Cov duab puab siab tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev loj loj uas tau mob siab rau cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm Stalingrad. Nov yog Motherland Calls monument tsa rau Mamaev Kurgan ze Volgograd.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab puab
Cov duab puab siab tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog daim duab ntawm tus poj niam uas tau nrawm nrawm thiab hu nws cov tub rau tom qab. Qhov siab ntawm tus pej thuam, sawv ntawm kaum rau-meter lub hauv paus, yog tsib caug-ob meters. Tus poj niam tuav ntaj ntawm nws sab tes xis.
Nws yog peb caug-peb meters ntev. Qhov hnyav ntawm ntaj yog kaum plaub tons. Tag nrho qhov siab ntawm cov duab puab yog yim caum-tsib meters.
Cov kev txwv no ua pov thawj rau qhov tsis sib xws thiab ntsuas ntawm lub ntsiab monument ntawm txoj kev. Tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm tus pej thuam yog yim txhiab tons.
Pab neeg koom nrog tsim qhov project
Daim duab ntawm tus poj niam yog kev txhais niaj hnub ntawm daim duab ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev yeej - Nike thaum ub. Nws hu nws cov ntxhais thiab cov tub tsis yog kom txiav txim siab rau cov yeeb ncuab, tab sis kuj mus rau kev tawm tsam.
Kev tsim kho ntawm lub memorial complex yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho lub teb chaws. Tsoom fwv tsis txwv cov kev muaj tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws uas koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm xws li cov ntaub ntawv lossis hauv kev txhais tau tias. Tus thawj tswj xyuas qhov project thiab tus thawj sculptor - Evgeny Viktorovich Vuchetich. Nws cov pab yog tus kws kos duab Demin thiab Belopolsky. Cov sculptors Novikov, Matrosov thiab Tyurenkov kuj koom nyob rau hauv qhov project. Tag nrho lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig Lenin nqi zog thaum ua tiav kev tsim kho. Vuchetich, ntxiv rau, tau los ua Hero ntawm Socialist Labor. Nws tau txais lub hnub qub kub.
Pab pawg engineering uas ua haujlwm thaum tsim lub monument tau coj los ntawm I. V. Nikitin. Tom qab ntawd, nws tsim lub pej thuam Ostankino. Qhov project kuj muaj nws tus kws pab tswv yim ua tub rog. Lawv tau los ua Marshal V. I. Chuikov. Thaum tsov rog, tus thawj coj no tau txib cov tub rog uas tiv thaiv Mamayev Kurgan. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig los muab faus rau ntawm lub cim nco txog ntawm ib sab ntawm cov tub rog poob.
Lub Tuam Tsev Hu Xov Tooj tau tsim tsa rau 1967-15-10. Tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim kho tau kav txij lub Tsib Hlis 1959. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws yog cov duab puab siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, yog li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tau suav nrog hauv Phau ntawv Guinness Cov Ntaub Ntawv.
Lub monument yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog. Rau lawv cov chaw tsim khoom, nws tau siv ob txhiab plaub puas tons ntawm cov qauv hlau. Tib lub sijhawm, tsib txhiab tsib puas tons ntawm pob zeb tau siv. Thiab qhov no yog tsis muaj lub hauv paus uas tus pej thuam raug ntsia.
Cov duab puab siab tshaj hauvRussia sawv ntawm ib tug slab uas tsuas yog ob meters siab. Lub hauv paus no, tig mus, so ntawm lub hauv paus zais hauv av.
Lub thickness ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov duab puab, ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog, yog me me. Nws yog nees nkaum-tsib rau peb caug centimeters. Lub rigidity ntawm tus ncej loj yog muab los ntawm cuaj caum cuaj stretched hlau cables. Lawv nyob hauv cov duab puab.
Kev kho dua tshiab
Nyob rau hauv thawj version, rab ntaj tuav los ntawm tus pej thuam yog ua los ntawm stainless hlau. Sab nraud, nws tau sheathed nrog titanium nplooj ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov cua muaj zog, rab ntaj swayed. Steel sheets rattled. Thiab yog li xyoo 1972 cov hniav tau hloov nrog ib qho ua los ntawm cov hlau fluorinated nkaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv kuj tau tshem cov teeb meem nrog cua los ntawm kev tso qhov muag tsis pom rau saum ntaj.
Cov duab puab siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia, uas yog lub ntsiab monument ntawm lub monument-cov koom haum nyob rau hauv Volgograd, tau rov qab ob zaug nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov keeb kwm. Qhov no tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1972. Tom qab ntawd cov hniav ntawm rab ntaj raug hloov. Tus pej thuam hydrophobic txheej tau rov qab los rau xyoo 1986.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab puab
Monument "Niam Teb Hu" E. V. Vuchetich muaj cov cuab yeej zoo kawg nkaus. Nws ua rau qee yam kev puas siab puas ntsws cuam tshuam rau txhua tus neeg saib. Yuav ua li cas tus sau ua tiav qhov no, peb txhua tus tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees. Cov lus tseem ceeb uas tau tawm tsam qhov kev tsim (hauv qhov nws tau muab piv nrog Marseillaise ntawm Parisian Arc de Triomphe), qhov tshwm sim no tsis tau piav qhia. Tus sculptor tus kheej tau ntsib qhov phem tshaj plaws ntawm tib neegtsov rog keeb kwm. Nws txoj hauj lwm tau dhau los ua ib qho khoom plig rau kev nco txog txhua tus neeg poob thiab nco ntsoov mus ib txhis rau cov neeg nyob. Nws yog kev txawj ntse ntawm tus sculptor uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim lub monument majestic no.
History of monumental art
Txhua lub sijhawm ntawm peb lub tebchaws muaj kev nplua nuj nyob hauv ntau yam xwm txheej. Lawv yog reflected los ntawm monumental sculptures ntawm Russia. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau xeeb thiab ua tiav, rhuav tshem thiab rov ua dua tshiab. Tag nrho cov monuments uas twb muaj lawm yog ib txheej kab lis kev cai loj ntawm lub teb chaws.
Ib qho duab puab zoo nkauj ntawm classicism hauv Russia. Qhov no style ntawm European kos duab dominated lub 17th thiab 19th centuries. Cov duab puab uas tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no yog qhov muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab pom tseeb ntawm cov duab, lub koom haum nruj, thiab sib npaug.
Yog li ntawd, lub nroog Yekaterinoslav xyoo 1846 tau dai kom zoo nkauj ib lub monument uas piav txog Empress Catherine II. Ua nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm 1782 txog 1788 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, nws yog nyob rau hauv tsev neeg cov khoom ntawm Goncharovs ntev.
nthuav heev yog keeb kwm ntawm cov monuments ntawm St. Petersburg thaum lub sij hawm ntawm classicism. Piv txwv li, lub colossal portrait bust ntawm Alexander kuv tau ua qauv los ntawm I. P. Martos thiab carved los ntawm marble los ntawm B. I. Orlovsky. Nyob rau hauv 1822, lub bust no tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj imperial monuments nyob rau hauv sab hauv ntawm lub Exchange, nyob rau hauv Vasilyevsky Island. Nws tsim nyog hais tias Martos tau txais koob meej tiag tiag ua tsaug rau lub monument nws tsim, ntsia hauv Moscow. Qhov no yog ib tug monumental duab puab rau Minin thiab Pozharsky (1818). Nws qhia txog cov pathos uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thaum lub sij hawm ntxeem tau ntawm Napoleon.
Hnub no, St. Petersburg tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub monument rau I. A. Krylov, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1855. Cov style ntawm classicism pom nws zoo tshaj plaws qhia nyob rau hauv lwm monumental ua hauj lwm. Nws tau los ua ib tug monument rau Suvorov sculptor M. Kozlovsky. Tus kws sau piav txog tus thawj coj nrog daim thaiv thiab ntaj ntawm nws txhais tes. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, daim duab ntawm Suvorov khov nyob rau hauv ib tug impetuous zog. Tag nrho cov duab puab yog tsim los sib txuas lub tswv yim ntawm kev yeej thiab kev ua pej xeem. Lub monument tau tsa rau ntawm Suvorovskaya Square yog ib qho nrov tshaj plaws.
Cov duab puab ntawm lub hnub nyoog nyiaj nyob rau hauv Russia tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov kws ua haujlwm. Lawv tau tso tseg tsis ua raws li classicism thiab nrhiav cov duab tshiab ntawm lawv tus phab ej. Lub monumentality ntawm sculptures ntawm lub sij hawm no los ua tsawg tseem ceeb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm no yog lub monument rau tus kws sau paj lug Pushkin, uas tau tsa nyob rau hauv Pushkin. Ntawm cov tseem ceeb sculptures ntawm lub hnub nyoog nyiaj yog lub monument rau Alexander III. Tus sculptor P. Trubetskoy, uas tsim nws, tswj kom embody tus duab ntawm Tsar nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txawv qhia thiab ntse daim ntawv.
Nrog rau lub zog ntawm Bolsheviks, cov duab puab pib muaj cov cai tshwj xeeb. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv yuav tsum tau nrov. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub zos thiab lub nroog, tub rog cov neeg ua hauj lwm thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Soviet intelligentsia los ua dluab rau tsim sculptures. Lub monument yuav tsum muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim thiab qhia txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg, nrog rau lawv cov yeeb yam ua yeeb yam. Qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov duab puabKuj tseem muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Daim duab yuav tsum qhia txog cov txheej txheem hauv keeb kwm kev loj hlob, uas sib haum rau kev nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm materialistic.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws monuments ntawm Soviet era
Dab tsi yog cov duab puab siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia tom qab Niam Txiv Hu Cov pej thuam? Qhov no yog ib tug memorial tsim nyob rau hauv Murmansk. Nws tau mob siab rau cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Arctic los ntawm Nazi invaders. Lub memorial tau qhib rau xyoo 1974. Nws cov kws sau ntawv yog tus sculptor Brodsky thiab tus kws kes duab vajtse Pokrovsky. Qhov siab ntawm lub memorial duab puab nws tus kheej yog 35.5 meters. Lub monument nrog ib tug pedestal nce mus rau 45.5 m.
Qhov thib peb hauv cov npe ntawm cov pej thuam siab tshaj plaws yog lub monument rau Lenin, tsa hauv Volgograd. Nws qhov siab nrog pedestal yog 57 m.
Paub thoob qab ntuj thiab lub monument "Ua hauj lwm thiab ua liaj ua teb ntxhais". Cov duab puab no tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm lub sijhawm Soviet. Tus sau ntawm nees nkaum tsib-meter muaj pes tsawg leeg yog Vera Mukhina.
