Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg: txheej txheem cej luam, piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab architect

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Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg: txheej txheem cej luam, piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab architect
Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg: txheej txheem cej luam, piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab architect

Video: Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg: txheej txheem cej luam, piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab architect

Video: Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg: txheej txheem cej luam, piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab architect
Video: 08/16/2022 LIVE - Nrog Vaj Xyooj tham txog lub tsev khaws keeb kwm Hmoob cov ntxa nyob Thaib teb 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Ib qho ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev zoo nkauj ntawm sab qaum teb lub peev yog lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod. Muaj ntau lub tsev zoo nyob hauv St. Petersburg, txawm li cas los xij, qhov project loj kawg ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo Rossi tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev lig kev cai.

Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod
Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod

Kev Qhia

Qhov tseeb, peb tab tom tham tsis yog hais txog ib qho, tab sis hais txog ob lub tsev, uas niaj hnub no tau koom ua ke los ntawm ib lub npe - lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod. Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, ob lub xeev tswj lub cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm kaum ob Collegia. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm Admir alty hauv xyoo 1823, lub tsev qub tsis sib haum rau qhov tshiab uas Senate Square tau txais. Muaj ib qho kev xav tau sai rau nws txoj kev tsim kho dua tshiab. Tias yog vim li cas xyoo 1824 kev sib tw tau tshaj tawm rau txoj haujlwm, raws li nws yuav tsum tsim lub tsev tshiab rau Senate thiab Synod.

Hauv St. Petersburg thaum Lub Yim Hli 24, 1829, thawj pob zeb tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim kho. Thaum xub thawj, lawv pib tsim ib lub tsev npaj rau Senate, thiab ib xyoos tom qabthiab pib tsim lub Synod. Kev tsim kho tau ua tiav hauv xyoo 1834. Tus kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub tsev Senate thiab Synod yog Karl Ivanovich Rossi. Kev tsim kho ntawm nws qhov project yog coj los ntawm Alexander Staubert.

Prehistory

Thaum pib, ntawm qhov chaw tam sim no Senate thiab Synod, muaj ib lub tsev ib nrab-tua ntoo los ntawm A. Menshikov, thiab nyob ib sab ntawm nws yog lub tsev loj uas yog tub lag luam Kusovnikova. Thaum Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Zoo Tshaj Plaws poob rau hauv kev txaj muag, nws cov cuab yeej ntawm Neva embankment tau dhau mus rau hauv tus Lwm Thawj Tswj Hwm A. I. Osterman. Qee lub sij hawm tom qab, xyoo 1744, lub tsev tau tso cai los ntawm Elizaveta Petrovna rau A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Tus thawj tswj hwm tau rov tsim kho nws, qhia tus kws kes duab vajtse A. Whist los tsim lub tsev nyob rau hauv Baroque style.

Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St
Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St

Xyoo 1763, thaum Catherine II tau nce lub zwm txwv, lub tsev tau hloov mus rau lub txhab nyiaj. Senate tau tsiv mus rau hauv lub tsev no yuav luag tam sim ntawd. Los ntawm 1780 txog 1790, lub tsev baroque ntawm Bestuzhev-Ryumin tau rov tsim dua: cov facades tau txais kev kho vaj tse tshiab, zoo li Lavxias teb sab classicism.

Lub npe ntawm tus sau kawg ntawm qhov project, raws li lub tsev uas tau tsim dua tshiab, tsis paub meej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txiav txim siab los ntawm cov duab kos ntawm sab hnub poob façade khaws cia hauv kev sau ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Academy of Arts, kev txhim kho tau ua los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse I. Starov.

History of Creation

Thaum xyoo 1823 tus kws tsim vaj tsev Zakharov ua tiav lub tsev monumental ntawm Admir alty, nws tsim nyog los hloov peb lub hauv paus squares ntawm sab qaum teb lub peev: Senate (tam sim no Decembrists), Palace thiab Admir alteyskaya, qhov twg thaum kawg. XIX caug xyoo, Alexander Garden tau nteg tawm. Tus tsim ntawm lub tsev uas twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd, nyob rau hauv uas lub Senate nyob, ceased mus rau lub teev ntawm lub sij hawm, thiab mus rau lub dav architecture thiab splendor ntawm lub nroog center. Thiab yog li nws xav tau kev tsim kho dua tshiab.

Los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, huab tais, thiab tom qab ntawd Nicholas kuv nyob ntawm lub zwm txwv, pib tsim lub tsev tshiab rau Senate hauv ib daim duab thiab zoo li, kom lub tsev ntawm General Staff, Senate, lub Synod nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg yuav ua nyob rau hauv ib tug architectural daws. Yog li ntawd, lub tsev ntawm cov tub lag luam Kusovnikova tau yuav rau tom kawg. Thiab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev ntawm A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, lawv txiav txim siab los tsim lub Senate lub tsev.

Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St
Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod nyob rau hauv St

Kev xaiv qhov project

Xyoo 1828, kev sib tw tau tshaj tawm. Nws tau koom nrog Vasily Stasov, Paul Jacot, Smaragd Shustov, Vasily Glinka thiab, ntawm chav kawm, Rossi. Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod hauv cov duab kos ntawm cov neeg sib tw muaj ntau yam kev daws teeb meem. Piv txwv li, Jaco tau thov kom tsim ib lub tsev uas zoo ib yam li Louvre gallery, Stasov npaj yuav rov tsim dua lub tsev qub Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Rossi, ntawm qhov tod tes, ua ib qhov project ntawm ob lub tsev thiab txuas lawv nrog cov qauv arched. Thiab qhov no yog raws nraim li cas peb pom lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod hnub no.

Architect thiab sculptor

Lub Ob Hlis 18, 1829, Rossi txoj haujlwm tau pom zoo. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse yog muab lub tsev ua tus cwj pwm coj mus rau lub xwmfab loj uas nws sawv. Twb tau nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub yim hli ntuj, ib tug solemn nteg lub tsev, nyob rau hauv uas lub Senate yuav ua hauj lwm, coj qhov chaw. Ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ib lub tsevIb daim ntawv memorial tau muab tso rau hais tias daim duab ntawm lub façade, tau pom zoo los ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws, yog Karl Rossi. Lwm tus kws kos duab uas paub zoo, A. Staubert, tau raug xaiv los ua tus tsim. Ntxiv mus, raws li qhov project, lub tsev no heev organically suav nrog cov phab ntsa uas tau khaws cia los ntawm lub tsev ntawm Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Thiab nyob rau lub yim hli ntuj 1830, tom qab nws muaj peev xwm yuav Kusovnikova lub tsev rau lub xeev cov nyiaj txiag, kev tsim kho ntawm Synod lub tsev pib nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1831, Emperor Nicholas kuv tau pom zoo rau txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj sculptural. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib qho kev qhia cais tau muab hais tias cov duab yuav tsum tsis txhob piav txog "ntev", tab sis zaum. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau hnav khaub ncaws qub, xws li togas, thiab tshem tawm tag nrho cov khoom plig thiab cov ntawv sau rau hauv phau ntawv.

Sculptural tsim tau ua los ntawm ntau tus kws kos duab ib zaug - S. Pimenov, V. Demuth-Malinovsky nrog P. Sokolov, uas tau pab los ntawm N. Tokarev, nrog rau P. Svintsov thiab lwm tus. Tus sculptor Ustinov tsim tus pej thuam "Vera" nyob rau hauv thawj niche ntawm sab laug. Sokolov sculpted "Piety", thiab Pimenov - "Txoj Cai" thiab "Kev Ncaj Ncees"

Lub peev txheej thiab tsov ntxhuav lub ntsej muag, nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj, yog tsim los ntawm Toricelli. Cov duab puab nyob rau ntawm lub qab nthab, nrog rau "Geniuses" nrog cov phau ntawv kev cai lij choj los ntawm Demuth-Malinovsky, raug cam khwb cia ntawm tooj liab ntawm lub Hoobkas Byrd.

Rossi Senate thiab Synod lub tsev
Rossi Senate thiab Synod lub tsev

Txoj haujlwm tau teeb tsa ua ntej tus kws tsim vaj tsev thiab cov tsim tsim kom muab lub tsev Senate ib tus cwj pwm sib raug zoo rau qhov loj ntawm Senate Square, tau daws los ntawm lawv nrog kev txawj ntse thiabnrog rau qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntsuas. Qhov loj txaus ntev ntawm lub façade yuam tus sau ntawm qhov project, Rossi, kom nce qhov siab ntawm lub tsev mus rau yim thiab ib nrab fathoms. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub tsev nyob sib ze ntawm Admir alty yog qhov pom tseeb qis dua lub tsev Senate - los ntawm ntau npaum li ob puas thiab kaum centimeters. Thaum pib lub Kaum Hlis 1832, kev tsim kho kev tsim kho tau raug txiav, thiab kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm ob lub tsev tam sim ntawd pib. Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo tom ntej, tus huab tais tus kheej tau tshuaj xyuas cov khoom. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1934, kev tsim kho thaum kawg ua tiav.

Ntse

Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub façade muaj pes tsawg leeg, kho kom zoo nkauj Senate Square, loj loj hauv nplai thiab qhov tseem ceeb, Rossi txiav txim siab los ua ib qho zoo nkauj arch pov hla Galernaya Street. Nws txuas ob lub tsev mus rau hauv ib qho chaw ua vaj tse. Rau nws tsim, Karl Ivanovich siv ib qho ntawm yav tas los invented, tab sis tsis siv, versions ntawm lub koov muab rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm. Qhov kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev no tau rov tsim dua los ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev, suav nrog qhov pom me me dav ntawm txoj kev tsheb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tsim vaj tsev tau khaws cia tag nrho cov cim triumphal uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Architect ntawm lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod
Architect ntawm lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod

Arch

Nws muab cov tuam tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod thiab xaus nrog cov duab puab nyob rau ntawm ntau theem ntawm chav tsev. "Kev ncaj ncees thiab piety", thiab qhov no yog lub npe ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm masters S. Pimenov, V. Demut-Malinovsky thiab P. Sokolov, symbolizes kev sib sau ntawm ob tug tub ceev xwm - lub tsev teev ntuj thiab secular. Cov sculptors tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev sib xyaw no rau ib xyoos. Ntxiv rau nws, tseem muaj cov duab saum lub koov,allegorically lub ntsiab lus "geniuses who keep the law."

Nyob ntawm tib lub qab nthab muaj peb lub bas-reliefs - "Civil Law", "Vajtswv Txoj Cai", thiab "Natural Law". Lawv qhov chaw yog qhov nthuav heev. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, ncaj qha saum lub koov, muaj ib tug kuj loj bas-relief hu ua "Civil Law". Ntawm cov duab ntawm nws, lub busts ntawm Peter lub Great thiab Catherine II tau tawm tsam.

Rossi lub tsev ntawm lub senate thiab synod
Rossi lub tsev ntawm lub senate thiab synod

Kev piav qhia

Tus kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub tsev Senate thiab Synod - Rossi - muab hais txog peb-zaj dab neeg lub tsev thiab lub tshav puam. Qhov txawv txawv zoo nkauj thiab dav staircases nrog ramps, ua los ntawm granite, kho qhov nkag. Ib qho kev xav tsis thoob lub teeb ci thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw protruding ntawm lub facades ntawm lub tsev thiab niches. Ntau cov stucco dai kom zoo nkauj pab txhawb ntau rau qhov no.

Lub faus ntawm lub tsev Synod ntsib ob lub English Embankment thiab lub qub Senate Square. Feem ntau, cov kws tshaj lij xav txog kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm ib feem ntawm cov qauv no kom nthuav dav heev. Nws lub ces kaum yog sib npaug. Nws yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug monumental colonnade, tsa saum toj no hauv pem teb thiab sib sau ua ke los ntawm yim lub Corinthian kab, qhov muag nkhaus uas yog tiav, raws li lub tswv yim ntawm tus sau ntawm peb tes num, nrog ib tug stepped attic. Qhov kev daws teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev no txhawb nqa txoj kab ntawm Promenade des Anglais hauv txoj kev zoo kawg nkaus, muab nws zoo nkauj.

Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod architect thiab sculptor
Lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod architect thiab sculptor

Tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau nws tus qauv tsim yog lub rooj sib txoos yav dhau los hauv Senate lub tsev,cov phab ntsa uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog caryatids thiab stucco pilasters, nrog rau lub qab nthab pleev xim los ntawm tus kws kos duab B. Medici. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab yog lub zwm txwv upholstered nyob rau hauv ci crimson velvet.

After the revolution

Xyoo 1919, Senate thiab Synod raug tshem tawm. Txij li thaum xyoo 1925, lub tsev nyob hauv Central Historical Archive. Xyoo 1936, lub tsev ntawm Senate thiab Synod pib rov qab los, ob qho tib si facades thiab sculptures raug txum tim rov qab los, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd lawv pib hloov kho cov duab ntawm cov ntaiv pem hauv ntej. Thaum tsov rog, ob lub tsev raug puas tsuaj. Lawv raug ntaus los ntawm ntau lub phom loj, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov tsev. Lub Koom Txoos Synodal twb yuav luag puas tag.

Lub tsev ntawm General Staff ntawm Senate ntawm Synod nyob rau hauv St
Lub tsev ntawm General Staff ntawm Senate ntawm Synod nyob rau hauv St

Txoj haujlwm kho dua tshiab tau pib thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1944 - txawm tias ua ntej tsov rog kawg. Nyob rau hauv 2006, lub keeb kwm Archive tsiv, thiab lub Senate thiab Synod lub tsev nws tus kheej raug xa mus rau lub Constitutional Court ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Hnub no, lub tsev qiv ntawv Thawj Tswj Hwm nyob ntawd.

Kev txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob, kev yuav lub tsev loj ntawm cov tub lag luam Kusovnikova raug nqi nyiaj txiag muaj koob muaj npe thaum lub sijhawm ntawd - rau pua txhiab rubles, txawm hais tias xyoo 1796 cov phiaj xwm tau kwv yees ntawm tsuas yog xya thiab ib qho. ib nrab txhiab. Tus tswv tsev, tau kawm paub tias lub tsev ntawm Synod yuav ua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws lub tsev, txiav txim siab nce tus nqi, ntxiv rau, tag nrho cov nyiaj suav nrog nyiaj xiab rau ntau tus thawj coj.

Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib sau "Kev Ncaj Ncees thiab Kev Ntseeg," tus sculptor ntawm lub tsev Senate thiab Synod Pimenov tuag. Nws txoj hauj lwm tau ua tiav los ntawm nws tus tub.

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