Siab thiab squat, muaj zog thiab sophisticated, nrog sprawling chic crown thiab zoo nkauj nplooj - cov ntoo muaj koob muaj npe no yog ib qho tsim nyog kho kom zoo nkauj rau txoj kev ntawm ntau lub nroog. Elms tau cog tas li nyob rau hauv cov chaw ua si, alleys, squares thiab courtyards ntawm cov tsev nyob. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, lawv cov genus noble muaj ntau tshaj 20 hom. Cov ntoo elm tau tshwm sim txog 40 lab xyoo dhau los, nws ntseeg tias nws yog thaum ntawd nws sawv hauv tsev neeg ywj pheej. Nws raug fwm rau nws cov yam ntxwv txawv txawv los ntawm cov Greeks thiab Loos thaum ub. Nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm lub elm hlob nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm lub Apennine ceg av qab teb. Thiab raws li cov lus dab neeg qub Slavic, Svarog nws tus kheej, tus vajtswv uas hwm ntawm Eastern Slavs, tau taug kev ntawm lub cev ntawm tsob ntoo zoo nkauj no, nrog rau tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev hlub Lada.
Elm, uas txhais tau tias "cov pas nrig hloov tau", belongs rau cov genus ntawm cov ntoo qub heev. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, lawv hu ua elms (los ntawm lo lus Celtic elm), thiab ntawm cov neeg Turkic, elms yog lub npe zoo dua li elms.
piav txog tsob ntoo elm
mature ntoo ntawm feem ntau hom elmzoo li cov loj loj loj, qee zaum ncav cuag qhov siab txog li 40 meters, thiab hauv lub cev txoj kab uas hla - mus txog 2 meters. Lawv cov crowns yog ntom, cylindrical nyob rau hauv cov duab. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm lub pob tw yog xim av nplua nuj xim av thiab tsob ntoo tseem du mus ntev.
Elms Bloom nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis-Tsib Hlis los ntawm ob peb hnub mus rau ib lub lim tiam: cov paj me me ntsuab-daj tau sau rau hauv cov pob kheej kheej. Ntawm qhov chaw ntawm flowering, flattened txiv ntseej txiv ntoo sprout, bordered los ntawm tis. Lawv ripen nrog qhov pib ntawm tshav kub, thiab, khaws los ntawm cua, yog nqa mus thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam. Lub branched elm yog densely leafed nrog cov yam ntxwv serrated npoo. Kev nqes me ntsis tuaj yeem pom ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm nplooj oval.
Thaum piav txog tsob ntoo elm, nws tsim nyog hais txog nws cov hauv paus system, uas tuaj yeem sib tw nrog ntoo qhib. Qhov no yog ib lub network tsim heev nrog cais cov hauv paus hniav mus txog ob qho tib si rau saum npoo thiab mus rau qhov tob. Hauv cov av podzolic, lawv diverge dav ntawm ib leeg. Qee lub sij hawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntoo loj, cov hauv paus hniav zoo nkauj tuaj yeem tsim ntawm ko taw ntawm lub cev, uas ua haujlwm pab txhawb rau lawv.
Txoj kev ntawm elms
Ib yam zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov ntoo elm yog tias qee yam ntawm lawv hom tuaj yeem loj hlob ntawm cov av nyuaj. Lawv zoo kawg nkaus zam kev kub ntxhov, cua, frosts hnyav, thiab muaj peev xwm loj hlob ntawm cov av saline. Tias yog vim li cas cov ntoo no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov hav zoov steppe hav zoov, cov chaw nyob thiab thaj chaw tiv thaiv dej. Tab sis elms loj hlob zoo dua qhov twg cov av nplua nuj thiab xoob. Yog li, lawv lub neej expectancy yuav nyob ntawm tag nrho cov xwm txheejloj hlob ib puag ncig, thiab feem ntau yog 200-400 xyoo.
cog elms nrog lawv cov yas zoo nkauj zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thiab muab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo sib txawv, yog li lawv feem ntau siv rau cog tsob ntoo hauv nroog. Lawv saib zoo ob qho tib si ib leeg thiab pab pawg tsaws. Cov nplooj muaj cov xim ci thiab, nyob ntawm seb hom ntoo thiab lub caij nyoog, yog tag nrho ntawm burgundy, daj-txiv kab ntxwv, ntsuab, xim av. Elm tso cai tso pa tawm kom zoo, ua kom huab cua huv, thiab ntxiab plua plav.
Elm hav zoov
Nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov hav zoov ntshiab huv yog qhov tsawg heev. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv coniferous-deciduous thiab broad-leaved forests nyob rau hauv Asia, Europe, Scandinavia, North America, thiab lub Balkans. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe du, ntxhib, elliptical, nplooj elm yog ntau dua, ces nyob rau hauv Asia nws yog squat, hav, lobed elm, thiab nyob rau hauv America - American elm.
Nyob rau hauv Russia, deciduous elm ntoo loj hlob nyob rau hauv Far East, Southern Urals, sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Plain thiab Central cheeb tsam. Feem ntau cov hav zoov nrog cov nram qab no hom elm: nplooj ntoos, lobed, me-leaved, du, cork, roob (nrhiav), loj-txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab Japanese. Nyiam cov av fertile, lawv loj hlob feem ntau raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm cov pas dej thiab hauv cov dej nyab. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm cov nroj tsuag no yog 500 txhiab hectares.
Smooth elm
Ilm du (lossis zoo tib yam) tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob hauv cov hav zoov dav dav hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Russia, Siberia, thiabthiab hauv Kazakhstan. Cov ntoo elm yooj yim zam qhov ntxoov ntxoo thiab hnyav winters, tab sis nyiam cov av noo thiab fertile. Nws qhov siab yog nyob rau nruab nrab 25 meters, thiab lub crown dav yog nthuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub pob. Elms ntawm hom no nyob txog 300 xyoo, thiab lawv txoj kev loj hlob hnyav tau pom tam sim tom qab cog.
Lub feature ntawm tus elm du yog nyias dai ceg nrog ib tug du thiab ci tawv tawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntoo laus, cov tawv ntoo no tawg thiab nws thiaj li ua rau daim hlau. Cov nplooj elliptical muaj ib tug du nto ntawm ib sab, thiab rov qab yog them nrog plaub hau. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg mus txog, lawv coj cov xim liab qab nplua nuj.
Laj-fruited elm
Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj muaj nyob hauv Suav teb, Kaus Lim Kauslim, Mongolia thiab Lavxias Far East. Cov hom tau txais nws lub npe vim yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj. Elm zoo li tsob ntoo lossis tsob ntoo me me 6-8 meters siab. Nws cov xim av tsaus lossis grey tawv tawv tuaj yeem tawg tau tob heev. Cov nplooj muaj qhov taw qhia apex thiab ib qho tsis sib xws wedge-puab puag, thiab yog edged nrog luv serrate denticles raws ntug. Ua ib qho ntawm feem ntau unpretentious thiab drought-resistant nroj tsuag, elm hlob nyob rau hauv qhib qhov chaw: raws li pob zeb crevices, ravines, nyob rau hauv pob zeb slopes, nyob rau hauv ko taw ntawm toj thiab raws screes raws dej.
Kev nthuav dav zoo nkauj, ci ntsa iab nplooj thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj ua rau hom elm zoo nkauj, vim tias nws tau ua tiav hauv kev tsim toj roob hauv pes thiab hauv nroog ntsuab.
Muaj-tso elm
Me me-leaved (los yog squat) elm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob yog dav faib rau cov Islands tuaj ntawm Nyiv, sab qaum teb Mongolia, sab hnub tuaj Kazakhstan, Far East thiab Transbaikalia ntawm Russia. Nws kuj tau ua tiav kev cog qoob loo hauv North America thiab Southern Europe. Cov ntoo mature ntawm hom no muaj qhov siab tsis tseem ceeb thiab NW nyuam qhuav ncav cuag 15 meters, thiab txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub cev tsis ntau tshaj ib 'meter'. Elms muaj lub tsev pheeb suab zoo li lub kaus mom, qee zaum loj hlob raws li tsob ntoo. Cov ceg tawv daj daj ntsuab yog strewn nrog me me, yooj yim, elliptical los yog dav lanceolate nplooj 2 mus rau 7 cm ntev. Lawv tig txiv ntseej daj rau lub caij nplooj zeeg.
Me me-leaved elm yog lub teeb-hlub thiab unpretentious rau av, nws kuj tolerates Frost thiab drought heev. Ua tsaug rau cov yam ntxwv zoo li no, nws tau ua tiav zoo siv hauv cov chaw nkaum thiab rau kev kho kom rov qab los ntawm cov nyiaj hauv hav zoov.
Elm lobe
Elm lobed (los yog txiav) lom ze rau elm ntxhib, muaj nyob hauv Europe. Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso, nws muaj nyob rau hauv Far East, Sakhalin, Nyiv, Kauslim thiab Tuam Tshoj. Nws loj hlob feem ntau hauv cov hav zoov sib xyaw ntawm thaj chaw ko taw thiab ntawm roob toj siab, ua rau nws txoj kev mus rau qhov siab txog li 700 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Cov tsiaj tshuav nws lub npe rau tus thawj cov duab ntawm cov nplooj loj loj zoo li cov hniav. Nws cov ntoo nrog lub hau ntom ntom cylindrical crown ncav qhov nruab nrab ntawm 25 metres hauv qhov siab.
Blade elm hlob qeeb heev, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 30 nws txoj kev loj hlob tsuas yog 8 meters. Nws dhau lawmxav tau ntawm cov av, piv nrog rau lwm cov txheeb ze, thiab tsis ruaj khov rau ntsev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog qhov ntxoov ntxoo-tiv taus, cua-tiv taus thiab ua siab ntev ntawm Frost, txawm hais tias cov tub ntxhais hluas elm ntoo feem ntau khov me ntsis rau lub caij ntuj no.
Scotch Elm
Rough elm (los yog roob) loj hlob nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob Europe, pom nyob rau hauv cov hav zoov deciduous thiab nyob rau hauv European ib feem ntawm Russia. Ncaj-stemmed ntoo muaj ib tug du tawv tawv nrog xim av ceg thiab ib tug puag ncig lush crown. Loj tsaus ntsuab nplooj ntawm luv luv petioles loj hlob nyob rau hauv nruj kev txiav txim, yog li cov foliage hardly transmits lub teeb. Nws muaj ib tug ntxhib nto saum toj thiab ib tug plaub hau hauv qab, outwardly nthuav qhia tej yam qauv. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg mus txog, cov nplooj tig daj daj.
Rough elm yog xav tau ntawm cov av thiab av noo, tab sis tau zoo nyob rau hauv nroog tej yam kev mob - nws yog gas resistant. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig zoo, tsob ntoo elm ncav cuag qhov siab txog li 35 meters thiab nyob mus txog 400 xyoo.
Hornbeam Elm
Hornbeam Elm yog tsob ntoo nplua nuj deciduous nrog cov kab sib kis, ncav cuag qhov siab txog li 35 meters thiab lub cev txoj kab uas hla ntawm ntau tshaj 150 cm. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv Caucasus, Central Asia, North Africa thiab European. ib feem ntawm Russia. Lub pob tw dav ntawm tsob ntoo yog them nrog cov tawv tawv du ntawm hauv qab, thiab ua ntxhib nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov ceg tshwm. Nws cov ceg ntev ntxuam tawm thiab npog nrog serrate tsis sib npaug-sab nplooj, muaj ntau haiv neeg loj. Lub elm ntoo blooms generously nyob rau hauv caij nplooj ntoos hlav nrog me paj, thiabze rau lub caij nplooj zeeg, nws dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo nrog dawb ceev.
Nyob hauv tib neeg, hom elm no zoo dua hu ua elm. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj zog ntsev thiab kev tiv thaiv drought, yog li nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv steppe yug me nyuam, cheeb tsam arid, shelterbelts.
Elms yug los ntawm nws tus kheej-sowing. Lawv cov noob ripen nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis-Lub Rau Hli thiab poob lawv cov peev txheej hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog cov khoom tshiab uas tau sau tseg tshiab yuav tsim nyog rau cog. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, lawv tseem tuaj yeem rov tsim dua li cov tua thiab cov hauv paus hniav, tab sis rau cov chaw zov me nyuam amateur, cov txheej txheem no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thaum cog ntoo.
Elm cov noob tau pom zoo kom khaws cia hauv qhov cua zoo tsis pub ntau tshaj ib lub lis piam mus txog thaum tseb. Ob peb hnub ua ntej cog, lawv yog moistened thiab kho nrog fungicide. Cov chaw cog tsis xav tau kev npaj ua ntej, tab sis me ntsis ntxhia chiv tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv av. Noob yog sown nyob rau hauv kab ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 20-30 cm ntawm lub pits nyob rau hauv ib tug ntiav tob - tsuas yog 1 cm. Kev tua tau tshwm sim hauv ib lub lis piam. Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm lub neej, elms loj hlob mus txog 15 cm, nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no xyoo lawv ntxiv mus txog 40 cm.
Ntiaj teb qhov tseeb
- Tus choj London nto moo tshuav nws qhov ruaj khov rau cov ntoo elm siv hauv nws txoj kev tsim kho.
- Ib tsob ntoo elm loj hlob hauv Kauslim muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 800 xyoo. Nws yog me me nyob rau hauv qhov siab, tsuas yog 7 meters, tab sis nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hlancav cuag yuav luag 2 meters.
- Nyob thaum ub, cov elm tau siv los ua kev txhawb nqa rau lub vaj txiv hmab, ua rau nws tau koom nrog cov Greeks nrog Dionysus, tus vajtswv ntawm winemaking.
- Elm txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog dav siv nyob rau hauv Suav cuisine thiab yog ib tug muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub xam lav.
- Lub aroma ntawm elm ntoo ua raws li ib tug antidepressant thiab muaj ib tug calming nyhuv rau tib neeg.
- Txog tsis ntev los no, ntawm Txoj Kev Povarskaya hauv Moscow, tsob ntoo elm nyob ntev, uas pom qhov hluav taws kub xyoo 1812, "thaum nyob deb" nws lub hnub nyoog laus. Tab sis tsob ntoo tsis tuaj yeem sawv qhov txawv txav ntawm 2010 thiab withered.
- Ntau lub tsev zoo nkauj Venice, lub nroog nto moo ntawm dej, sawv ntawm pawg ua los ntawm elm.
- Lub npe Slavic rau tsob ntoo elm los ntawm kev qhia "rau knit", txij li cov twigs ntawm tsob ntoo tau ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm knitting sleighs, pob tawb thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev.
- Nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv, elm thiab vine yog cim rau cov neeg ntseeg siab.
