Delft plooj (porcelain): piav qhia, ntau lawm tshuab, keeb kwm, yees duab

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:08

Delft Porcelain yog xiav thiab dawb ceramic ua nyob rau hauv Dutch lub nroog ntawm Delft. Cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) tau ntev dhau los ua lub cim hauv nroog thiab ib qho khoom plig nrov heev ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi. Txog cov cuab yeej tsim khoom, keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab qhov tseeb nthuav yuav tau tham hauv kab lus no.

History of Appearance

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Delft porcelain hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th, thaum lub lauj kaub tais diav hauv Dutch lub nroog Delft tau ntsib nws lub hnub nyoog kub. Ib qho ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain) tau ua los ntawm kev nce ntawm kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, ib qho ntawm 6 lub chaw sawv cev ntawm East India Company tau ua haujlwm hauv nroog, thiab nws cov nkoj tau coj cov qauv xiav-dawb thiab polychrome ceramics los ntawm Far East mus rau Holland.

Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg ua haujlwm potters los ntawm Delft tau ntsib cov av nplaum tsis txaus, yog li nws tau coj los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws. Txog rau xyoo 1640, tsuas yog kaum tus kws ua zaub mov tuaj yeem koom nrog Guild of St. Luke (ib lub koom haum kev cob qhia ntawm sculptors, painters thiab printers), uasmuab qhov zoo rau lawv.

Kev nce hauv cov lauj kaub tais diav yog vim qhov tseeb ntawm cov dej ntws tsis zoo. Vim li no, feem coob ntawm cov breweries tau kaw, thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv lub lauj kaub tais diav tau qhib rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau lub breweries tau kaw tom qab muaj kev tawg ntawm cov khw muag tshuaj phom, uas tau tshwm sim xyoo 1654. Ib feem ntawm lub nroog tau raug puas tsuaj tag nrho.

Kev xav tau kev loj hlob

Qhov xav tau Delft porcelain kuj yog vim qhov tseeb tias txhua yam khoom raug xa mus rau Holland los ntawm hiav txwv, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo loj. Kev xa khoom ntawm ceramics los ntawm Tuam Tshoj yog teeb meem heev, feem ntau cov nkoj tsis mus txog Holland. Zoo li, piv txwv li, ib lub nkoj Swedish hauv xyoo 1745, uas tau tsoo pob zeb hauv qab dej thiab 900 meters los ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj nrog kev xa khoom loj ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Cov xwm txheej no kuj nce qhov kev thov rau cov khoom lag luam los ntawm Delft craftsmen.

Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm Delft porcelain yog kev siv ntau lub voj voog glazing rau cov khoom tsim. Nws tau ua nrog txhuas glaze, thiab qhov kawg tua tau nqa tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas ua rau cov khoom zoo sib xws hauv nws cov yam ntxwv rau earthenware.

Porcelain ntau lawm vam meej nyob rau hauv Delft los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th mus rau lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Delft plooj (porcelain) tsis tau ntev heev; lawv tsuas yog tsim cov vuas uas tau siv los ua kab qhov cub thiab phab ntsa, nrog rau cov tais diav thiab cov tais diav. Thaum pib, cov craftsmen tau theej cov duab ntawm cov tais diav thiab lawvpainting los ntawm Suav cov qauv (ornaments thiab toj roob hauv pes ntawm Tuam Tshoj yog nyob rau hauv kev thov). Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, potters pib tsim cov khoom nrog scenes los ntawm phau Vajlugkub thiab toj roob hauv pes uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub expanses ntawm Holland nws tus kheej (cua ntsawj ntshab, paj npaj, nuv ntses nkoj thiab ntug dej hiav txwv).

Cov qauv ntawm cov khoom tsim tau txawv los ntawm nws txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab kev ua haujlwm, kev kos duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov kab nyias nyias txawv cov plooj (porcelain) los ntawm lwm yam. Txij li thaum xyoo 1650, cov craftsmen hauv zos, ntxiv rau lub npe, muab lawv tus kheej thwj. Ntawm Delft plooj (porcelain), hom tau lees paub qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom.

Kev poob koob meej

Teeb meem nrog kev muag khoom plooj (porcelain) los ntawm Delft masters pib xyoo 1746, thaum tus kws tshuaj Askiv, Sir William Cookworthy, tau tsim ib daim ntawv qhia rau av nplaum dawb. Cov tais diav thiab cov khoom ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab tau ruaj khov dua. Cov khoom tsim tau raug them nrog pob tshab glaze, uas muab cov qauv qhov tob, ntim, ci ntsa iab thiab clarity.

English ceramics tau qis dua rau Delft faience hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Rau cov neeg Askiv, cov duab kos tsis zoo nkauj heev, thiab lub faience nws tus kheej yog ntxhib thiab tawv, glazed txheej tawg thiab tawg yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, English pottery, txawm tias txawv ntawm Delft plooj (porcelain), yog qhov zoo nkauj ntawm nws tus kheej. Tab sis nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog nws tus nqi qis, vim nws tau pleev xim tsis yog los ntawm tes, tab sis los ntawm kev luam ntawv.

Dutch cov tuam txhab tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog Askiv, thiab cov potters los ntawm Delft pibkaw lawv lub rooj cob qhia. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tsuas yog ib lub rooj cob qhia tseem tshuav los ntawm kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain). Nws tus tswv tau khaws cia vim nws tau tso tseg cov khoom siv tes pleev xim ib txwm siv thiab pib siv cov qauv luam tawm.

Tsev tsim khoom

Thaum pib ntawm kev tsim Delft plooj (porcelain), plaster pwm tau muab thiab ntim nrog av nplaum tov. Gypsum sai sai absorbs tshaj noo noo, thiab tom qab hardening nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, ib tug dawb paug ntawm yav tom ntej phaj, mug los yog vase yog tsim. Siv riam, daim txhuam cev thiab dej, tus tswv cais cov seem seem ntawm lub workpiece. Tom qab ntawd cov khoom lag luam ceramic yav tom ntej raug xa mus rau qhov cub rau 24 teev rau thawj zaug tua, tswj qhov kub ntawm 1160 ° C.

Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom, uas yog hu ua biscuit, raug xa mus rau tus kws kos duab uas pleev xim rau nws. Qhov no yog qhov mob siab tshaj plaws thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm Delft porcelain. Tag nrho cov khoom yog xuas tes pleev xim los ntawm tus tswv, uas yooj yim rau kev pom, vim cov txhuam hniav tseem nyob ntawm cov ceramics.

Painting thiab tiav txheej txheem

Cov xim tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau hauv cov av nplaum zoo nkauj, yog li txawm tias qhov tsis tseem ceeb tsis tuaj yeem kho. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws kos duab ua tus qauv me ntsis sloppy, cov khoom tam sim ntawd poob nws tus nqi.

Tom qab cov khoom pleev xim rau, cov qauv piav qhia ntawm nws thawj zaug zoo li loj thiab du. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab glazing thiab theem nrab firing ntawm qhov kub ntawm txog 1170 ° C, cov txheej txheemsuav tias ua tiav. Glaze tsis tsuas yog tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), tab sis kuj muab cov duab kos rau qhov pom qhov tob thiab ntim. Hauv daim duab ntawm Delft plooj (porcelain), koj tuaj yeem pom dab tsi ci thiab voluminous qauv tau txais tom qab ua tiav cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.

Khawb kev lig kev cai

Qhov zais cia ntawm kev ua cov plooj (porcelain) no tuaj yeem ploj mus tsis tau yog tias ob tus neeg ua lag luam Dutch tsis tau yuav lub Hoobkas hauv xyoo 1876 los khaws thiab rov ua cov khoom qub ntawm Delft ceramics.

Xyoo 1884 lawv tsim ib daim ntawv qhia tshiab rau cov av nplaum dawb, uas muaj zog dua li cov khoom Askiv. Tom qab ntawd lawv hloov tag nrho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab pib tsim cov ceramics. Tam sim ntawd tom qab ntawd, cov khoom tau pib ua tiav; hauv Amsterdam, Delft porcelain tau yuav los ntawm ntau tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi. Qhov no tau pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev lees paub ntawm Dutch ceramics thoob ntiaj teb.

Hauv xyoo 1919, lub npe Delft tau txais lub npe ntawm huab tais - rau kev khaws cia thiab kev txhawb siab ntawm lub lauj kaub tais diav ntawm Holland.

Delft Porcelain Factory thiab Tsev khaws puav pheej

Hnub no koj tuaj yeem pom cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov ceramic zoo nkauj no nrog koj tus kheej ob lub qhov muag yog tias koj mus ntsib Royal Factory hauv Delft. Txhawm rau nyiam cov neeg yuav khoom thiab tswj hwm qhov xav tau, nws tau thov kom saib yuav ua li cas Delft porcelain tau tsim tam sim no. Mugs, phaj, vases, figurines thiab ntau dua yog tsim nyob rau hauv koj lub xub ntiag.

Yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem mus xyuas Porcelain Tsev khaws puav pheej, qhov twgntau yam tais diav ua nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, nrog rau ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo dhau los. Qee cov khoom pov thawj yog cov masterpieces tiag tiag, xws li cov pobzeb vaj huam sib luag, uas qhia txog cov ntawv luam ntawm cov duab nto moo "The Night Watch" los ntawm Rembrandt. Tag nrho cov vaj huam sib luag muaj 480 cov vuas thiab zoo li zoo nkauj heev.

Thaum txaus siab rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm Holland nrog nws cov architecture, keeb kwm thiab tsev cia puav pheej, koj yuav tsum tau paub nrog lub exhibition ntawm Delft plooj (porcelain), vim tias nws yog ib qho chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tais diav.