Thaum lub tebchaws Soviet, tsis yog txhua tus pejxeem txaus siab rau tsoomfwv tam sim no. Cov neeg tawm tsam raug hu ua cov neeg uas tsis txhawb nqa kev nom kev tswv ntawm lwm tus, nrog rau tsoomfwv Soviet. Lawv yog cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm communism thiab ua phem rau txhua tus uas muaj dab tsi ua nrog nws. Nyob rau hauv lem, tsoom fwv ntawm lub Soviet Union yuav tsis quav ntsej cov dissidents. Cov neeg tawm tsam hauv USSR tau tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev xav txog kev nom kev tswv. Qee zaum lawv koom ua ke hauv tag nrho cov koom haum hauv av. Thaum kawg, cov tub ceev xwm tau foob cov neeg tawm tsam raws li txoj cai.
kev tawm tsam nom tswv
Cov neeg tawm tsam hauv USSR tau raug txwv nruj tshaj plaws. Txhua tus uas koom nrog lawv tuaj yeem yooj yim raug xa mus rau hauv exile thiab feem ntau txawm raug tua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tawm tsam hauv av tsuas yog mus txog thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1950s. Txij xyoo 1960 mus txog rau xyoo 1980, qhov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem theem. Lo lus "kev tawm tsam nom tswv" ua rau tsoomfwv muaj teeb meem ntau. Thiab qhov no tsis yog xav tsis thoob, txij li lawvcoj lawv cov kev xav rau pej xeem yuav luag qhib.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s, yuav luag txhua tus pej xeem paub tias "tus neeg tawm tsam" yog dab tsi, tsis yog hauv USSR nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws. Cov neeg tawm tsam tau tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm, cov ntawv zais thiab qhib rau ntau lub lag luam, ntawv xov xwm thiab txawm tias tsoomfwv cov koomhaum. Lawv kuj tau sim ntau li ntau tau kom xa cov ntawv thiab tshaj tawm lawv lub neej mus rau lwm lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.
tsoomfwv tus cwj pwm rau cov neeg tawm tsam
Yog li, "tus neeg tawm tsam" yog dab tsi thiab lo lus no tuaj ntawm qhov twg? Nws tau nthuav tawm thaum ntxov 60s los hais txog kev tawm tsam tsoomfwv. Lo lus "kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv" kuj tau siv ntau zaus, tab sis nws yog thawj zaug siv hauv lwm lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lub sijhawm dhau los, cov neeg tawm tsam lawv tus kheej hauv Soviet Union pib hu lawv tus kheej.
Qee lub sijhawm tsoomfwv tau piav qhia cov neeg tawm tsam raws li cov neeg loj leeb tiag tiag koom nrog kev tawm tsam kev ua phem, xws li kev foob pob hauv Moscow hauv '77. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau deb ntawm rooj plaub. Zoo li txhua lub koom haum, cov neeg tawm tsam muaj lawv tus kheej txoj cai, ib tus yuav hais tias, txoj cai. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv: "Tsis txhob siv kev ua phem", "Kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua", "Kev tiv thaiv tib neeg txoj cai thiab kev ywj pheej", nrog rau "Ua raws li kev cai lij choj".
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam yog qhia cov pej xeem paub tias cov kab ke kev cai lij choj tau ua tiav nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab nws yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm cov qauv los ntawm Western ntiaj teb. Lawv tau ua lawv txoj haujlwm hauv ntau hom, tab sisfeem ntau nws yog kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv, nplooj ntawv. Cov neeg tawm tsam qee zaum tau sib sau ua ke hauv pab pawg thiab ua kev tawm tsam.
Dab tsi yog "tus neeg tawm tsam" twb paub yuav luag thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Soviet Union lawv tau sib npaug nrog cov neeg phem. Lawv feem ntau raug xa mus tsis yog cov neeg tawm tsam, tab sis tsuas yog "anti-Soviet" lossis "anti-Soviet ntsiab". Qhov tseeb, ntau tus neeg tawm tsam tau xa mus rau lawv tus kheej li ntawd thiab feem ntau renounced lub ntsiab lus ntawm "dissident".
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn
Ib tus neeg koom nrog ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub zog no yog Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. Tus dissident yug hauv 1918. Alexander Isaevich nyob rau hauv lub zej zog ntawm dissidents rau ntau tshaj ib xyoo caum. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau ardent tw ntawm lub Soviet system thiab Soviet hwj chim. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias Solzhenitsyn yog ib qho ntawm instigators ntawm dissident txav.
Dissident xaus
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, nws tau mus rau pem hauv ntej thiab tau nce mus ua tus thawj coj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws pib tsis pom zoo rau ntau yam ntawm Stalin qhov kev ua. Txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, nws tau nrog ib tug phooj ywg, nyob rau hauv uas nws hnyav thuam Joseph Vissarionovich. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv, tus dissident khaws cov ntaub ntawv uas nws muab piv rau Stalinist tsoom fwv nrog serfdom. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Smersh tau nyiam cov ntaub ntawv no. Tom qab ntawd, kev tshawb nrhiav tau pib, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Solzhenitsyn raug ntes. Nws raug rho tawm ntawm nws tus thawj tub rog, thiab thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1945 nws tau txais ib lub sijhawm.
Nyob rau hauv xaus, Alexander Isaevich sivyuav luag 8 xyoo. Xyoo 1953 nws raug tso tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tom qab qhov xaus, nws tsis hloov nws txoj kev xav thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet. Feem ntau, Solzhenitsyn tsuas yog ntseeg tau tias cov neeg tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Soviet Union tau muaj kev nyuaj.
Txoj cai ntawm kev tshaj tawm txoj cai
Alexander Isaevich tau luam tawm ntau cov ntawv thiab ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog Soviet. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog lub zog los ntawm Brezhnev, nws tau raug txwv tsis pub muaj cai luam tawm nws cov ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, KGB cov tub ceev xwm tau txeeb tag nrho Solzhenitsyn cov ntaub ntawv, uas muaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm tawm tsam-Soviet, tab sis txawm tias tom qab ntawd, Solzhenitsyn yuav tsis tso tseg nws cov haujlwm. Nws tau koom tes nrog kev sib raug zoo, nrog rau kev ua yeeb yam. Alexander Isaevich tau sim qhia rau txhua tus tias "tus neeg tsis txaus siab" yog dab tsi. Nrog rau cov xwm txheej no, tsoomfwv Soviet tau pib pom Solzhenitsyn ua yeeb ncuab loj ntawm lub xeev.
Tom qab Alexander cov phau ntawv raug tso tawm hauv Asmeskas yam tsis tau tso cai, nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm USSR Writers Society. Kev ua tsov rog tiag tiag tau tawm tsam Solzhenitsyn hauv Soviet Union. Cov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Soviet hauv USSR tau ntau dua thiab tsis nyiam los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Yog li, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1970s, qhov teeb meem ntawm Solzhenitsyn cov kev ua ub no raug xa mus rau lub Council ntawm Central Committee ntawm CPSU. Thaum kawg ntawm lub rooj sib tham, nws tau txiav txim siab ntes nws. Tom qab ntawd, Lub Ob Hlis 12, 1974, Solzhenitsyn raug ntes thiab raug tshem tawm ntawm kev ua pej xeem Soviet, thiab tom qab ntawd nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm USSR mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees. Cov tub ceev xwm KGB tus kheej tau xa nws los ntawm lub dav hlau. Ob hnub tom qab ntawd, ib tsab cai tau tshaj tawmtxeeb thiab rhuav tshem tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv tawm tsam Soviet. Tag nrho cov haujlwm sab hauv ntawm USSR tam sim no tau muab cais ua "kev zais cia".
