Geology, nyem thiab pob zeb hauv cheeb tsam Moscow yog raws li qhov tseeb tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw no tau tsim nyob rau theem neotectonic. Lub Moscow cheeb tsam yog heterogeneous nyob rau hauv nws cov kev pab cuam Cheebtsam. Qhov kev faib tawm tseem ceeb muaj nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb, kwv yees li nyob rau yav qab teb Urals, thaum nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob daim duab no tsawg dua, cov dej ntws tsawg "txiav" rau hauv cov tiaj tiaj tiaj.
Hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, los ntawm sab hnub poob mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, sab hnub tuaj ntawm Oka-Moscow Upland stretches, uas tom qab ntawd hla mus rau Moscow-Oksky watershed (nrog rau Teplostanskaya Upland) thiab Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge.. Lub nyem ntawm no yog sawv cev tsuas yog los ntawm toj roob hauv pes, tig mus rau hauv lowlands. Qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam Moscow yog nyob ze ntawm Mozhaisk reservoir, thiab nws qhov siab yog 310 meters.
Qhov chawrov ua dua tus qauv hauv av
cheeb tsam Moscow nrog nws txoj kev pab cuam zoo sib xws nrog cov qauv tectonic. Ntawm no yog ib tug txo nyob rau hauv struts ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob, rov hais dua cov dynamics ntawm geological txheej, uas pw yuav luag horizontally thiab tsis koom nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm tectonic lug. Yog li ntawd, cheeb tsam Moscow tag nrho yog nyob rau hauv lub tiaj, uas muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm av qeeg.
Cov pob zeb ntawm thaj av no feem ntau yog cov xuab zeb thiab av nplaum
Yuav ua li cas cov zaub mov tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no? Kev nyem ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow qhia tau hais tias thaj av ntawd yuav luag tag nrho nyob rau hauv lub glacier thaum lub sij hawm kawg glaciation. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov dej khov tawm feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw no txog 70-100 txhiab xyoo dhau los, thiab los ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm thaj av - tsuas yog 10 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Cov cheeb tsam "sawv" ib feem ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb qub crust (lub sijhawm Archean-Proterozoic), thiab lub platform nws tus kheej muaj ob txheej txheej. Cov txheej hauv qab, "lub hauv paus", muaj gneisses, granites, migmatites.
Ntau lab xyoo dhau los, "npog" tau tsim los ntawm nws, uas ncav cuag qhov loj ntawm 1 txog 3 km, thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem qis ntawm petrified, ntom av nplaum, siltstones, nruab nrab - ntawm limestones, av nplaum, dolomites, nyob rau sab sauv - los ntawm clastic deposits sawv cev los ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab av nplaum.
Kev Lag Luam: cheeb tsam Moscow tsis yog qhov chaw nplua nuj tshaj plaws
Moscow cheeb tsam kuj paub txog qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj qhov tso nyiaj ntawm ntau lub tshuab geological. RauPiv txwv li, tsuas yog Cambrian, Devonian thiab Carboniferous deposits tau pom los ntawm Paleozoic era, pov thawj los ntawm Jurassic thiab Cretaceous lub sij hawm yog tam sim no los ntawm Mesozoic era, thaum tsis muaj ib qho ntawm Triassic, thiab tsis muaj seem ntawm Paleogene tau pom. nyob rau hauv lub Cyonozoic (lub Neogene thiab Quaternary lub sij hawm tam sim no). Yog li ntawd, cov zaub mov ntawm thaj av Moscow tsis tuaj yeem nplua nuj thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg los ntawm qhov pom ntawm geological. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj nyob thiab tau ua tiav mined.
Peat leads in reserves
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog yim puas qhov chaw paub hauv cheeb tsam uas "sib sau ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los" raug coj mus rau saum npoo thiab ua tiav. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev siv thiab reserves) nws yog peat, nws deposits nrog ib tug tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm txog 1700 tau raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv lub Dmitrovsky thiab Mytishchi koog tsev kawm ntawv, raws li zoo raws li nyob ze Mytishchi. Peat yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsim los ntawm cov seem ntawm mosses nyob rau hauv swamp tej yam kev mob (qhov no yog qhov chaw lowlands ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam tuaj nyob rau hauv ke). Cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv swampy tej yam kev mob tsis decompose kiag li, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau ib tug ib nrab ntawm cov carbon, uas muab ib tug calorific nqi ntawm 24 MJ ib kilogram, yuav siv tau raws li chiv, thermal rwb thaiv tsev, thiab lwm yam.
Xws li cov ntxhia hauv cheeb tsam Moscow li peat yog mined tsuas yog los ntawm milling (corrugations raug txiav mus rau hauv av thiab qhuav). Lwm txoj kev - excavator - yog siv tsawg zaus. Russia nyob rau qib thib ob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm peatland reserves (150 lab tons).tons), uas, ntxiv rau, tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab (kwv yees li 260 lab tons hauv ib xyoos), yog li kev lag luam muaj qee qhov kev cia siab.
Sand for construction
Lwm cov ntxhia hauv cheeb tsam Moscow yog xuab zeb (gravel-xuab zeb cov ntaub ntawv), yam tsis muaj txheej txheem kev tsim kho yuav ua tau. Fossil cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow yog mined nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso thiab dag quarries, tau ntxuav los yog dej xuab zeb ntawm high quality thiab quarry xuab zeb nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Lub tom kawg muaj ntau yam impurities nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov organics, av nplaum, plua plav, quartz nplej, yog li ntawd nws yog siv rau kev tsim kho, thiab lwm yam. Ntxuav thiab dej xuab zeb nrog tsawg dua txawv teb chaws ntsiab yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm pob zeb, cib, mixs siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom. kev ua tiav, thiab lwm yam.
Raw khoom rau high-end optics
Minerals ntawm thaj av Moscow kuj suav nrog lub npe hu ua "iav xuab zeb" (nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm thaj av Lyubertsy). Nws muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm silicon oxide (silica), uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau high-purity tsom iav, nrog rau optical sawv daws yuav. Cov iav xuab zeb yog qhov tshwm sim tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, yog li cov khoom siv raw rau kev lag luam feem ntau tau txais los ntawm kev ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim (ntxuav, txhuam, sib cais electromagnetic).
Qee hlau, lignite thiab titanium
Cov Minerals ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow, cov npe uas yog me me, suav nrog me me deposits ntawm hlau ore thiab titanium (Serebryanoprudsky thiab Serpukhovkoog tsev kawm ntawv). Cov ore yog sawv cev ntawm no feem ntau yog "bog hlau", uas tau tsim nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm cov hav dej thaum ub los yog hauv dej nyab ntawm cov dej ntws. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm cov av nplaum, dej saturated nrog hlau stagnated thiab, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov kab mob hlau, hloov mus rau hauv interlayers nrog ib tug tuab ntawm ob peb centimeters mus rau ib 'meter', uas niaj hnub no yuav muab rho tawm thiab ua tiav.
Dhau li ntawm, cov hav dej thaum ub, uas cov ntoo thiab peat-forming nroj tsuag decomposed, kuj tsim ib co reserves ntawm xim av thee, tab sis lawv yog me me, tsis muaj nqi industrial thiab tam sim no tsis tau tsim. Txawm hais tias lignite kuj yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, muaj txog li 70 feem pua ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, nws tuaj yeem yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev lag luam tshuaj.
Muaj av nplaum ntau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, thiab nws txawv
Lwm cov ntxhia hauv cheeb tsam Moscow yog av nplaum. Nws tuaj yeem yog cib (muaj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow yuav luag txhua qhov chaw) thiab refractory (pom nyob rau sab hnub tuaj). Thawj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov av nplaum yog lub ntiaj teb pob zeb, heterogeneous nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab granulometry, nrog siab cohesion, stickiness, o nyob rau hauv dej, muaj peev xwm coj ib yam dab tsi zoo thiab khaws cia tom qab kev kho cua sov. Cov khoom zoo li no yog siv los ua cib, vuas, phab ntsa thaiv, nthuav av nplaum, thiab lwm yam, lawv ntxiv rau pob zeb, siv los ua cov khoom siv dej tsis zoo hauv cov dams. Cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov av nplaum ferruginous tuaj yeem siv los rho cov ntxhia pigments rau kev npaj cov xim tom ntej. Loj depositsCov khoom siv raw no muaj nyob hauv Voznesensky, Zaraisky, Domodedovo koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab lwm yam.
Fossils uas yuav raug nqi tsis tau
Cov peev txheej ntxhia hauv cheeb tsam Moscow thiab lawv cov txheej txheem ua kom nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom uas yog lub cim ntawm Russia. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov no yog cov av nplaum av nplaum los ntawm Gzhel deposit, los ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) yog ua nrog cob alt painting rau ntawm ib tug dawb keeb kwm yav dhau. Gzhel quarries, ntxiv rau ntau cov xim plooj (porcelain av nplaum), paub txog qhov muaj belemnite, ammonite shells, nrog rau limestone, nyob rau hauv uas brachiopods, qhov chaw ntawm ancient hiav txwv lilies, thiab me corals tau pom.
Ntawm no muaj cov flints thaum ub nrog xiav edging thiab nruab nrab ntawm ntau xim xim av-chocolate ntxoov, mus txog qhov zoo ntawm chalcedony, zoo nkauj geodes ntawm nplua-crystalline quartz, chalcedony. Cov ntsiab lus no tsis yog mined rau ntawm qhov loj me, txawm hais tias lawv nyob hauv qee txoj hauv kev cov zaub mov ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow. Tab sis rau cov qauv zoo li no, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom me me tuaj yeem muaj qhov tseem ceeb, thiab qee zaum tsis muaj nqi los ntawm qhov pom ntawm archaeological.
Ancient shellfish skeletons rau niaj hnub siv
Dab tsi ntxiv yog nplua nuj nyob hauv cheeb tsam Moscow? Deposits ntawm minerals los ntawm chav kawm ntawm "carbonate raw khoom" yog heev dav sawv cev ntawm no. Cov no feem ntau suav nrog limestone, uas tau tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv thaum ub, uas tau muaj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Moscow. Qhov twgNws tau xav tias ib puag ncig marine muaj qhov kub thiab txias (kwv yees li +25 degrees) thiab salinity (35 ppm), thiab ntau corals tsim nyob rau hauv nws. Tab sis cov kev hloov hauv lub xeev ntawm lub hiav txwv phiab ua rau tuag ntawm cov kab mob no, los ntawm cov calcareous skeleton sab nrauv. Nws yog nws uas yog lub hauv paus rau haib multi-meter limestone deposits, uas yog mined nyob rau hauv Shchelkovo, nyob rau hauv lub zos. Gorodna, lub zos ntawm Gory, ntawm Pirochinsk deposit, Popova Gora, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom yog siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, pob zeb ntau lawm, kom tau cov txiv qaub - ib tug astringent tivthaiv, thiab ib tug nplua-grained version yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv cov duab puab.
Cov peev txheej ntxhia hauv cheeb tsam Moscow tsis muaj ntau haiv neeg, tab sis tuaj yeem siv rau kev nuv ntses, kev tsim kho, thiab txawm ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Feem ntau, lawv tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv dua tshiab, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau siv nyiaj txiag thiab mined nrog cov teeb meem me me rau ib puag ncig.
