Export ntawm Kazakhstan: qauv thiab ntsuas. Kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:48

Kazakhstan yog lub xeev nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Eurasian sab av loj. Nws ciam teb nrog Mongolia, lub teb chaws ntawm Central Asia thiab Russia. Lub teb chaws yog thawj coj kev lag luam hauv Central Asia. Hauv CIS, qhov no yog qhov kev lag luam thib ob tom qab Russia. Kazakhstan yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Eurasian Economic Union. Lub teb chaws muaj ntau hom minerals, uas tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv kom muaj nuj nqis txaus. Kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam thiab tsom mus rau cov teb chaws xws li Russia, Tuam Tshoj, thiab cov teb chaws ntawm Central Asia. Hydrocarbons ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv ntawm kev xa tawm.

Kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan kev lag luam vam khom rau Tuam Tshoj thiab Russia. Yav dhau los, USSR, uas nws yog ib feem, muaj kev txiav txim siab ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Tam sim no, kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws no yog engineering, metalworking, roj thiab roj, hlau thiab ntxhia.

Nyob rau thawj xyoo tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR thiab tau txais kev ywj pheej, ua yuam kev hauv kev tswj hwm lub teb chaws, uas ua rau poob kev muag khoom thiab kev lag luam hauv lub xeev tsis zoo.

Kev lag luam tom qab kev poob ntawm Soviet Union

Zoo li Russia, Kazakhstan tau ntsib kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev lag luam tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union. Nyob rau hauv 1992, hyperinflation tau pom nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus nqi nce los ntawm 2500%. Xyoo 1995-96, muaj lub xeev stagnation, thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam.

Cov xwm txheej kev lag luam tau txhim kho txij li thaum pib xyoo 2000s, thiab kev nce nqi tseem ceeb tau pom nyob rau hauv qee lub xyoo thiab yog nruab nrab. Cov nqi nce no tau pom nyob rau xyoo 2007, 2008 thiab 2009. Tam sim no kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan yog 4.4% ib xyoos.

Raws li cov nuj nqis sab nraud, nws yog 12% ntawm lub teb chaws GDP ($ 28 billion).

Main industries thiab minerals

Kazakhstan yog muab nrog yuav luag txhua hom fossil raw khoom. Lub teb chaws no muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj thiab roj, nrog rau cov thee. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txawv ntawm cov peev txheej ntuj yog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm tungsten - 50% ntawm lub ntiaj teb reserves, uranium - 21%, lead - 19, zinc - 13 thiab non-ferrous hlau - 10. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab kev taw qhia ntawm lub teb chaws. kev lag luam yog mining.

Ntau cov zaub mov ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam:

• roj thiab rojkev lag luam;
• thee, roj thiab roj ntau lawm;
• metallurgical kev lag luam;
• tshuab thiab hlau ua haujlwm;
• tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev faib tawm;
• petrochemical kev lag luam.

Roj thiab roj ntau lawm

thaj chaw no tau tsim kho tsis ntev los no. Lub teb chaws yog nyob rau saum kaum ntawm cov roj thiab roj reserves. Yog hais tias peb xav txog lub teb chaws CIS, ces nws yog nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw tom qab Russia. Yeej, roj yog tsim nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws, hauv thaj av Caspian. Tam sim no nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov nyiaj tau los rau Kazakhstan. Yeej, roj yog exported.

Coal mining

Kazakhstan yog nyob rau saum kaum lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm reserves ntawm no roj khoom. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov thee feem ntau yog ntiav, yog li nws yooj yim heev rau kuv. Ob feem peb ntawm lub teb chaws cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm cov thee. Nws tseem raug xa tawm, piv txwv li rau Russia.

metallurgy thiab engineering

Kev lag luam metallurgical yog tsom rau kev tsim cov tooj liab, chromium thiab manganese. Cov khoom siv hlau ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws cov nyiaj tau los. Txog xyoo 2000, nws tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom, tab sis tom qab ntawd, kev tsim kho tshuab pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua.

Zoo thiab petrochemistry

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam ntawm Central Asian lub xeev no siab heev. Nws yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev lag luam tsim. Rau kev tsim hluav taws xobcov khoom siv raw hauv zos yog siv. Cov thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam no yog cheeb tsam Pavlodar thiab Karaganda.

Kev loj hlob hauv cov roj thiab roj ntau lawm tau txais kev txhawb nqa kev tsim kho ntawm chemistry thiab petrochemistry. Ntxiv rau lawv, kev lag luam tshuaj kuj tseem txhim kho. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom lag luam zoo yog qhov tsawg, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev thim rov qab ntawm lub refinery.

Kazakhstan pauv nrog leej twg?

Kev koom ua ke rau hauv lub koomhaum kev lis kev cai nrog Russia thiab Belarus tau txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo. Yeej, cov no yog CIS lub teb chaws thiab Russia. Tab sis tsis ntev los no lub teb chaws tab tom nce nkag mus rau kev lag luam nyob deb txawv teb chaws: Qaib ntxhw, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Asmeskas, Tuam Tshoj thiab lwm yam. Hauv 10 xyoo dhau los, kev lag luam nrog lawv tau loj hlob 10 zaug. Kwv yees li 60% ntawm kev xa tawm mus rau Russia thiab CIS lub teb chaws, thaum feem ntawm peb lub teb chaws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj tau los yog $ 11.8 billion.

Kazakhstan xa tawm dab tsi?

Lub teb chaws xa tawm tseem ceeb yog roj, roj, roj, thee, hluav taws xob, tshuab thiab hlau. Cov roj dependence tau muaj zog thiab muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teb loj tshiab tau raug tshawb pom, kev txhim kho uas yuav ua rau Kazakhstan tshem tawm ntawm qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov teb chaws tsim cov roj ntawm cov qib khov. Nyob rau hauv 2013, qhov sib faib ntawm cov roj thiab cov khoom ntawm nws cov kev ua nyob rau hauv lub shares ntawm exports yog 35 feem pua, thiab nyob rau hauv 2014 - twb 38%. Ntxiv nrog rau hydrocarbons, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv sab nraud yog:

• ferrous thiab non-ferrous hlau (33% ntawm tag nrho);
• tsis tshua muaj ores (uranium, tungsten, nickel) - 12%;
• khoom noj khoom haus - 9%;
• lwm yam khoom -10.5 feem pua.

Kev Ua liaj ua teb yog ib feem tseem ceeb hauv Kazakhstan cov khoom xa tawm. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws thaj chaw tau raug plowing. Feem ntau ntawm cov nplej yog exported. Muaj yuav luag ib tuj ntawm cov qoob loo loj hlob rau ib tus neeg nyob. Feem ntau cov no yog high-zoo hard ntau yam. Txog li 16% ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm koom nrog hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Legumes thiab cag qoob loo tseem loj tuaj.

Ntxiv rau qhov tau txais cov khoom cog, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb kuj tsis khoom ntau yam tsiaj txhu. Cov no feem ntau yog yaj, tshis, nyuj, nees, npua, ntxhuav. Nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan ncaj qha, lub thiaj li hu ua dawb-headed yug nyuj yog bred, uas yog tam sim no nquag bred thoob plaws hauv lub CIS.

Dhau li ntawm tsiaj, noog kuj nquag bred ntawm no. Muaj 34 lab daim nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Nqaij qaib ua liaj ua teb tsim tau 4 billion qe hauv ib xyoos. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ib feem ntawm cov khoom no yuav raug xa tawm. Kev xa tawm ntawm cov kev pab cuam yog underdeveloped. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav hloov tau yav tom ntej.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, vim tias cov nqi qis rau cov roj thiab ib feem ntawm cov hlau, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm Kazakhstan (nrog rau Russia) tau poob qis heev. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam thiab lub neej ntawm cov pejxeem.

Cov khoom lag luam xa tawm

Cov khoom xa tawm tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li cov khoom siv raw, thiab lawv qhov ntsuas tsis zoo heev. Kev xa tawm ntawm cov kev pab cuam yog underdeveloped. Qhov no feem ntau yog los ntawm raw khoom orientation ntawm kev lag luam. Cov qauv export ntawm cov khoom yog raws li nram no:

1. Yas thiab cov khoom raws li nws. Kazakhstan muag 42,521 tons ntawm cov khoom no, thiab cov nyiaj tau los pauv txawv teb chaws yog $ 52 lab.
2. Nyobthib ob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev muag khoom sib koom - textiles. 15,814 tons ntawm nws raug xa tawm, thiab cov nyiaj tau los yog $ 41 lab.
3. Ntau yam dej qab zib, suav nrog cawv, + vinegar - qhov no yog 71474 tons thiab 33 lab nyiaj txawv teb chaws.
4. Pob lossis cov menyuam bearings yog xa tawm ntawm 13283 tons, uas muab kev lag luam 27 lab daus las.
5. Tsheb thiab tsheb thauj mus los tsim tau $ 23 lab.
6. Qab zib thiab khoom qab zib muag tag nrho $ 18 lab.
7. Kev ua liaj ua teb ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws.
8. Lwm yam khoom raws li cov khoom siv ua liaj ua teb muab tus nqi sib npaug $ 15 lab hauv lub tebchaws.

Daim ntawv txais nyiaj los ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom siv kho mob thiab cov khoom tu huv si ua lub luag haujlwm me dua. Kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom mus rau Kazakhstan feem ntau yog tsom rau engineering thiab tshuab cuab yeej khoom.

Export xwm txheej nyob rau xyoo tas los no

Tom qab kev kub ntxhov xyoo 2014-16. Qhov xwm txheej hauv kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan thiab kev xa tawm maj mam txhim kho. Tus nqi ntawm cov roj thiab hlau yog loj hlob, nrog rau cov roj ntau lawm hauv lub tebchaws no. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 2017, qhov sib faib ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub export qauv muaj li 86.6%, uas yog siab tshaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo dhau los, tab sis tseem qis dua ua ntej lub sij hawm muaj kev kub ntxhov. Hauv 2017, cov roj muag txawv teb chaws tau nce 4.2% piv rau xyoo dhau los. Kev xa tawm roj tau nce 10% nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev muag cov roj roj tau nce yuav luag 2 zaug, hlau ore - los ntawm 38.4%, thiab thee - 2.1 npaug. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev xa khoom ntawm qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv tau txo qis me ntsis.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov hlau hauv kev xa tawmkev tsim khoom hauv 3 xyoo dhau los tau nce ntau heev. Tam sim no nws yog tshaj 18 feem pua, thaum ua ntej 2015 nws yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm 10. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev muag cov hlau rau thawj ib nrab ntawm 2017 yog li ntawm $4.2 billion.

Kev xa tawm ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom ua liaj ua teb los ntawm Kazakhstan tau dhau los ua liab. Qhov feem ntau ntawm chemistry tau sau tseg hauv 2015 thiab 2016, thiab rau cov khoom ua liaj ua teb - hauv 2016. Kev poob qis hauv kev ua liaj ua teb yog cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis hauv kev thov rau cov khoom ua liaj ua teb hauv Iran thiab Uzbekistan.

Qee qhov txo qis hauv kev sib koom ua haujlwm xa tawm tau pom hauv cov khoom lag luam engineering. Nws poob los ntawm 2016 txog 2017 los ntawm 0.8 feem pua (los ntawm 2 mus rau 1.2). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev nce qib hauv kev muag khoom textile. Tus neeg yuav khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khaub ncaws los ntawm Kazakhstan yog tam sim no Tuam Tshoj. Tsuas yog ib xyoos xwb, kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam no rau Celestial Empire tau nce los ntawm 1.9 txog 58.5 lab nyiaj daus las. Tib lub sijhawm, Suav cov khaub ncaws ntshuam yog $33 lab.

Tus neeg yuav khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Kazakh cov kav dej, cov raj yas, cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej yog Russia. Cov khoom qoob loo thiab cov khoom noj mis nyuj yog nquag yuav los ntawm Russia thiab Kyrgyzstan. Nws kuj muag zoo hauv Turkmenistan.

Kyrgyzstan yog cov khoom siv roj tseem ceeb. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv mus rau Uzbekistan, thiab rau Tuam Tshoj. Russia yog tus thawj coj hauv kev ntshuam cov suab thaj ua hauv Kazakhstan.

Thiab lub ntsiab thiab yuav luag monopoly buyer ntawm bearings yog Russia. Cov dej cawv thiab tsis muaj cawv raug xa tawm mus rau Russia thiab Kyrgyzstan.

Yog li, Russia kev lag luam nrogKazakhstan ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab rau kev lag luam ntawm lub tebchaws Esxias no.

Dab tsi Kazakhstan yuav

Export thiab ntshuam ntawm Kazakhstan yog interconnected. Lub teb chaws no tsim cov khoom siv high-tech me me thiab raug yuam kom import lawv los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Export ntawm cov khoom mus rau Kazakhstan los ntawm Russia yog raws li nram no:

• khoom siv roj av;
• nuclear reactors thiab muaj boilers;
• tsheb tsis yog tsheb ciav hlau thiab tsheb ciav hlau;
• mechanics thiab khoom siv;
• ntoo;
• khoom yas;
• electronics.

Cov ntaub ntawv

Thaum xa tawm mus rau Kazakhstan, VAT muaj tus lej xoom, tab sis raug xa mus rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm se rau cov cai cuam tshuam. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no kuj yuav tsum tau:

1. Export cog lus lossis cog lus.
2. Daim ntawv thov them se thiab kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom hauv daim ntawv tam sim no.
3. Cov ntaub ntawv thauj mus los kom paub meej tias qhov kev hloov pauv.
4. Cov ntaub ntawv kom paub meej tias qhov chaw siv tus lej VAT xoom.

Cov ntaub ntawv tau muab nyob rau hauv 180 hnub txij li hnub xa khoom ntawm cov khoom, tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Yog li, kev xa tawm thiab kev lag luam nrog Kazakhstan tsis muaj kev cai lij choj loj.