Turkish-Kurdish kev tsis sib haum xeeb: ua rau, koom nrog lub tebchaws, tag nrho kev poob, cov thawj coj

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:46

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Turkish-Kurdish yog kev sib cav sib ceg ua tub rog uas tsoomfwv Turkish koom nrog ntawm ib sab, thiab ntawm lwm qhov, Kurdistan Workers 'Part. Lub tom kawg yog sib ntaus sib tua rau kev tsim ib cheeb tsam ywj pheej nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tub rog tau txhim kho txij li xyoo 1984. Txog tam sim no, nws tseem tsis tau daws. Hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham txog cov laj thawj rau kev tawm tsam, cov thawj coj thiab tag nrho cov kev poob ntawm ob tog.

Backstory

Qhov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb Turkish-Kurdish tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias cov Kurds thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st tseem yog cov neeg coob tshaj plaws ntawm cov lej uas tsis muaj lawv lub xeev.

Nws tau xav tias qhov teeb meem tuaj yeem daws tau tom qab kos npe rau Daim Ntawv Cog Lus ntawm Sevres, uas tau xaus rau xyoo 1920 ntawm Entente lub teb chaws thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Hauv particular, nws muab rau cov creation ntawm ib tug ywj siabKurdistan. Tab sis qhov kev cog lus tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv lub zog.

Xyoo 1923, nws raug muab tso tseg tom qab xaus ntawm Lausanne Treaty. Nws tau txais kev pom zoo tom qab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Lausanne Lub Rooj Sib Tham, raug cai ruaj khov ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman, tsim kom muaj ciam teb niaj hnub ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv.

Lub sijhawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s, cov Kurds tau ua ntau yam los tawm tsam cov tub ceev xwm Turkish. Lawv tag nrho tau ua tsis tiav. Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws tau poob hauv keeb kwm raws li Dersim Massacre. Cov tub rog Turkish ua phem ua phem rau kev tawm tsam uas tau tshwm sim xyoo 1937, thiab tom qab ntawd tau mus rau pawg neeg coob coob thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij niaj hnub no ntsuas lawv qhov kev ua txhaum cai. Raws li ntau qhov chaw, los ntawm 13.5 txog 70 txhiab neeg raug tua.

Hauv xyoo 2011, Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Turkish Tayyip Recep Tayyip Erdogan tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv thov txim rau pej xeem rau Dersim tua neeg, hu nws yog ib qho xwm txheej txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm Turkish. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws sim tso lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Armenians, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nyob hauv Dersim. Cov lus no ua rau muaj kev npau taws nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws, feem ntau hauv Dersim nws tus kheej.

Kurdish tawm tsam hauv Iraq

Lwm qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas ua ntej Turkish-Kurdish tsis sib haum xeeb yog kev tawm tsam Kurdish hauv Iraq xyoo 1961. Ib ntus, nws txuas ntxiv mus txog xyoo 1975.

Qhov tseem ceeb, nws yog kev sib cais tawm tsam los ntawm Iraqi Kurds nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lawv tus thawj coj ntawm lub tebchaws kev ywj pheej, Mustafa Barzani. Muabkev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim tom qab kev poob ntawm huab tais hauv Iraq xyoo 1958

Cov neeg Kurds txhawb tsoomfwv Abdel Qassem, tab sis nws tsis ua raws li lawv qhov kev cia siab. Nws txiav txim siab tso siab rau Arab haiv neeg, yog li nws pib qhib kev tsim txom cov Kurds.

Cov Kurds xav txog qhov pib ntawm kev tawm tsam thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 11, thaum lub foob pob ntawm lawv thaj chaw pib. Ib pawg tub rog 25,000-muaj zog tau qhia. Kev ua tsov rog tsis sib haum xeeb txuas ntxiv nrog ntau qib ntawm kev vam meej. Xyoo 1969, daim ntawv cog lus kev thaj yeeb txawm tau kos npe ntawm Saddam Hussein thiab Barzani.

Tab sis tom qab 5 xyoos, kev tawm tsam tshiab tau tshwm sim. Lub sijhawm no, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau dhau los ua tshwj xeeb thiab hnyav heev. Ntau xyoo dhau los, cov tub rog Iraqi tau muaj zog heev, thaum kawg tsoo cov neeg Kurds tawm tsam.

Kurds yog leej twg?

Kurds yog ib haiv neeg uas keeb kwm nyob hauv Middle East. Feem ntau lees paub Islam, kuj tseem muaj cov ntseeg Vajtswv, Yezidism thiab Judaism.

Muaj ntau ntau yam hais txog lawv keeb kwm. Raws li qhov feem ntau, lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv yog Kurtii - ib pab pawg neeg sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm thaj tsam roob ntawm Atropatena, uas tau hais hauv ntau qhov chaw qub.

Kev nkag siab tias cov Turks txawv li cas ntawm cov Kurds, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi sib txawv ntawm lawv cov lus. Kurdish belongs rau Iranian pab pawg, thiab Turkish - rau Turkic. Ntxiv mus, tsis muaj ib hom lus Kurdish txhua. Cov kws tshawb fawb tham txog pawg lus Kurdish, uas suav nrog Sorani, Kurmanji, Kulkhuri.

Kurds yeej tsis muaj lawv tus kheejxeev.

Tsim kom muaj PKK

Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, haiv neeg ntawm Kurds coj mus rau kev tsim PKK (Kurdistan Workers 'Part). Nws tsis yog tsuas yog kev nom kev tswv, tab sis kuj yog ib lub koom haum tub rog. Tsis ntev tom qab nws tshwm sim, Turkish-Kurdish teeb meem pib.

Thaum pib, nws yog ib tus neeg sab laug sab laug, tab sis tom qab tub rog tawm tsam hauv Turkey xyoo 1980, yuav luag tag nrho cov thawj coj raug ntes. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm tog, Abdullah Ocalan, tau tsiv chaw nrog nws cov neeg txhawb nqa ze tshaj plaws hauv Syria.

Thaum pib, qhov ua rau ntawm Turkish-Kurdish kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov kev xav ntawm PKK los tsim lub xeev tswj hwm ntawm Kurds. Xyoo 1993, chav kawm tau txiav txim siab hloov. Tam sim no txoj kev tawm tsam twb tab tom pib tsuas yog rau kev tsim lawv tus kheej txoj cai nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv.

Nws tau sau tseg tias Turkish Kurds tau raug tsim txom txhua lub sijhawm no. Nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, kev siv ntawm lawv cov lus yog txwv tsis pub, ntxiv mus, txawm lub hav zoov ntawm haiv neeg nws tus kheej tsis tau lees paub. Lawv raug hu ua "roob Turks".

Start of guerrilla war

Thaum pib, kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab PKK tau tsim los ua kev tsov rog rog uas tau pib xyoo 1984. Cov tub ceev xwm tau coj cov tub rog tsis tu ncua los tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Hauv thaj av uas cov neeg Kurds ua haujlwm, lub xeev xwm txheej kub ntxhov tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1987.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov Kurds nyob hauv Iraq. Ob lub tseem fwv tau nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus raug kos npe los ntawm Turgut Özal thiab Saddam Hussein, uas tso cai rau cov tub rog Turkish.txeeb tau lub teb chaws uas nyob sib ze, caum cov koom haum detachments. Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1990, cov Turks tau ua ntau yam kev ua tub rog loj hauv Iraq.

Ntawm Ocalan

Qaib ntxhw txiav txim siab qhov kev ntes ntawm Kurdish tus thawj coj Abdullah Ocalan yog ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Kev ua haujlwm tau ua los ntawm Israeli thiab Asmeskas kev pabcuam kev txawj ntse hauv Kenya thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1999.

Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tsis ntev ua ntej no, Ocalan tau hu rau cov neeg Kurds kom pom zoo rau kev sib tw. Tom qab ntawd, kev ua tsov ua rog guerrilla pib poob qis. Thaum ntxov 2000s, kev ua phem nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv yuav luag tag.

Öcalan xaus rau hauv Kenya tom qab raug yuam kom tawm hauv Syria. Thawj Tswj Hwm Hafez al-Assad, nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab los ntawm Ankara, hais kom nws tawm mus. Tom qab ntawd, tus thawj coj Kurdish tau nrhiav lub tsev vwm, suav nrog Russia, Ltalis thiab tim Nkij teb chaws, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.

Tom qab raug ntes hauv Kenya, nws raug xa mus rau cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb Turkish. Nws raug txim mus rau txoj kev tuag, uas, nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no zej zog, tau hloov los ntawm kev kaw lub neej. Tam sim no nws muaj 69 xyoo, nws tab tom ua ib kab lus ntawm cov kob ntawm Imrali, nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Marmara.

Tus thawj coj tshiab

Murat Karayilan tau los ua tus thawj coj tshiab PKK tom qab Ocalan raug ntes. Tam sim no nws muaj 65 xyoo.

Paub raws li hais kom Kurds zam kev ua tub rog Turkish, tsis txhob hais lus Turkish thiab tsis them se.

Nyob rau xyoo 2009, US Department of Treasury liam Karayilan thiab ob tug PKK cov thawj coj ntawm kev lag luamtshuaj.

Kev tawm tsam ntawm kev cais tawm

Cov neeg cais tawm tau nce ntxiv hauv xyoo 2005. Lawv rov qab los ua haujlwm siv lawv cov tub rog nyob rau sab qaum teb Iraq.

Hauv xyoo 2008, cov tub rog Turkish tau ua haujlwm loj, uas tau lees paub tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv kaum xyoo.

Lub Turks tau pib ua kev tawm tsam hauv xyoo 2011. Muaj tseeb, txhua qhov kev tawm tsam huab cua thiab kev foob pob ntawm Iraqi Kurdistan tsis coj cov txiaj ntsig xav tau. Sab hauv Minister Naeem Shahin txawm hais tias yuav tsum tau coj cov tub rog Turkish mus rau hauv thaj chaw Iraqi los tawm tsam cov Kurds.

PKK raug mob hnyav thaum Lub Kaum Hli. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam huab cua ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tub rog hauv paus, 14 tus neeg koom nrog raug rhuav tshem, ntawm cov uas yog ob peb tus thawj coj ntawm PKK.

Ib lub lis piam tom qab, cov Kurds tau rov qab los hauv lub xeev Hakkari. 19 lub chaw tub rog uas yog cov tub rog Turkish tau tawm tsam. Raws li cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov tub rog, 26 cov tub rog tau dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm kev tawm tsam. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub koom haum xov xwm Firat, uas yog suav tias yog ze rau PKK, thov 87 tus neeg tuag thiab 60 tus raug mob.

Txij Lub Kaum Hli 21 txog Lub Kaum Hli 23, Qaib Cov Txwv tau tshaj tawm lwm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov chaw raug liam ntawm cov tub rog Kurdish hauv cheeb tsam Chukurja. 36 cais tawm, raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, raug rhuav tshem. Cov Kurds, nrog rau cov neeg tseem muaj sia nyob, tau thov tias cov Turks tau siv riam phom tshuaj. Cov nom tswv Ankara tsis lees paub cov lus no uas tsis muaj tseeb. Ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav tau pib koom nrogcov kws tshaj lij thoob ntiaj teb, uas tseem tab tom ua.

Impossible truce

Nyob rau xyoo 2013, Öcalan, uas tab tom ua haujlwm rau lub neej, tau xa ib qhov chaw nyob keeb kwm uas nws tau hais txog qhov xav tau los xaus kev tawm tsam kev ua tub rog. Nws hais kom cov neeg txhawb nqa tig mus rau txoj kev nom tswv.

Tom qab ntawd daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau kev sib koom tes tawm tsam Islamic State.

Txawm li cas los xij, ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, Kurdistan Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pabcuam tau hais tias nws tsis pom qhov muaj peev xwm los xaus qhov kev sib cav nrog Turkey yav tom ntej. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau ua tom qab kev foob pob ntawm Iraqi thaj chaw los ntawm Turkey Air Force. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam huab cua no, txoj haujlwm ntawm ob tus neeg ua phem thiab Kurds raug puas tsuaj.

Kev ua haujlwm hauv Silopi thiab Cizre

Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2015, cov tub rog Turkish tau tshaj tawm kev ua haujlwm puv ntoob tawm tsam cov tub rog ntawm PKK hauv nroog Silopi thiab Cizre. Nws tau koom nrog txog 10 txhiab tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog, txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam.

Cov neeg sib cais tau sim thaiv cov tsheb nkag ntawm Cizre. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, lawv khawb cov kwj deg thiab ua cov kab thaiv. Ob peb lub foob pob hluav taws tau nruab rau hauv cov tsev nyob, los ntawm qhov chaw sim cua daj cua dub hauv nroog tau raug tshem tawm.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov toj, los ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv pib tua cov haujlwm ntawm Kurds, twb nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, 30 lub tsheb armored rushed mus rau cua daj cua dub ib cheeb tsam ntawm Cizre.

Lub Ib Hlis 19, 2016, cov tub ceev xwm Turkish tau tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm ua tiav ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua phem hauv Silopi. United Nations High CommissionerPawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Tib Neeg, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein tau qhia txog kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov zej zog thoob ntiaj teb txog kev tua lub nroog Cizre nrog cov tso tsheb hlau luam. Raws li nws hais, ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom yog cov pej xeem uas tau nqa lub cev ntawm cov neeg tuag nyob hauv qab chij dawb.

xwm txheej tam sim no

Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tseem muaj ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj exacerbations. Ob tog tsis muaj kev npaj ua kom tiav.

Nyob rau xyoo 2018, cov tub rog Turkish tau ua haujlwm tshiab. Lub sijhawm no hauv Syrian nroog Afrin. Nws tau codenamed "Olive ceg."

Nws lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pab pawg neeg ntxeev siab ntawm Kurds uas nyob rau sab qaum teb Syria, nyob ze rau thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Turkey. Keeb kwm, cov cheeb tsam no feem ntau nyob hauv Kurds.

Tsoomfwv Turkey tau tshaj tawm cov lus tshaj tawm uas nws hu cov pab pawg neeg ntxeev siab uas nyob hauv thaj chaw no yog sab laug-tis offshoots ntawm Kurdistan Workers' Party. Lawv raug liam tias ua kev ua phem thiab kev ua tub rog hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub tebchaws no.

Side Forces

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Turkish-Kurdish txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no. Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau nws ua tiav.

Txawm hais tias lub zog ntawm ob tog hauv kev sib cav sib ceg Turkish-Kurdish tsis sib npaug, nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom yeej qhov kawg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Kurdistan Workers' Party koom nrog nws. Nws tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb yog Turkey. Los ntawm 1987 txog 2005, Iraq tawm tsam PKK. Txij li thaum xyoo 2004, nom tswv Iran tau koom nrog Turkey sab.

Tag nrho poob hauv Turkish-KurdishNtau tshaj 40 txhiab tus neeg raug tua nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem.

PKK cov thawj coj - Abdullah Ocalan, Makhsum Korkmaz, Bahoz Erdal, Murat Karayilan. Nyob rau sab Turkish, cov thawj coj ntawm lub tebchaws - Kenan Evren, Turgut Ozal, Suleyman Demirel, Ahmet Necdet Sezer, Yashar Buyukanyt, Abdullah Gul, Tayyip Recep Erdogan, nrog rau cov thawj coj ntawm Iraq - Hussein thiab Gazi Mashal Ajil al-Yaver.