Georgia: thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw uas tsis muaj Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:07

Ib lub tebchaws ntawm Caucasus yog Georgia. Thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev no tau hloov ntau dua ib zaug hauv keeb kwm. Thiab tam sim no, lub teb chaws no tswj kom deb ntawm txhua thaj av uas nws thov. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv ntau phau ntawv siv, cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj kev tswj hwm no tshwm sim raws li Georgia. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm thaj chaw uas tsis muaj Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia tseem sib txuas ntxiv rau lub xeev tiag tiag. Cia peb kawm seb thaj tsam ntawm lub teb chaws yog dab tsi uas tsis muaj cov koom pheej thiab nws thaj chaw tau tsim li cas.

keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Georgia

Ib lub xeev qub tshaj plaws ntawm Caucasus yog Georgia. Thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws no tau tsim ntau pua xyoo, thiab txawm ntau txhiab xyoo.

Thawj lub xeev hauv Georgia tau tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws yog Colchis (nrog rau lub hiav txwv Dub hiav txwv ntawm lub teb chaws) thiab Iberia (nyob rau hauv qhov chaw). Lub xeev kawg tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III BC. Nws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws thiab yog lub hauv paus uas Georgia tau tsim yav tom ntej.

Thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev no sib npaug li ib nrab ntawm Georgian thaj chaw. Tom qab qhov chaw, Iberia pib raug xa mus rau lub nceeg vajKartli. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1st BC. Cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Iberia thiab Colchis paub txog lawv txoj kev vam khom rau Rome. Cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau los ua lub xeev kev ntseeg hauv Kartli (Iberia) hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 4 AD.

Nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tom ntej, thaj chaw ntawm Georgia tau muab faib ua thaj tsam ntawm Byzantium (Colchis) thiab Persia (Iberia). Qee zaum txawm tias cov cheeb tsam no tau poob lawv txoj kev ywj pheej thiab yog ib feem ntawm cov xeev saum toj no. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 7th, cov Arabs kov yeej Persia thiab feem ntau ntawm Georgia. Cov neeg Georgians tau tswj hwm lawv tus kheej tawm ntawm Arabs nkaus xwb nyob rau xyoo pua 10th.

Tab sis tom qab kev ywj pheej los ntawm Arabs, Georgia yog ntau lub xeev ywj pheej. Cov thawj coj ntawm Bagratid dynasty, uas pib kav hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm Tao-Klarjeti, tau tswj hwm los sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib lub xeev. Cov vajntxwv los ntawm cov dynasty no tau tswj kom ntiab cov Arabs tawm ntawm Tbilisi thiab ua lub nroog no lawv lub peev. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau koom ua ke tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Georgia niaj hnub no thiab txawm tau muab tso rau hauv thaj av uas tsis yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev Georgian niaj hnub no.

Georgia tau txais nws lub hwj chim loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv King David tus tsim thiab poj huab tais Tamara (XII-XIII centuries), thaum lub sij hawm nws kav txawm tus huab tais ntawm Trebizond faj tim teb chaws lees paub vassalage. Qhov no yog lub hnub nyoog kub ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kab lis kev cai uas Georgia tau ntsib. Thaj chaw ntawm nws thaj chaw mus ntau dhau qhov kev txwv ntawm cov ciam teb niaj hnub no.

Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi nyob mus ib txhis. Tom qab lub hnub nyoog Golden, kev sib cav sib ceg pib ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev txiav txim. Lub zog ntawm GeorgianLub xeev ntawm Mongol ntxeem tau nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub XIII caug xyoo. Thaum kawg, cov vaj ntxwv Georgian tau lees paub lawv txoj kev vam meej ntawm Mongols thiab pom zoo them se. Cov kev tawm tsam nruj heev ntawm Central Asian tus kav Tamerlane thaum kawg tsoo lub xeev Georgian. Cov phiaj xwm no tau coj mus rau kev ua tiav ntawm Georgian kev lag luam thiab nws txoj kev tawg mus rau ntau lub xeev ywj pheej. Lub sijhawm dhau los, feem ntau ntawm cov thawj coj tau raug yuam kom paub txog kev vam khom ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman lossis ntawm Persian lub zog ntawm Safavids. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Georgia muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm ob tus huab tais loj no. Thaum kawg, raws li kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau kos npe rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cov thawj coj ntawm Kakheti thiab Kartli tau muab rau Persia, thiab Imereti rau Ottoman.

Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, lub xeev muaj zog tshiab, Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, nkag mus rau Caucasian arena. Nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm kev tsov kev rog nrog lub Ottoman Empire thiab Persia, nws tsim kev tswj nyob rau hauv ib tug loj ib feem ntawm lub Caucasus. Lub caij no, cov thawj coj ntawm Kartli thiab Kakheti tau koom ua ib lub xeev. Tus thawj coj ntawm lub tebchaws United Kingdom ntawm Kartli-Kakheti, Erekle II, tau txais kev ua pej xeem Lavxias hauv 1783. Thiab xyoo 1801, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus vaj ntxwv Georgian tom ntej, lub xeev Kartli-Kakheti thaum kawg tau los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.

Tam sim no, ua ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, niaj hnub Georgian thaj chaw yog ib feem ntawm Tiflis thiab Kutaisi xeev, kwv yees sib xws rau thaj chaw ntawm Kartli-Kakheti thiab Imereti kingdoms, nrog rau thaj tsam Batum.

Kev tsim ntawm lub xeev Georgian hauv niaj hnubciam teb

Thaj chaw ntawm Georgia, kwv yees sib npaug nrog nws cov ciam teb tam sim no, pib tsim tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm huab tais huab tais Lavxias xyoo 1917. Twb tau nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1917, Transcaucasian Commissariat tau sib sau ua ke hauv Tiflis (tam sim no Tbilisi), uas yog tsoomfwv koom nrog cov xeev ntawm Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia thiab Azerbaijan).

Lub Plaub Hlis 1918, Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic tau tsim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis, nyob rau hauv lub siab los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, lub xeev no tau tawg mus rau hauv peb ywj siab koom pheej, ib tug ntawm cov uas yog Democratic Republic of Georgia. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub xeev no tsis tsuas yog niaj hnub Georgia, tab sis kuj Abkhazia, South Ossetia, nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm Armenia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws yog los ntawm lub hwj chim no uas niaj hnub Georgia coj nws lub xeev.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau ntev. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1921, Bolshevik cov tub rog tau ntes Georgia. Ntawm no Georgian SSR tau tsim nrog nws lub peev hauv Tbilisi. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Adjara SSR tau raug xaiv los ua ib qho kev kawm ntawm GSSR. Raws li qhov kev pom zoo ntawm lub koom haum xaus, Abkhaz SSR yog ib feem ntawm Georgia, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd muaj lwm txoj cai tswj hwm - South Ossetian Autonomous Okrug. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1922, lub GSSR, lub Armenian SSR thiab lub Azerbaijan SSR tsim ib lub koom haum - lub ZSFSR. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1922, qhov kawg tau los ua ib feem ntawm USSR. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1936, ZSFSR tau raug muab tshem tawm thiab tag nrho peb lub tebchaws uas yog ib feem ntawm lub koom haum no, suav nrog Georgia, tau los ua cov ntsiab lus ncaj qha ntawm USSR.

Nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, Georgia yog ib tug thawjCov koom pheej tau mus rau kev cais tawm ntawm USSR. Qhov no tau hais los ntawm Republican Supreme Soviet hauv xyoo 1989, thaum cov tub rog Soviet tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam uas xav kom Georgia txoj kev cais tawm ntawm Soviet Union. Lub Plaub Hlis 1991, Georgia tau tshaj tawm tias kev sib cais tag nrho los ntawm USSR.

Tab sis thaj chaw muaj kev ywj pheej nyob hauv GSSR - Abkhaz ASSR thiab South Ossetian Autonomous Okrug, xav kom nyob twj ywm ib feem ntawm USSR. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Georgia thiab cov tub rog tsim ntawm cov koom pheej. Kev ua tsov ua rog raug tso tseg tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1993, ua tsaug rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Russia thiab kev qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb. Qhov tseeb, Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia tau los ua lub xeev ywj pheej, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb no tsis raug lees paub los ntawm ib lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb. Georgia txuas ntxiv xav txog cov cheeb tsam no ua nws tus kheej.

Modern stage

Nyob rau xyoo 2008, muaj kev sib cav sib ceg tshiab ntawm Georgia ntawm ib sab thiab Abkhazia, South Ossetia thiab Russia ntawm lwm qhov. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no, Georgia tau poob kev tswj hwm ntawm South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia, uas nws lub xeev tau lees paub los ntawm Russia.

Ntawm no, kev tsim ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Georgia hauv daim ntawv nws muaj tam sim no tau ua tiav. Tias yog vim li cas tam sim no cov kev suav suav rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm Georgia tsis muaj Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia.

Georgian thaj chaw

Tam sim no nws yog lub sijhawm los nrhiav seb thaj tsam ntawm Georgia yog dab tsi hauv square meters. km tsis muaj Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia. Yog li, cia peb nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Georgia nrog txhua thaj chaw uas muaj los ntawmnws thov yog 69.7 txhiab km2. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, lub tebchaws no nyob rau qib 119 hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis peb feem ntau txaus siab rau thaj tsam ntawm Georgia hauv sq. km. tsis muaj South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia.

Muab hais tias thaj chaw ntawm Abkhazia yog 8.6 txhiab km ², thiab thaj chaw ntawm South Ossetia yog 3.9 txhiab km², nws tsis yooj yim los xam lawv cheeb tsam - 12.5 txhiab km². Yog li, thaj tsam ntawm Georgia tsis muaj cov cheeb tsam no yog 57.2 txhiab km^{2. Qhov no twb yog 122nd qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov xeev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.}

Pabneeg

Peb xav paub seb thaj chaw Georgia nyob qhov twg. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm thaj chaw thiab cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws yog heev interconnected tsis. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom muaj daim duab tiav, cia peb tshawb pom tias muaj pes tsawg tus neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws Transcaucasian no.

Tam sim no, lub xeev no muaj 3,729.5 txhiab tus neeg nyob. Georgia occupies lub 130th qhov chaw nyob rau hauv no qhov taw qhia ntawm lwm lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Thaj chaw thiab cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev Transcaucasian no tau qhia yam tsis tau suav nrog Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia.

neeg coob coob

Paub txog cov ntsuas no ntawm cov pej xeem thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws, nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj los xam cov pejxeem ntawm Georgia. Tam sim no nws yog 68 tus neeg. rau 1 sq. km.

Rau qhov kev sib piv, cov pej xeem ceev hauv cov xeev nyob sib ze ntawm Azerbaijan thiab Armenia yog 111 thiab 101.5 tus neeg / sq. km. Yog li, qhov ntsuas no hauv Georgia tsawg dua hauv cov tebchaws nyob sib ze.

Covpejxeem

Tam sim no cia peb saib cov haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg ntawm cov pejxeem uas nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Georgia, uas yog cov neeg nyob thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws no.

pawg neeg tseem ceeb yog Georgians. Lawv suav nrog 83.4% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm Georgia, tsis suav nrog Abkhazia thiab South Ossetia. Qhov no characterizes nws raws li ib tug lub teb chaws nrog ib tug tseem ceeb predominance ntawm ib haiv neeg. Qhov thib ob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb yog nyob los ntawm Azerbaijani - 6.7%, ua raws li Armenians - 5.7%. Tab sis cov Russians twb tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm cov haiv neeg teev saum toj no. Lawv feem tsuas yog 1.9%. Ossetians nyob hauv lub tebchaws muaj txog 1%.

Txhua lwm haiv neeg uas nyob hauv Georgia muaj tsawg dua 1% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Cov no suav nrog Yezidis (Kurds), Ukrainians, Greeks, Chechens, Avars, hnia, Abkhazians, Assyrians thiab lwm haiv neeg.

Feem coob ntawm Georgians lees paub Orthodox Christianity - 83.4%. Kuj tseem muaj ob peb Muslims, feem ntau hauv Adjara - 10.7%. Lwm pawg ntseeg suav nrog pawg ntseeg ntawm Armenian Apostolic Church, Catholics, Protestants, Yezidis, Yehauvas Cov Timkhawv, thiab cov neeg Yudais.

YAdministration division

Tam sim no cia saib seb thaj chaw thaj chaw twg niaj hnub Georgia tau muab faib ua. Lub xeev no muaj 9 thaj chaw (mkhare), ib lub koom pheej ywj pheej (Adzharia), thiab ib lub nroog tseem ceeb hauv xeev (Tbilisi). Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li txoj cai, Georgia, raws li nws txoj cai, suav nrog koom pheej ntawm AzerbaijanAbkhazia, tab sis Georgia tsis tau tswj hwm thaj chaw no.

Cov npe ntawm cuaj cheeb tsam yog raws li nram no: Samtskhe-Javakheti, Racha-Lechkhumi thiab Lower Svaneti, Imereti, Guria, Samegrelo-Upper Svaneti, Kakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Shida Kartli, Kvemo Kartli.

Dhau li ntawm, cov thawj coj ntawm cov kev txiav txim siab siab (krai thiab cov koom pheej ywj pheej) tau muab faib ua cov thawj coj ntawm cov kev txiav txim qis (cov nroog thiab cov nroog ntawm Republican (krai) qhov tseem ceeb). Lub sijhawm tam sim no, muaj 67 lub nroog thiab kaum plaub lub nroog ntawm qhov tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam tau raug kho los ntawm txoj cai lij choj hauv Georgia. Tab sis qhov tseeb, tsuas yog 59 lub nroog thiab 11 thaj chaw nyob hauv cheeb tsam tau tswj hwm ntawm Georgia.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kom txog rau thaum 2006, cov thawj coj uas tam sim no hu ua municipalities raug hu, raws li nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, cov cheeb tsam.

Thaj chaw ntawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm Georgia

Tam sim no cia saib seb thaj chaw twg yog nyob hauv cheeb tsam tsev so, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev xws li Georgia. Thaj chaw ntawm lub koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Adjara nrog nws lub peev hauv Batumi, uas nyob rau sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Georgia, yog 2.9 txhiab km2.

Samegrelo-Upper Svaneti nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Georgia ntawm ciam teb nrog Abkhazia ntawm thaj chaw ntawm 7.4 txhiab km2. Lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm thaj av no yog Zugdidi.

Lub chaw tswj hwm ntawm thaj av Guria yog lub nroog Ozurgeti. Thaj chaw no muaj thaj tsam 2.0 txhiab km2 thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws.

Ntug ntawm Racha-Lechkhumi thiab qisSvaneti nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm ib cheeb tsam sib npaug li 4.6 txhiab km2. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm no yog lub nroog Ambrolauri.

cheeb tsam, uas nws lub npe sib raug rau lub npe ntawm lub nceeg vaj thaum ub Imereti, muaj thaj tsam ntawm 6.6 txhiab km2 thiab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Georgia nrog rau kev hloov mus rau sab hnub poob. Lub chaw tswj hwm ntawm cheeb tsam no yog lub nroog Kutaisi.

cheeb tsam nrog lub npe complex Samtskhe-Javakheti muaj thaj tsam ntawm 6.4 txhiab km2. Cov cheeb tsam no nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm no yog Akh altsikhe.

thaj av ntawm Shida Kartli muaj thaj tsam ntawm 4.8 txhiab km2. Lub nroog loj hauv cheeb tsam no yog Gori. Lub cheeb tsam yog nyob rau sab qaum teb-central ib feem ntawm Georgia ntawm ciam teb nrog South Ossetia. Raws li txoj cai lij choj ntawm Georgia, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj av no tsuas yog South Ossetian thaj av, thiab feem ntau ntawm South Ossetia yog ib feem ntawm thaj av Shida Kartli. Tab sis thaum xam lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub cheeb tsam no, peb coj mus rau hauv tus account tsuas yog ib cheeb tsam uas lub Georgian tub ceev xwm tswj tau.

cheeb tsam nrog lub npe poetic Mtskheta-Mtianeti muaj thaj tsam ntawm 6.8 txhiab km², nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm Georgia, tab sis tiag tiag tswj 5.8 txhiab km2^{, txij li tus so yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm South Ossetia. Lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm cheeb tsam yog Mtskheta.}

Kvemo Kartli cheeb tsam nyob rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm Georgia. Nws muaj thaj tsam ntawm 6.5 txhiab km2. Lub chaw tswj hwm yog Rustavi.

Thaj chaw Kakheti yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Nws muaj qhov ntev sib npaug li 11.3 txhiab square meters.km2. Lub chaw tswj hwm ntawm no yog lub nroog Telavi.

Lub nroog ntawm lub xeev tseem ceeb Tbilisi kuj muaj nws thaj chaw. Nws yog, tau kawg, ntau me dua li thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam thiab tsuas yog 720 km2. Tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Georgia yog 1.1 lab tus tib neeg. Lub nroog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xeev nrog rau offset mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj.

Yog li, raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm Georgia hais txog thaj chaw yog thaj tsam Kakheti (11.3 txhiab km 2^{) thiab thaj tsam Samegrelo-Upper Svaneti (7.4. txhiab.km}2^{). Cov cheeb tsam me tshaj plaws ntawm Georgia hais txog thaj chaw, tsis suav nrog lub nroog ntawm lub xeev tseem ceeb Tbilisi, thaj av Guria (2.0 txhiab km} 2^{) thiab Autonomous Republic of Adjara (2.9 txhiab km} 2^).

Kev xaus lus

Peb pom tias thaj tsam ntawm Georgia yog ib txhiab km2. Thaum txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas no, koj yuav tsum paub ib qho tseem ceeb nuance. Muaj cov cheeb tsam uas tsoomfwv Tbilisi faib ua Georgian, tab sis uas Georgia tsis tswj tau tiag tiag. Thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws, raws li, nyob rau hauv Georgian qhov chaw yog overestimated nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lub xeev tiag tiag.

Yog li ntawd, peb pom tias lub sijhawm tam sim no thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws no, tsis suav nrog qhov tsis muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm South Ossetia thiab Abkhazia, yog 57.2 txhiab km 2.