Kev thov thiab muab cov qauv: lub tswv yim, piv txwv suav, ntsuas

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:49

Kev lag luam kev lag luam yog ib qho kev txhawb siab rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab muag khoom. Qhov no yog ua kom yooj yim los ntawm kev muaj siab rau tus kheej kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ib sab ntawm kev muag khoom thiab lub sijhawm los yuav ntau yam khoom ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev yuav khoom. Cov chaw tsim khoom tuaj yeem khwv tau nyiaj rau nws tus kheej yog tias nws cov khoom sib tw hauv kev ua lag luam (nws tuaj yeem muag tau). Tus neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem yuav cov khoom lag luam zoo hauv khw. Yog li, cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg muag khoom txaus siab rau ib leeg cov kev xav tau. Kab lus no kuj piav qhia txog cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau, cov qauv uas yooj yim to taub.

qauv ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yuav thiab muag nws tus kheej yog ntau yam, qee zaum txawm tias tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees. Nws tau kawm los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb txog nyiaj txiag thiab cov neeg lag luam uas xav tswj hwm cov nyiaj tau los hauv kev ua lag luam. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog cov haujlwm nyuaj uas ua rau kev lag luam kev lag luam, nws yuav tsum paub ob peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.

Kev thov yog qhov zoo lossis kev pabcuam uas yuav raug muag ntawm tus nqi thiabib lub sij hawm. Yog tias muaj coob tus neeg xav yuav ib yam khoom, ces qhov kev thov rau nws yog siab heev. Nrog rau daim duab rov qab, thaum, piv txwv li, muaj ob peb tus neeg yuav khoom rau ib qho kev pabcuam, peb tuaj yeem hais tias tsis muaj kev thov rau nws. Tau kawg, cov ntsiab lus no yog txheeb ze.

Kev - tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam txaus siab muab rau tus neeg yuav khoom.

Kev thov yuav siab dua qhov khoom lossis rov ua dua.

Nws muaj cov qauv rau tus nqi xa khoom thiab tus nqi xav tau, uas txiav txim siab qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom lag luam, qhov kev thov rau nws, thiab tseem pab tsim kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev lag luam. Nws zoo li no:

QD (P)=QS (P), qhov twg Q yog ntim ntawm cov khoom, P yog tus nqi, D (xav tau) yog xav tau, S (siv) yog mov. Cov qauv kev muab khoom thiab kev thov no tuaj yeem pab daws tau ntau yam teeb meem kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav kom paub ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv khw, nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig npaum li cas los tsim nws. Qhov ntim hauv cov khoom siv thiab cov qauv xav tau, uas yog sib npaug los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, muaj peev xwm daws tau ntau yam teeb meem kev lag luam

Txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom thiab xav tau

Nws yooj yim twv tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau, uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab lub npe "Kev Thov thiab Kev Pabcuam", cov qauv ntawm cov haujlwm tau tham saum toj no. Kev muab khoom thiab kev thov tuaj yeem pom raws li daim duab hauv qab no.

Daim duab muab faib ua ob ntu - ua ntej kev sib tshuam ntawm ob kab thiab tom qab nws. Kab D (xav tau) ntawm thawj ntu yog siab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau y-axis (nqi). Kab S, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog nyob hauv qab. Tom qabqhov taw tes ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm ob kab, qhov xwm txheej yuav thim rov qab.

Cov duab kos yooj yim to taub yog tias koj muab nws sib nrug nrog piv txwv. Khoom A yog pheej yig heev ntawm kev ua lag luam, thiab cov neeg siv khoom xav tau tiag tiag. Tus nqi qis tso cai rau leej twg los yuav cov khoom, qhov kev thov rau nws yog siab. Thiab muaj ob peb tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom no, lawv tsis tuaj yeem muag rau txhua tus, vim tias tsis muaj peev txheej txaus. Qhov no ua rau cov khoom tsis txaus - kev thov ntau dua li cov khoom siv.

Dab tsi tshwm sim, tom qab N tshwm sim, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam tau dhia nrawm heev. Thiab qhov no txhais tau tias qee tus neeg yuav khoom tsis tuaj yeem them taus. Qhov kev thov rau ib yam khoom poob, tab sis cov khoom nyob twj ywm tib yam. Vim li no, muaj cov khoom seem uas muag tsis tau. Qhov no yog hu ua cov khoom seem.

Tab sis qhov peculiarity ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam yog nws tus kheej txoj cai. Yog hais tias qhov kev thov ntau tshaj qhov khoom, ces ntau manufacturers txav mus rau hauv lub niche kom tau raws li nws. Yog tias cov khoom siv ntau tshaj qhov xav tau, cov neeg tsim khoom tawm ntawm lub niche. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm ob kab yog theem thaum muab khoom thiab xav tau sib npaug.

Elasticity ntawm kev thov

Kev lag luam kev lag luam yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis dua li cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab cov kab xav tau. Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov elasticity ntawm ob yam no.

Elasticity ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov yog ib qho qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev thov, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm qee yam khoom thiab kev pabcuam. Yog tias tus nqi ntawm qhov poob zoo thiab tom qab ntawd qhov kev thov rau nws nce, qhov no yog elasticity.

qauv ntawm elasticity ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov

Qhov elasticity ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov tau nthuav tawm hauvformula K=Q/P, uas:

K - thov elasticity coefficient

Q - txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv qhov muag

P - tus nqi hloov pauv feem pua

Cov khoom tuaj yeem yog ob hom: elastic thiab inelastic. Qhov txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv feem pua ntawm tus nqi thiab zoo. Thaum tus nqi ntawm tus nqi hloov pauv ntau dua tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau, cov khoom zoo li no hu ua inelastic. Piv txwv tias tus nqi ntawm mov ci tau hloov pauv ntau heev. Tsis yog txoj kev twg. Tab sis kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam no tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj txaus kom muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau tus nqi tag. Yog li ntawd, qhob cij, raws li nws yog ib qho khoom lag luam xav tau, yuav nyob twj ywm li ntawd. Tus nqi yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau kev muag khoom. Tias yog vim li cas qhob cij yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev xav tau zoo kawg nkaus.

Hom elasticity ntawm kev thov:

1. Tag nrho inelastic. Tus nqi hloov pauv, tab sis qhov kev thov tsis hloov. Piv txwv li: qhob cij, ntsev.
2. Inelastic thov. Kev thov hloov pauv, tab sis tsis ntau npaum li tus nqi. Piv txwv li: khoom txhua hnub.
3. Kev xav tau nrog chav tsev coefficient (thaum qhov tshwm sim ntawm elasticity ntawm cov qauv xav tau sib npaug rau ib qho). Qhov kom muaj nuj nqis tau hloov pauv hauv kev faib ua feem rau tus nqi. Piv txwv li: tais diav.
4. Elastic thov. Kev thov hloov ntau dua tus nqi. Piv txwv li: khoom kim heev.
5. Zoo elastic thov. Nrog rau qhov kev hloov me me ntawm tus nqi, kev thov hloov pauv ntau heev. Tam sim no tsis muaj cov khoom zoo li no.

Kev hloov pauv hauv kev thov tuaj yeem yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau tshaj li tus nqi rau ib yam khoom. Yog tias cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov pej xeem nce lossis poob, qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev thov. Yog vim li caselasticity ntawm kev thov yog zoo dua muab faib. Muaj tus nqi elasticity ntawm kev thov, thiab muaj nyiaj tau los elasticity.

Elasticity ntawm khoom

Elasticity ntawm cov khoom yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv los teb rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev thov lossis lwm yam. Nws yog tsim los ntawm tib lub mis raws li qhov elasticity ntawm kev thov.

Hom khoom elasticity

Tsis zoo li qhov xav tau, cov khoom lag luam elasticity yog tsim raws li lub sijhawm tus yam ntxwv. Xav txog cov hom kev muab:

1. Txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Hloov tus nqi tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom muag. Yam zoo rau lub sijhawm luv luv.
2. Inelastic khoom. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv ntau dua li qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom muab. Kuj tseem ua tau nyob rau lub sijhawm luv.
3. Unit elasticity muab.
4. Elastic khoom. Tus nqi ntawm qhov zoo hloov pauv tsawg dua qhov kev thov rau nws. Yam ntxwv rau lub sij hawm ntev.
5. Kev hloov pauv zoo kawg nkaus. Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv loj dua tus nqi hloov pauv

Txoj cai ntawm tus nqi elasticity ntawm kev thov

Tau paub tias cov qauv twg muab thiab xav tau, koj tuaj yeem delve me ntsis ntxiv rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Economists tau systematized cov cai uas tso cai rau koj los txheeb xyuas yam uas cuam tshuam rau elasticity ntawm kev thov. Xav txog lawv kom ntxaws ntxiv:

1. Kev hloov pauv. Ntau hom ntawm tib yam khoom nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, ntau elastic nws yog. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tiasThaum tus nqi nce, hom A yeej ib txwm hloov los ntawm hom B, uas yog pheej yig dua.
2. Nyob tau. Qhov tsim nyog ntau ntawm cov khoom rau cov neeg siv khoom loj, qhov tsawg elastic nws yog. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias, txawm tias tus nqi, qhov kev thov rau nws ib txwm siab.
3. Kev nqus tshwj xeeb. Qhov chaw ntau qhov khoom siv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv, qhov ntau elastic nws yog. Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua cov ntsiab lus no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau cov nqaij, uas yog ib qho kev siv nyiaj ntau rau cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau. Thaum tus nqi ntawm nqaij nyug thiab qhob cij hloov pauv, qhov kev thov rau nqaij nyug yuav hloov ntau dua, vim tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb dua.
4. Accessibility. Qhov tsawg muaj ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, qhov tsawg elastic nws yog. Thaum cov khoom tsis txaus, nws elasticity yuav tsawg. Raws li koj paub, cov chaw tsim khoom nce nqi rau qhov khoom tsis txaus, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov xav tau.
5. Saturation. Qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas cov pej xeem muaj, qhov ntau elastic nws ua. Wb hais tias ib tug neeg muaj tsheb. Kev yuav qhov thib ob tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws yog tias thawj zaug ua tiav tag nrho nws cov kev xav tau.
6. Sijhawm. Feem ntau, sai dua lossis tom qab, cov khoom hloov pauv tshwm sim rau ib yam khoom, nws cov khoom lag luam loj hlob, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws ua elastic dua, raws li muaj pov thawj hauv cov ntsiab lus saum toj no.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub xeev ntawm elasticity ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov

Kev thov thiab cov khoom tau piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv, yog tias lub xeev cuam tshuam rau kev ua lag luam, tib yam, tab sis nrog ib qho kev zam. Ib tus lej ntxiv tshwm uas tuaj yeem hloov tus nqi / ntim. Tsoomfwv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev muab khoom thiab kev thov, feem, ntawm lawv cov elasticity ib yam nkaus. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas tsoomfwv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev muab khoom thiab kev thov:

1. Kev tiv thaiv. Tsoom fwv tuaj yeem nce se rau cov khoom txawv teb chaws, yog li hloov cov elasticity ntawm kev thov. Rau cov neeg ua lag luam, kev ua lag luam hauv lub xeev uas tau tsa lub luag haujlwm ntawm lawv cov khoom lag luam tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam nrog cov neeg yuav khoom. Kev nce hauv cov dej num ua rau kev nce nqi ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej. Raws li, lub xeev cuam tshuam rau elasticity ntawm kev thov, ua kom nws qis dua.
2. Orders. Lub xeev nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua raws li tus neeg siv khoom ntawm qee yam khoom, uas cuam tshuam rau elasticity ntawm cov khoom.

Nyiaj txiag kuj tsim nyog sau cia. Thaum cov khoom lag luam tsis txaus, piv txwv li, lub xeev tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nws kom txawm tias tawm ntawm cov khoom siv thiab qhov xav tau.