Ustyurt Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan: piav qhia, cov khoom ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm flora thiab fauna, yees duab

Cov txheej txheem:

Ustyurt Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan: piav qhia, cov khoom ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm flora thiab fauna, yees duab
Ustyurt Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan: piav qhia, cov khoom ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm flora thiab fauna, yees duab

Video: Ustyurt Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan: piav qhia, cov khoom ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm flora thiab fauna, yees duab

Video: Ustyurt Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan: piav qhia, cov khoom ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm flora thiab fauna, yees duab
Video: «Expedition» | Ustyurt plateau [15.11.2021] 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Ustyurt Nature Reserve hauv Kazakhstan yog qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. Lub zos toj roob hauv pes yog hu ua zoo heev, extraterrestrial, unreal… Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi ntawm cov ciam teb tsis yog nyob rau hauv toj roob hauv pes, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nws ntau haiv neeg fauna. Nws yog lub tsev rau ntau hom tsiaj uas tsis tshua muaj thiab muaj kev puas tsuaj. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no koj yuav pom cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshaj plaws txog thaj chaw, huab cua, flora thiab fauna ntawm Ustyurt Reserve. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav qhia koj txog nws cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws.

Ustyurt Nature Reserve: duab thiab cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Thawj zaug, lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov toj roob hauv pes tshwj xeeb ntawm Ustyurt toj siab tau tshwm sim hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas tsoomfwv Soviet tau pib tsim kho cov suab puam thiab tsis tsim nyog rau lub neej nthuav dav ntawm Central Asia.

Ustyurt State Nature Reserve
Ustyurt State Nature Reserve

Ustyurt Lub Xeev Nature Reserve yogofficially tsim nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1984 ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 223.3 txhiab hectares. Nws nyob ntawm qhov chaw zoo nkauj ntawm Caspian nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab qhuav sai sai ntawm Hiav Txwv Aral nyob rau sab hnub tuaj (daim ntawv qhia hauv qab). Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm ntuj thiab thaj chaw zoning, thaj chaw no belongs rau Irano-Turan suab puam subregion, thiab tswj nyob rau hauv Mangistau (yav tas los Mangyshlak) cheeb tsam ntawm Kazakhstan.

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Ustyurt Nature Reserve yog ib qho kev sib tw rau kev suav nrog hauv UNESCO World Heritage List. Txog rau tam sim no, daim ntawv teev npe nto moo no suav nrog tsuas yog ob qhov chaw ntuj tsim los ntawm Kazakhstan - Western Tien Shan thiab Saryarka.

Ustyurt Plateau

Ua ntej pib cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov khoom tiv thaiv ntawm Ustyurt Reserve, koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog cov xwm txheej huab cua thiab geomorphological uas nws nyob. Peb yuav tham txog Ustyurt toj siab - ib qho ntawm qhov chaw tshawb nrhiav tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Lub toj siab npog thaj tsam ntawm 200,000 square kilometers nyob rau hauv ob lub xeev nyob sib ze - Kazakhstan thiab Uzbekistan. Los ntawm sab hnub poob nws yog bounded los ntawm Mangyshlak, thiab los ntawm sab hnub tuaj los ntawm lub delta ntawm tus dej Amudarya. Qhov tseeb, Ustyurt yog cov av nplaum loj heev thiab cov suab puam rubble, uas yog sporadically them nrog solonchak thiab wormwood zaub. Cov toj roob hauv pes hauv zos hu ua cosmic, extraterrestrial thiab tib lub sijhawm tsis nco qab. Lub toj siab zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg.

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Ib lub npe hauv zos ntawm Ustyurt toj siab yog Barsa-Kelmes. Qhov no tuaj yeem txhais ua lus Lavxias zoo li no: "Yog tias koj mus, koj yuav tsisrov qab los!” Thiab qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog banal hem. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, huab cua kub ntawm no qee zaum siab tshaj +50 ° C, thiab nyob rau lub caij ntuj no txias nkag cua tshuab. Thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm - tsis yog ib lub reservoir, tsis yog ib tug mus tas li watercourse! Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias txhua yam, ntau tus neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj thiab cov neeg tuaj ncig ua si siab tawv tau nkag mus rau hauv lub plawv Ustyurt, nrov npe hu ua Shaitan-Kala ("Devil's Castle").

History of Creation

Ustyurt Lub Xeev Nature Reserve nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Ustyurt Plateau. Tab sis nws cov thawj coj nyob rau ob puas kilometers mus rau sab hnub poob - nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Aktau.

Kev txhim kho ntawm Ustyurt pib nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo 1960, thaum pom cov roj av, roj thiab uranium tseem ceeb nyob rau ntawm Mangyshlak Peninsula. Lub sijhawm no, txoj kev tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm no, cov roj thiab cov kav dej tau raug tso tseg, cov nroog tshiab thiab cov nroog tau tsim. Hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, cov pej xeem ntawm thaj av Mangyshlak tau yuav luag ob npaug.

Tab sis cov txheej txheem no kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo. Lub npe hu ua kev kov yeej ntawm Mangyshlak tau nrog kev ua txhaum cai tsis tau: saigas, gazelles, cheetahs thiab lwm yam tsiaj loj raug tua los ntawm ntau pua thiab ntau pua. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1980s, cov pejxeem saiga tau poob kaum npaug, thiab Asiatic cheetah tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho hauv cheeb tsam no. Ntau hom noog raug kev puas tsuaj.

Cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg keeb kwm hauv zos tau txhawj xeeb thiab suab lub tswb. Tom qab cov txheej txheem bureaucratic ntev thiab kev pom zoo, Ustyurt State Reserve tau tsim. Nws tshwm sim xyoo 1984. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tag nrho thaj chaw tau suav nrog kev tiv thaiv,Ameslikas npaj los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws kho tsiaj.

Geology thiab nyem

Ustyurt Nature Reserve nyob ntawm qhov siab ntawm 50 txog 300 meters saum toj no hiav txwv. Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog nyob ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav Kugusem (340 meters), thiab qhov qis tshaj plaws yog sab qaum teb ntawm Kenderlisor (-52 meters).

Thaj chaw ntawm cov ciam teb tau tsim thaum kawg txog 15-20 txhiab xyoo dhau los, tom qab ob peb txoj kev nce qib thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian. Txhua qhov chaw muaj cov deposits ntawm Permian lub sij hawm, nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm folds ntawm dub thiab greyish-xim av pob zeb nrog fragments ntawm petrified seem ntawm ancient nroj tsuag. Cov kab ntawm lub sijhawm Jurassic yog txheej nyias (10-30 centimeters) ntawm cov pob txha pob txha, uas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub roob Karamay.

Chinks yog cov khoom nyiam tshaj plaws hauv Ustyurt Reserve. Cov no yog cov pob zeb ntxhab, ledges, ncav cuag 150-200 meters hauv qhov siab. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm Cretaceous lub sij hawm - chalk thiab limestone. Lawv muaj cov khoom khaws cia zoo ntawm cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv thaum ub - ammonites, mollusc shells, hiav txwv urchin shells, shark hniav, pob txha ntses ridges, thiab lwm yam. Koj tuaj yeem pom dab tsi Ustyurt chinks zoo li hauv daim duab hauv qab no.

Ustyurt reserve yees duab
Ustyurt reserve yees duab

Huab cua nta

Ustyurt cia tag nrho nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm huab cua huab cua loj heev. Zoo-deservedly, thaj chaw no yog ib zaug hu ua "dab neeg phem" los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo Eduard Eversman.

Cov xwm txheej huab cua ntawm Ustyurt yog qhov hnyav heev. Lub caij ntuj sov nyob rau hauv cia yog heev qhuav thiab kub. Lub ntsuas kub hauv lub Xya Hli qee zaum nce mus rau + 50 … + 55 ° C. Tab sis nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, nws tuaj yeem poob mus rau 30-40 degrees nrog rau lub cim rho tawm. Yog li, txhua xyoo kub amplitudes nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no mus txog enormous nqi. Lub caij ntuj no Ustyurt feem ntau nrog cov cua daj cua dub muaj zog thiab cov cua ntsawj ntshab. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv qee lub xyoo nws yuav tsis daus kiag li.

Ntxhais rau lub xyoo ntog me ntsis, feem ntau nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 100-120 millimeters. Qhov tsis muaj cov kwj dej mus tas li thiab cov dej tshiab tau them rau qee qhov los ntawm cov dej hauv av thiab cov dej ntws. Lawv qhov loj tshaj plaws yog pom nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm Karamayridge thiab cov dej qab ntsev Karazhar.

Flora thiab toj roob hauv pes

Lub Ustyurt cia nyob rau hauv cov suab puam, yog li kev nplua nuj ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntiaj teb tsis raug rau nws. Lub ciam teb ntawm lub subzone ntawm sagebrush-s altwort suab puam nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb thiab lub subzone ntawm ephemeral-sagebrush suab puam nyob rau hauv sab qab teb hla nws ib ncig.

Ustyurt Lub Xeev Reserve
Ustyurt Lub Xeev Reserve

Feem ntau, cov nroj tsuag ntawm Ustyurt Reserve muaj ntau dua 250 hom nroj tsuag vascular. Ntawm lawv yog tsib Phau Ntawv Liab. Nov yog:

  • chalk madder;
  • Khivan s altwort;
  • spurge-iav;
  • toothless katran;

Qhov xwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag feem ntau txiav txim siab los ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov ciam av npog. Yog li, hydrophilic flora tau tsim los ntawm av nplaum substrates, feem ntau ntawm cov nyom (reed, reed) thiab thickets ntawm camel pos. Hauv qee qhov chaw muaj stunted ntoo ntawm saxaul dub, sucker thiabtamarisk. Groves ntawm dawb saxaul nrog admixtures ntawm xuab zeb acacia loj hlob ntawm cov xuab zeb substrates. Qhov chaw ntawm cov xuab zeb ridges yog dotted nrog astragalus, feather nyom, wormwood thiab tib camel pos.

Convolvulus, saxaul thiab wormwood cov zej zog predominate nyob rau gravelly thiab rocky av, potash thiab sarsazan cov zej zog yeej nyob rau hauv solonchak av. Cov nroj tsuag ntawm chinks, residual pob zeb thiab ravines yog ntau haiv neeg. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov tuab ntawm tamarisk, reed thiab quinoa. Nyob ze ntawm cov pas dej muaj cov ceg ntoo, thiab cov ceg ntoo loj dua qhov siab ntawm tus neeg.

Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag Ustyurt

Cov nroj tsuag ntawm cov ciam teb raug yuam kom hloov mus rau cov huab cua qhuav heev ntawm thaj av. Cov nroj tsuag hauv zos daws qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tsis muaj dej noo nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev: qee hom txo qis evaporation, lwm tus sau cov dej hauv succulent thiab tuab stems, thiab tseem muaj lwm tus tsim lub zog thiab cov hauv paus cag heev txhawm rau txhawm rau "rub tawm" cov dej noo hauv av.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov nroj tsuag hauv qhov tshwj tseg uas yooj yim kho lawv lub neej voj voog rau lub caij luv luv ntawm "ntub" caij, uas feem ntau kav tsis ntev tshaj plaub lub lis piam. Cov kws tshawb fawb hu lawv ephemera thiab ephemeroids. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov nroj tsuag no, nrog rau kev siv ntawm lawv lub sij hawm flowering, ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm nag lossis daus.

Ustyurt reserve flora
Ustyurt reserve flora

Nyob ntiaj teb

Npauj npaim fauna muaj ntau haiv neeg ntau yam. Yog li, hauv thaj chaw tiv thaiv nyob hauv tag nrho:

  • mammals - 29 hom;
  • noog - 166 hom;
  • kab - 793 hom;
  • arachnids thiab crustaceans - 12 hom;
  • cov tsiaj reptiles - 18 hom;
  • amphibians - 1 hom.

Nrog lawv muaj ntau tus neeg tsis tshua muaj neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tsiaj tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv lub cia rau lub sij hawm ntev. Yog li, raws li zoologist A. A. Sludsky, porcupines ploj mus thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tab sis cheetahs tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov pejxeem ntawm Ustyurt mouflons yog nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj loj. Yog hais tias nyob rau nruab nrab-60s muaj txog 1500 tus neeg, thaum kawg ntawm 90s tus lej no raug txo rau 120 tus neeg.

Avifauna

Ustyurt cia yog qhov txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb nplua nuj ntawm cov noog. Tag nrho cov noog hom sau tseg ntawm no yog 166. Ib feem peb ntawm lawv tas li zes nyob rau hauv cia. Yim hom muaj npe nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Kazakhstan. Ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv ntawm Ustyurt Reserve yog flamingo, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, steppe dav dawb hau.

Ntau niches, tawg thiab crevices hauv Ustyurt chinks, nkag tsis tau rau cov tsiaj nyeg, yog qhov chaw nyiam ze rau ntau tus noog. Feem ntau, cov chaw zoo li no tau xaiv los ntawm crows, eagle owls, vultures thiab owls. Cov kab hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj heev rau cov neeg nyob hauv feathered ntawm lub cia. Txhua xyoo, ob peb lub noog tuag rau ntawm lawv, suav nrog Phau Ntawv Liab predators.

Nkauj thiab dhia fauna

Cov tsiaj reptiles (los yog cov tsiaj reptiles) yog cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam suab puam. Hauv Ustyurt Reserve, muaj 18hom. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov steppe agama, ceev ceev taw-thiab-qhov ncauj kab mob, xub-nug. Geckos yog dav heev (tshwj xeeb, grey thiab Caspian). Txawm li cas los xij, vim txoj kev ua neej tsaus ntuj tom kawg, nws nyuaj rau pom lawv.

Ib tug xav paub hauv Ustyurt yog xuab zeb boa. Lub diminutive suffix rau lub npe ntawm hom no tsis yog xwm txheej: tus nab yog qhov me me tiag tiag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj strangles nws cov neeg raug tsim txom - nas me, lizards thiab noog, zoo li nws cov txheeb ze loj dua. Lwm nthuav neeg sawv cev ntawm lub zos fauna yog lub ntsuab toad. Txij thaum tshav kub kub, nws nkaum hauv qhov tob, thiab tawm mus yos hav zoov tsuas yog hmo ntuj. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv nruj me ntsis thiab tsis tshua muaj qhov chaw, qhov twg dej hauv av los rau saum npoo.

Cov khoom tiv thaiv ntawm Ustyurt Reserve

Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, ntau hom tsiaj tsis tshua muaj Phau Ntawv Liab nyob hauv thaj chaw cia. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yooj yim thiab xav tau kev tiv thaiv loj dua. Peb teev cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm Ustyurt Reserve:

  • mouflon;
  • gazelle;
  • caracal;
  • manul;
  • hnav khaub ncaws;
  • Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg;
  • tsov txaij (tsawg kawg);
  • dune miv;
  • dawb-bellied xub taub hau;
  • plaub txoj kab kev hla;
  • flamingos;
  • peregrine falcon;
  • steppe dav dawb hau;
  • kub eagle;
  • dub-bellied sandgrouse.

Jeyran

Jeyran yog ib hom kab mob artiodactyl los ntawm genus ntawm gazelles. Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj ntau tshaj 250cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus tsiaj no tsis suav nrog nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm ciam teb. Yog li ntawd, gazelles feem ntau dhau los ua cov neeg tua tsiaj.

Ustyurt reserve gazelle
Ustyurt reserve gazelle

Kawm cov tsiaj no yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj kawg. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv txaj muag thiab ceev faj heev. Nyob rau hauv 2014, tshwj xeeb lub koob yees duab ntxiab tau pib siv nyob rau hauv lub cia, uas tau muab tso rau ze ntawm cov dej tshiab. Qhov tshwm sim tsis ntev los no: cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Ustyurt Reserve tau txais ntau cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm gazelles thiab qee qhov ungulates.

Npaj npaim yog tsiaj los ntawm tsev neeg marten uas zoo li tus badger. Nws qhov chaw nyob yog nyob hauv Africa. Contrary to nws lub npe, zib ntab badger pub tsuas yog rau nas, amphibians, thiab noog qe. Nws yog ib tug txhoj puab heev thiab agile predator nrog ntse claws thiab hniav. Qee lub sij hawm nws tuaj yeem tua hma liab lossis antelope. Nws yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus hauv Ustyurt Reserve.

Ustyurt reserve zib mu
Ustyurt reserve zib mu

Caracal

Caracal yog ib hom tsiaj tsiaj los ntawm tsev neeg miv. Lwm lub npe yog steppe lynx. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov xuab zeb monophonic lossis xim av xim av, nrog rau muaj cov tassels dub ntawm pob ntseg. Lub caracal yos hav zoov tsuas yog rau jerboas, squirrels hauv av thiab lwm yam nas. Cov pejxeem ntawm hom nyob rau hauv lub cia tsis muaj ntau.

Ustyurt Reserve Caracal Cov
Ustyurt Reserve Caracal Cov

Manul

Lwm tus neeg tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob hauv Ustyurt Reserve yog tus miv tsiaj qus. Raws li qhov loj menws zoo ib yam li cov miv hauv tsev, tab sis txawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov plaub hau tuab thiab luv luv. Hmoov tsis zoo, dhau peb caug xyoo dhau los, lub xub ntiag ntawm manul nyob rau hauv lub cia tsis tau sau tseg. Tab sis cov kws tshaj lij tsis poob kev cia siab kom tau ntsib tus tsiaj ntxim hlub thiab lom zem no.

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Xwm lossis roj - leej twg yuav yeej?

Qhov kev hem thawj tseem ceeb rau Ustyurt yog thaj av Kansu, uas nyob ib sab rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm ciam teb. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2016, Kazakh cov tub ceev xwm txiav txim siab pib tsim nws. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij kev kwv yees, thaj chaw muaj peev xwm tsim tau los ntawm 25 txog 125 lab cubic meters ntawm cov pa roj ntuj.

Tus kws paub txog biologist Mark Pestov, uas tau kawm txog fauna thiab flora ntawm Ustyurt tau xya xyoo, paub tseeb tias yog tias kev tshawb nrhiav geological pib ntawm ciam teb ntawm Ustyurt Reserve, ces tag nrho cov tsiaj txhu loj thiab cov noog yuav tawm mus. qhov chaw no. Yog li ntawd, lub fauna ntawm lub cia yuav tsawg kawg yog ob zaug li cov neeg pluag.

Ustyurt Reserve Kazakhstan
Ustyurt Reserve Kazakhstan

Kev txhawj xeeb tib yam yog qhia los ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ib puag ncig. Hauv lawv qhov kev xav tsis sib haum xeeb, kev txhim kho ntawm Kansu teb yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub ecosystem tshwj xeeb ntawm Central Asia. Kazakh cov neeg tawm tsam twb tau xa ib tsab ntawv mus rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Nursultan Nazarbayev nrog rau kev thov kom txwv tsis pub nws txoj kev loj hlob. Cov tub ceev xwm puas yuav mloog qhov kev thov rov hais dua no? Lub sij hawm yuav qhia.

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