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nuj nqis.
Betula pubescens muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua thaj chaw, tshwj tsis yog thaj chaw sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb uas cov nroj tsuag birch loj hlob. Kev piav qhia ntawm thaj chaw uas cov ntoo loj hlob: feem ntau hom birch feem ntau loj hlob hauv tib lub tiaj ua si hav zoov, txawm tias lawv cov khoom ecological txawv; rau drooping birch, qhuav qhov chaw ntawm ib lub toj yog nyiam, thiab rau fluffy birch - heev moistened; Qee zaum txawm pom nyob hauv thaj chaw swampy. Cov hom birches no loj hlob zoo nrog cov ntoo deciduous thiab coniferous.
Mini ntoo
Yuav ua li cas yog hom birch, tshwj tsis yog rau cov lus hais saum toj no ntau yam nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm peb lub teb chaws? Ntxiv nrog rau qhov siab dawb-qhib ntoo, dwarf birches loj hlob nyob rau hauv toj siab ntawm Russia. Qee hom muaj nyob rau hauv roob Altai thiab roob toj siab ntawm Central Asia. Botanists suav txog 12 ntau yam ntawm cov ntoo undersized loj hlob thoob ntiaj teb. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Altai koj tuaj yeem qhuas cov nplooj me me, hauv Pamir-Altai - Altai thiab Turkestan, thiab hauv Tien Shan - Sapozhnikov thiab Tien Shan birch.
Cov ntoo ntsias hauv peb lub tebchaws tau pom nyob rau sab qaum teb, feem ntau hauv thaj chaw tsis muaj ntoo ntawm thaj chaw subarctic ntawm sab qaum teb hemisphere nrog cov nroj tsuag moss-lichen thiab roob tundra ntawm sab hnub tuaj Siberia. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj hlob qis tshaj plaws suav nrog cov neeg ntsias, tawv nqaij, Middendorf thiab Komarov birch.
Qee hom me me uas lawv qis dua qhov siab rau boletus nceb. Hauv qee thaj chaw, koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntoo ntsias uas zoo li cov ntoo: Kuzmishchev birch, Gmelin, undersized, shrubby, oval-leaved thiabFar East. Lawv loj hlob hauv thaj chaw hav zoov-tundra, hauv thaj chaw swampy hauv hav zoov.
Dahurian birch
Cov ntoo tawv tawv tawv tau nthuav dav nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, txawm hais tias qee qhov ntawm lawv tuaj yeem qhuas nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberia. Cov no suav nrog Dahurian birch. Ib tsob ntoo nrog openwork crown loj hlob mus txog 25 m nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm lwm hom yog cov tawv ntoo: nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas birch ntoo nws yog pinkish nyob rau hauv cov xim, nyob rau hauv cov laus nws yog tsaus grey, tsis tshua muaj dub-xim av, nrog cov kab nrib pleb. Lub bark birch tuaj yeem ua ntu zus tawm thiab qee qhov poob tawm, qhov seem, uas dai rau hauv shreds, tsim cov nyhuv curly. Cov nplooj ntsuab tsaus ntawm Dahurian (dub) oval birch tau txais xim daj-xim av los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg. Flowering pib tam sim ntawd tom qab nplooj qhib. Lub caij loj hlob yog luv dua lwm hom.
Birch groves
Nyob hauv roob ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub ntug dej hiav txwv sab qab teb ntawm Tuapse thiab Rion phiab, muaj cov hav zoov me me ntawm Medvedev's birch. Vim muaj cov cag zoo ntawm cov ceg, cov tsiaj no feem ntau loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj, cov ntxhais tshiab yog tsim los ntawm cov cag ntoo.
Kev pom txawv txav ze ntawm lub hav zoov tsim los ntawm Radde birch nrog liab-liab birch. Tsuas yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov ntoo ntse hauv Russia yog Maksimovich's birch, pom tsuas yog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov kob ntawm Kunashir (Kuril Ridge).
Moscow Collection
Nyob rau hauv lub Main Botanical Garden ntawm lub peev ntawm tag nrho covTsuas yog ob hom ntawm North American tsaus-cov ntoo ntoo sawv hauv qhov sau. Lawv txawv li cas ntawm peb cov birch dawb! Tsuas yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau lub tsej, raug rau cov nroj tsuag no, qhia tias peb muaj ua ntej peb tus muam ntawm peb birch. Tseem muaj cov ntoo nrog golden ci ci birch bark. Nov yog ib qho ntawm North American hom.
Tam sim no koj paub tias muaj pes tsawg hom birch loj hlob thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab Russia tau dhau los ua lub tebchaws nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv hom birch.
