Kev sau xov xwm yog ntau yam haujlwm, uas tau cuam tshuam hauv ntau hom siv. Cov ntawv xov xwm yog hom qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm, yog li ntawd nws yog nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm journalism uas hom kev sau xov xwm tau tsim. Cov tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xa cov ntaub ntawv rau cov nyeem tau ua tiav. Niaj hnub no, cov ntawv xov xwm hloov pauv, sim ua kom raws sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov ntawv xov xwm tshiab - hluav taws xob. Lawv kuj yuav suav nrog cov hom tshiab. Thiab peb yuav tham txog cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm thiab lawv cov nta.
Txoj kev xav ntawm ib hom ntawv
Nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm kev kos duab, ib hom ntawv yog ib daim ntawv ruaj khov ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Hauv kev sau xov xwm, ib hom ntawv yog ib txheej ntawm stylistic thiab zaj dab neeg yam ntxwv, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev sau xov xwm, ntau hom ntawv xov xwm muaj qhov txawv, uas txawv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab txoj kev qhia tseeb thiab cov xwm txheej raug them.
Txawm hais tias faib sib txawvhom ntawv, hnub no koj tuaj yeem pom tias muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau hom, thiab hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab lawv pom tsawg thiab tsawg. Ntau hom yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm evolution ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov txheej txheem no tsis tau xaus, niaj hnub no crystallization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab txuas ntxiv mus. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev sau ntawv classical tseem cuam tshuam rau niaj hnub no.
Ntaus ntawv xov xwm hom
Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev xaiv cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm, nws txawv cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev kos duab-kev sau xov xwm ntau yam. Tseem muaj cov neeg sau cov kev faib tawm, uas cov kws tshawb fawb tsom mus rau lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm.
L. Kreuchik tawm tswv yim los faib cov hom rau hauv kev ua haujlwm xov xwm, uas yog tsim "nyob rau hauv kub nrhiav" ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb thiab xov xwm, nyob rau hauv uas qhov kev tshwm sim yog soj ntsuam thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tsim nws lub tswv yim thiab tus cwj pwm rau qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tshwm sim yog tsom xam thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tsim nws lub tswv yim thiab tus cwj pwm rau qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tshwm sim yog tsom xam thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tsim nws lub tswv yim thiab tus cwj pwm rau qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tshwm sim yog tsom xam thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tsim nws lub tswv yim thiab tus cwj pwm rau qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv uas qhov kev tshwm sim yog tsom xam thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tsim nws lub tswv yim thiab tus cwj pwm rau qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tshwm sim yog tsom xam thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tsim nws lub tswv yim thiab tus cwj pwm rau qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv uas lub koom haum. Cov kws sau ntawv kuj txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb, tab sis lawv ua nws txoj cai nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim, kev tshawb fawb thiab cov duab, qhov twg cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xav thiab tus sau cov kev tshuaj ntsuam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug peculiar artistic daim ntawv, thiab kev tshawb fawb cov ntawv uas qhia tus sau txoj kev xav, cov neeg sau xov xwm. kev xav ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
S. Gurevich muab txoj hauv kev sib txawv kiag li rau kev xaiv cov neeg sau xov xwm. Nws typology suav nrog cov xov xwm-xov xwm, kev sib tham, xwm txheej-kev tshuaj ntsuam, epistolary thiab artistic-journalistic ntau yam.
Publicistic style
Txoj kev pej xeem, cov dej num ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm hom lus tshwj xeeb hu ua xov xwm. Nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog:
- Siv cov lus sib txawv ntawm cov lus (lus nyeem, social-political, vernacular, scientific, professional).
- Kev siv cov lus qhia kev xav txhais tau tias (tropes, emotive vocabulary, stylistic figures, expressive syntax, diminutive suffixes, etc.).
- Kev siv intonation txhais tau hais tias kev xav (exclamations, rhetorical question, builds with dashes and dots).
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau xov xwm yog qhia cov duab, kev xav, cuam tshuam rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Qhov no style pom nws cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Nyob rau hauv domestic journalism, nws yog kev cai los tham txog qhov tshwj xeeb style ntawm ntawv xov xwm hom. Hom kev sau xov xwm no yog siv los cuam tshuam rau cov neeg coob coob, qhia cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau ntu ntawm cov pej xeem, thiab hauv qhov no, ib hom lus uas muaj kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog tsim.
Nws tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig uas cov kws tshawb fawb sau tseg tias ua haujlwm hauv ntawv xov xwm ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias tus neeg sau xov xwm pib siv clichés. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm style ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws sau ntawv, nrog rau kev muaj ntawm cov style no, yuav tsum tswj hwm lawv tus kheej, paub txog style. Nws manifests nws tus kheej, ntawm lwm yam, nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov neeg sau xov xwm muaj feem ntau yuav ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tej yam.
Ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm ntau yam
Ntawv xov xwmNws yog tsim los qhia rau tib neeg tam sim ntawd txog cov xwm txheej tsis tu ncua. Cov cim ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm raws li qhov nruab nrab loj yog:
- Qhov cuam tshuam. Cov ntawv xov xwm yuav tsum hais txog cov xwm txheej uas txaus siab rau cov neeg nyeem, uas cuam tshuam rau nws lub neej.
- Lub caij nyoog. Cov ntawv xov xwm yuav tsum tau luam tawm nrog ib txwm ua, feem ntau nws yog cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm tshaj tawm. Nws yog kev cai los tham txog cov ntawv xov xwm txhua hnub thiab txhua lub lim tiam.
- Kev tshaj tawm lossis kev muaj dav dav. Cov ntawv xov xwm yog tsim los rau cov neeg tuaj saib dav, tsis yog segmented. Tau kawg, muaj cov ntawv xov xwm rau cov neeg tuaj saib nqaim - "Uchitelskaya" lossis "Literary". Tab sis lawv kuj feem ntau nyeem los ntawm cov pej xeem. Thiab cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm yuav tsum coj cov yeeb yam no rau hauv tus account thawj qhov chaw.
- Official. Cov ntawv xov xwm nthuav tawm qhov kev xav ntawm lawv tus tsim, feem ntau lawv yog cov thawj coj thiab tsoomfwv lub koom haum. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm muaj ib tug official connotation.
Note
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm ntau yam ntawm kev sau xov xwm yog sau tseg. Nws txoj haujlwm yog kom sai thiab ua tau zoo tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov xwm txheej rau tus nyeem ntawv. Nws tsis yog hais txog kev xav ntawm tus sau, kev qhia ntawm nws tus kheej txoj kev xav. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau qhia cov ntaub ntawv tam sim thiab lub hom phiaj.
Lwm qhov txawv ntawm hom ntawv no yog qhov ntim me me, tsis pub tshaj 2 txhiab tus cim. Tus qauv ntawm daim ntawv yog feem ntau yog cov lus teb rau cov lus nug tseem ceeb: dab tsi, qhov twg thiab thaum twg tshwm sim. Tus neeg sau ntawv tsis txaus siab rau qhov ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas nws tab tom tham txog.
Interview
Lwm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm ib hom ntawv yog kev xam phaj. Qhov no yog kev sib tham kaw los ntawm ib tus neeg sau xov xwm nrog ib tus neeg ntawm txhua lub sijhawm. Tus neeg sau xov xwm ntawm no ua tsis yog tsuas yog cov cuab yeej kaw, nws txoj haujlwm yog kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav los ntawm nws tus interlocutor. Kev kos duab ntawm tus neeg xam phaj nyob hauv lub peev xwm los nug cov lus nug nthuav thiab tsim kom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, tso siab rau hauv kev sib tham.
Txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev xam phaj (raws li ib hom ntawv xov xwm) yog nrhiav thiab qhia rau cov neeg nyeem cov lus pom ntawm qee tus neeg nyiam ntawm ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lub tswv yim ntawm tus neeg no muaj feem xyuam rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Muaj ntau hom kev xam phaj: cov ntaub ntawv, kws tshaj lij, portrait, teeb meem. Muaj kev xam phaj thiab tsis raug cai, ntev thiab luv.
Qhia
Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm tom ntej yog kev tshaj tawm. Nws kuj tseem nrov heev, vim nws tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv sawv cev ntawm tus neeg pom qhov kev tshwm sim. Hauv kev sau xov xwm, txawm tias muaj kev tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb: tus neeg sau xov xwm yog tus neeg uas tsuas yog koom nrog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm. Cov cim qhia ntawm hom kev tshaj tawm yog nws qhov cuam tshuam thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Tsis muaj leej twg xav nyeem ib daim ntawv qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xyoo dhau los, tsawg kawg hauv ntawv xov xwm. Tus neeg sau xov xwm yuav tsum tsim cov khoom muaj zog thiab nthuav dav, nws tuaj yeem qhia nws txoj kev xav txog qhov xwm txheej, tham txog nws txoj kev xav thiab kev xav. Tom qab tag nrho, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm yogqhov no yog tsim kom muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus nyeem ntawv.
Report
Thiab cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm kawg yog ib hom ntawv tshaj tawm. Qhov no feem ntau yog cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws uas qhia txog qee qhov kev tshwm sim: lub rooj sib tham, marathon, lub rooj sib tham. Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab kev xam phaj. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom yog qhia lub hom phiaj thiab sai sai txog qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim li cas. Tus neeg sau xov xwm yuav tsum ua raws li lub hom phiaj, tsis qhia nws txoj kev xav txog qhov tshwm sim. Muaj ntau ntau hom ntawv qhia: analytical, thematic, direct informational. Thawj ob tso cai rau tus neeg sau xov xwm nthuav tawm nws qhov kev xav hauv qhov txwv.
Article
Tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ib yam hauv kev sau xov xwm yog kab lus. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv no ntawm cov ntawv sau xov xwm yog qhov ntim me me lossis nruab nrab, nruab nrab ntawm kev nthuav qhia, hom phiaj thiab kev xav. Tus sau qhia nws txoj kev xav txog qhov xwm txheej, nrhiav qhov ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim, nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Hauv kev sau xov xwm, muaj teeb meem, xov xwm, tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, tshaj tawm, tshuaj xyuas thiab kos duab thiab sau xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv lawv, tus neeg sau xov xwm tuaj yeem nthuav tawm nws qhov kev xav, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug nrog lwm cov kev xav, kom pom qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb.
Editorial
Cais, theorists ib leeg tawm xws li ib hom ntawv raws li kev kho. Nws yog npaj los nthuav tawm cov kev xav ntawm lub rooj sib tham editorial thiab tus tsim. Yog li ntawd, cov ntawv kho nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm yeej ib txwm tag nrho ntawm ideological ntaub ntawv. Feature ntawm tsab xov xwm notias nws yuav tsum nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm. Qhov no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsis muaj tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, nws yog ib txwm ib tug neeg tsis yog tus kheej, collective txoj hauj lwm. Cov kws kho mob ib txwm tau tsav los ntawm cov xwm txheej kub tshaj plaws ntawm hnub.
Cov lus teb
Ib hom kev tshuaj ntsuam tshwj xeeb yog kev sau ntawv. Nws txoj haujlwm yog los qhia txog cov xwm txheej tshiab thiab tshwm sim hauv pej xeem lub neej. Cov ntawv sau xov xwm no tuaj yeem zoo sib xws hauv nws cov yam ntxwv rau kev tshaj tawm lossis sau ntawv, nyob ntawm txoj haujlwm ntsib tus sau. Hauv kev sau ntawv, tus neeg sau xov xwm yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev ua tau zoo, qhov tseeb thiab lub hom phiaj. Hom ntawv no yog sawv cev los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm lossis kev txheeb xyuas ntau yam.
Sketch
Ib tsab ntawv yog ib hom kev kos duab thiab sau xov xwm ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm. Qhov no yog ib qho kev sib txawv thiab ntau hom. Nws txoj hauj lwm tsis yog tsuas yog qhia cov neeg nyeem txog qhov xwm txheej, tab sis kuj qhia nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv zej zog. Hom ntawv no converges nrog kev xeem ntawv tseeb.
Cov ntawv sau yuav tsum muaj cov phiaj xwm, cov cim, tus sau qhia txog qhov xwm txheej hauv daim duab kos duab thiab nthuav tawm nws cov yam ntxwv los ntawm cov duab tsim. Muaj ntau hom kev sau ntawv: portrait, teeb meem, mus ncig. Nws tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig uas lawv feem ntau tham txog kev sau ntawv, thiab tseem muaj qhov tshwj xeeb - sau ntawv, uas muaj ntau tus kws sau ntawv tau ua haujlwm: K. Paustovsky, M. Prishvin, E. Hemingway.
Feuilleton
Tsis tas li, cov ntawv xov xwm muaj xws li lwm daim ntawv tshwj xeebCov ntawv sau xov xwm - feuilleton. Nyob rau hauv nws, tus neeg sau xov xwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv satirical denounces social vices. Nws belongs rau pab pawg neeg ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev sau xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv feuilletons, tus sau nyob rau hauv ib tug kaj, nthuav daim ntawv qhia tus cwj pwm rau qhov teeb meem raug thuam. Cov feuilletons siv cov lus ntse thiab nthuav tawm los tsim cov duab ntawm cov cim.
