Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov lus qhia niaj hnub no ib zaug ntxiv tau lees paub tias qhov ntau dua ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm tib neeg cov cim, hom thiab hom kev ua ub no, qhov nthuav ntau dua thiab tsis zoo li cov kev xav uas tshwm sim. Cov kev xav ntawm tus philosopher ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb nws ua dab tsi hauv ntiaj teb lub neej. Pluralism hauv kev xav yog ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia uas tau tshwm sim vim muaj ntau hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg.
Qhov txawv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb
Qhov kev faib loj tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog mus rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab cov tswv yim. Materialists saib lawv cov khoom ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm "prism" ntawm xwm. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tswv yim zoo yog cov qauv siab tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg sab ntsuj plig, kev ua neej nyob. Idealism yog ob hom: lub hom phiaj - raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev ntseeg lub neej ntawm haiv neeg; thiab subjective - lub hauv paus yog lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug neegtus kheej. Cov khoom siv los ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau tib neeg lub siab, thaum cov tswv yim tawm ntawm tib neeg mus rau lub ntiaj teb.
Yog cov neeg siv khoom sim piav qhov siab dua los ntawm qhov qis, ces cov tswv yim tawm ntawm qhov tsis sib xws thiab piav qhia qhov qis mus txog qhov siab dua.
Vim ntau lub tswv yim hauv kev xav yog cov kws tshawb fawb lub zeem muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb uas muaj ntau lub hauv paus pib tawm tsam ib leeg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj peev xwm paub txog lwm yam kev xav hauv ntiaj teb ntawm lwm pab pawg neeg txawj ntse. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Muaj lwm qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb - rau hauv cov neeg tsis txaus ntseeg, cov neeg xav xav thiab cov kws tshaj lij.
Lo lus "rationalism" yog txhais los ntawm Fabkis li rationalisme, lo lus no los ntawm Latin rationalis, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, los ntawm Latin piv. piv txhais tau tias siab. Nws ua raws los ntawm qhov no tias lub tswv yim ntawm rationalism tshaj tawm lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov laj thawj hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm tus neeg. Thiab irrationalism, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tsis lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov laj thawj hauv tib neeg lub neej.
Rationalists sawv cev kev txiav txim. Lawv tau npaj los txhais txhua yam uas tsis paub thiab tsis paub tseeb nrog kev paub txog kev paub.
Irrationalists nyiam qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub neej, nyiam lees txhua yam, mus txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Cov neeg zoo li no nyiam paradoxes, riddles thiab mysticism. Txoj kev uas tsis paub thiab tsis paub yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej rau lawv.
Empiricism yog ib qho exaggeration, ib qho absolutization ntawm tib neeg kev paub thiab ultimatum txoj kev xav. Nws yog lub tswvyim nruab nrab, tus choj ntawm rationalism thiab irrationalism.
Pluralism hauv philosophy
Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov lus teb hauv lub tswv yim ib txwm muaj, vim tias qhov kev tshawb fawb no tseem nyiam ntsib txhua yam kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Ib qho ntawm cov lus nug nyuaj tshaj plaws uas nws nyuaj rau lub tswv yim los muab cov lus teb tsis meej yog: "Yuav muaj pes tsawg lub hauv paus tob hauv ntiaj teb no?" Ib lossis ob, lossis tej zaum ntau dua? Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no nyob mus ib txhis, peb hom kev xav tau tsim: monism, dualism, pluralism.
Pluralism hauv kev xav yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev paub txog kev muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm ntau qhov sib cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus thiab yam tseem ceeb. Lo lus "pluralism" (los ntawm Latin pluralis - plural) yog siv los piav txog thaj chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Pluralism kuj tuaj yeem pom hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev, kev muaj nyob ntawm txawv nom tswv views thiab ob tog raug tso cai. Lub hav zoov ntawm ib txhij kev sib koom ua ke pom kuj tau tso cai los ntawm pluralism. Qhov ntawd yog qhov "pluralism" yog. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm pluralism yog qhov yooj yim heev, muaj ntau lub tswv yim, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab yam tseem ceeb rau tib neeg thiab tsis yog ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov dog dig.
Pluralism hauv lub neej txhua hnub
Yog koj saib rov qab, pluralism kuj tuaj yeem pom hauv lub neej niaj hnub yooj yim. Kuv tuaj yeem hais li cas, nws nyob txhua qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, pluralism nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab ntawm lub xeev twb paub rau txhua leej txhua tus. Yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws muaj lub rooj sib tham, uas tuaj yeem yog los ntawm ib mus rau ob peb tog. Lawv muaj cov haujlwm sib txawv, thiab cov tswv yim ntawm tsoomfwv thiab kev hloov kho tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm nom tswv rog thiab lawv cov kev sib tw yog kiag li raug cai, thiabkev sib tsoo ntawm kev txaus siab, kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm cov tog neeg sib txawv tsis txawv. Qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm cov rog sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub parliament yog hu ua multi-party system. Qhov no yog pluralism hauv kev nkag siab ntawm lub xeev.
Dualism
Dualism yog kev xav hauv ntiaj teb uas pom hauv ntiaj teb pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus tsis sib xws, kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov uas tsim qhov peb saib ib puag ncig, thiab nws kuj tsim qhov tseeb. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tsis sib haum xeeb no muaj ntau yam incarnations: Zoo thiab phem, Yin thiab Yang, Hmo ntuj thiab hnub, Alpha thiab Omega, Txiv neej thiab poj niam, Tswv thiab dab ntxwg nyoog, dawb thiab dub, Ntsuj Plig thiab teeb meem, teeb thiab tsaus ntuj, teeb meem thiab Antimatter, thiab lwm yam.. Muaj ntau lub tsev kawm philosophers thiab philosophical tsev kawm ntawv tau txais lub ntiaj teb saib ntawm dualism ua lub hauv paus. Raws li Descartes thiab Spinoza, dualism occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv lub neej. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv Plato thiab Hegel, hauv Marxism ("Labour", "Capital") ib tug muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li lub ntiaj teb no saib ntawm ob opposites. Yog li, lub tswv yim ntawm pluralism txawv me ntsis ntawm dualism vim muaj qhov sib txawv pom tseeb.
Pluralism hauv kab lis kev cai
Ntxiv rau kev nom kev tswv, pluralism tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntau lwm yam ntawm tib neeg lub neej, xws li kab lis kev cai. Cultural pluralism tso cai rau muaj ntau lub koom haum kev sib raug zoo thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Piv txwv li, Christianity tau muab faib ua Catholicism, Orthodoxy thiab Protestantism. Xws li impermanence ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau lees tias muaj ntau pluralism nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai sphere ntawm txiv neej. Pluralism xav tias ntau pab pawg ntawm cov pejxeem muaj txoj cai los paub txog lawv tus kheej thiab lawvkab lis kev cai xav tau. Raws li txoj cai, ib tus neeg tuaj yeem nthuav tawm nws tus kheej thiab tiv thaiv nws tus nqi kev taw qhia txog kev cuam tshuam rau cov xwm txheej uas tseem ceeb rau nws. Ideological pluralism raug cai lees paub tias kev xav ntau haiv neeg tau lees paub hauv lub xeev, tab sis tsis muaj ib qho kev xav.
Monism
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev pom no yog lub tswv yim tias tsuas muaj ib qho pib xwb. Monism tuaj yeem yog materialistic lossis idealistic. Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim, pluralism hauv kev xav yog lub tswv yim philosophical tawm tsam rau monism, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov koom haum ywj pheej uas tsis tuaj yeem txo qis rau qee qhov pib, ib tus yuav hais, ncaj nraim rau ib leeg, sib txawv radically. Hauv thawj daim ntawv, nws txiav txim siab tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb, thiab hauv qhov thib ob, ib qho hauv paus, nws lees paub lub tswv yim, kev xav, tus ntsuj plig. Monism, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib koom siab, uas cuam tshuam nws los ntawm xws li "philosophical pluralism."
Practical philosophy
Kev xav tswv yim ua raws li kev xav zoo, los ntawm kev xav thiab kev sib txuas lus, ua rau tib neeg ua qhov raug thiab ua tau zoo thiab tig lawv tawm ntawm kev ua yuam kev, xim tsis zoo, ua tsis ncaj ncees. Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, cov tswv yim tswv yim siv tau lub zog ntawm kev xav los cuam tshuam lub siab ntawm tib neeg ncaj qha rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas lus yooj yim.
Txoj kev ntawm pluralism
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias lo lus "pluralism" tau qhia los ntawm H. Wolf hauv 1712. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tswv yim, nws tsis yog feem ntau ua taukom ua tau raws li ntau pluralism, xws li cov monism zoo ib yam. Pluralism muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv pej xeem sphere, raws li twb tau hais ob peb zaug. Ideological pluralism pab txhawb rau kev lees paub thiab kev cai lij choj, tshwj xeeb hauv kev cai lij choj, kev sib txawv ntawm cov kev qhia ideological, tau kawg, yog tias lawv tsis hu rau kev ua phem, tsis txhob ua rau haiv neeg lossis lwm yam kev ntxub ntxaug. Ib lub xeev cov qauv qhia, los ntawm nws qhov muaj nyob, lees paub lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm pluralism. Ntau tus koom nrog qhov kev nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb nrog qhov tseeb tias muaj ntau tus neeg, nrog rau lawv cov kev xav, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg vim kev coj noj coj ua, tus nqi thiab keeb kwm sib txawv.
Dogmatists thiab skeptics
Philosophers kuj muab faib ua dogmatists thiab skeptics. Dogmatic philosophers yog qhov zoo vim tias lawv tuaj yeem tsim lawv tus kheej lub tswv yim thiab nthuav tawm lwm tus neeg, tsis yog lawv txoj kev xav. Lawv tiv thaiv thiab sib tham txog lawv, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm zoo, affirmative, constructive philosophizing. Tab sis philosophers-skeptics yog tus ncaj opposite ntawm philosophers-dogmas. Lawv lub tswv yim yog qhov tseem ceeb, kev puas tsuaj. Lawv tsis tsim lub tswv yim, tsuas yog thuam lwm tus xwb. Philosophers-dogmatists yog philosophers-inventors los yog exponents. Cov kws txawj ntse yog cov neeg khib nyiab, ntxuav, tsis muaj lwm yam txhais rau lawv.
Nyob rau hauv, Objectivists, Methodologists
Tus neeg kawm ntawv, cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws qhia txuj ci tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Objectivist philosophers feem ntau tsom rau cov teeb meem thiab qhov tsis zookev thaj yeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Pawg ntawm xws li philosophers suav nrog materialists, ontologists, natural philosophers. Philosophers-subjectivists yog ntau nqaim tsom thiab tsom rau cov teeb meem ntawm tib neeg, tib neeg thiab cov txiv neej tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau cov idealists, philosophers ntawm lub neej, existentialists, postmodernists yog ncaj qha ntsig txog xws li philosophers. Philosophers-methodologists nkag siab qhov zoo ntawm daim ntawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no. Txhua yam uas tus txiv neej tau tsim, tawm hauv qab thiab yuav tawm hauv qab yog thaj chaw ntawm kev ua si thiab lub hauv paus rau kev sib tham ntawm philosophers-methodologists. Cov no muaj xws li neo-positivists, pragmatists, positivists, nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm linguistic philosophy, philosophy ntawm science.
Classic pluralism
Empedocles yog suav tias yog ib tug classical pluralist uas paub txog ob qho kev pib ywj pheej. Nyob rau hauv nws cov lus qhia, lub ntiaj teb no qhia meej meej thiab tsim los ntawm plaub yam - dej, ntiaj teb, huab cua thiab hluav taws. Lawv nyob mus ib txhis thiab tsis hloov pauv, thiab yog li ntawd tsis cuam tshuam rau ib leeg, thiab lawv tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov mus rau ib leeg. Qhov kev xav no piav qhia tias txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb no tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm plaub lub ntsiab lus. Feem ntau, philosophical pluralism yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev xav ib txwm muaj, thiab tsuas yog siv thaum nws tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia qee yam hauv txoj kev xav li niaj zaus.
Pluralism hauv zej zog
Txiv li nws yuav zoo li, tab sis pluralism yog qhov tsim nyog rau zej zog, zoo li huab cua rau ib tus neeg. Yuav kom lub zej zog nyob rau hauv ib txwm lub xeev thiab ua hauj lwm kom raug, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj ob peb pawg neeg nyob rau hauv nws kiag li.txawv views, ideological cov ntsiab cai thiab kev ntseeg. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev thuam dawb ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam tsis yog qhov tsim nyog tsawg - raws li lawv hais, qhov tseeb yog yug los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Qhov kev muaj nyob ntawm ntau pawg pab txhawb kev txhim kho kev vam meej, kev xav, kev tshawb fawb thiab lwm yam kev qhuab qhia thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Tseem muaj lwm pab pawg me ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas nyuaj rau kev ntaus nqi rau ib qho kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb. Lawv kuj raug hu ua cov kws tshawb fawb dawb huv lossis cov kws tshaj lij, cov neeg tsim kev paub txog kev xav. Lawv yog omnivores nyob rau hauv lub siab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lo lus. Lawv cov kev nyiam thiab tsis nyiam yog qhov sib npaug zoo, thiab lawv cov kev xav thiab kev nyiam raug coj mus rau ntau qhov kev qhia. Ntawm tag nrho cov tuam txhab motley no, nws yog lawv cov uas tsim nyog lub npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb - cov neeg siv zog rau kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub. Kom paub lub neej, xav tias nws yog, thiab tsis nco ib pliag - qhov no yog lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Tsis yog pluralism los yog monism yog axiom rau lawv. Lawv tsis xav refute, tab sis to taub txhua yam thiab sawv daws. Lawv yog cov philosophical chivalry.
Result
Pluralism thiab kev kam rau siab cuam tshuam nrog nws, uas yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau cov kiv cua ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm thiab kev xav tswv yim, tau txais qhov tseem ceeb loj hauv lub ntiaj teb tom qab tag nrho vim xav tau kev ywj pheej ntawm tib neeg thiab nws Germanization tom ntej. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, kev ywj pheej pluralism tau txais lub zog thiab, ib tus yuav hais tias, nqa lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho ntxiv rau lub xeev thiabthiab haiv neeg. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no yog cov lus teb ncaj qha rau vim li cas ntau tus neeg tswj hwm thiaj li ntshai ntawm pluralism. Qhov tsuas yog xav tias lub xeev pluralism, lwm lub tswv yim uas cuam tshuam lawv tus kheej, tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tsuas yog rhuav tshem tag nrho cov kev cai lij choj, kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm.
Yuav kom nkag siab ntau dua qhov tseeb, nws raug nquahu kom nyeem cov haujlwm ntawm University of Tartu tus kws tshawb fawb, tus kws tshawb fawb Leonid Naumovich Stolovich. Nws phau ntawv yog qhov ua tiav tshaj plaws, muaj ntau yam thiab ntau yam zoo dua li lwm yam kev qhia zoo sib xws ntawm kev xav. Phau ntawv muaj peb ntu:
- philosophy of pluralism.
- Pluralism hauv kev xav.
- Pluralistic philosophy.
Txhua tus uas xav paub ntau npaum li cas, cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem pom hauv phau ntawv no. Nws kuj tseem qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev muaj tswv yim, muaj tswv yim kev xav ntawm kev xav.
