Nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum tau poob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li lub sijhawm ntawm kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm thev naus laus zis, kev tshawb fawb thiab txawm tias kab lis kev cai. Sai li lub sijhawm no tsis yog hu ua: lub hnub nyoog ntawm cybernetics, lub sijhawm ntawm astronautics thiab txawm tias lub sijhawm ntawm pob zeb thiab yob. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, thaum kawg ntawm lub forties, lub ntiaj teb no thawj nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tau muab tso rau hauv lub lag luam, qhov no tshwm sim plaub xyoos tom qab Hiroshima. Lub icebreaker nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv USSR (1957). Thiab peb xyoos dhau los, Nautilus nuclear submarine tau ua tiav hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Lub sijhawm ntawm nuclear submarine nkoj pib. Nws tau xav tias diesel submarines mus ib txhis yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Tab sis nws tau muab tawm tias qee zaum tsis muaj kev hloov pauv rau lawv. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub ntiaj teb nyob ntsiag to submarine ntawm Project 877 Varshavyanka.
Premier League - qhov muaj zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog
Qhov zoo ntawm nuclear-powered submarines yog pom tseeb. Lawv tsis tas yuav ntab mus rau saum npoo kom rov them lawv cov roj teeb, lub vojvoog ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav luag tsis txwv, thiablub sij hawm ntawm qhov tob. Nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau thauj khoom noj rau hauv tuav thiab tso dej haus rau hauv lub tank (txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj cov nroj tsuag desalination). Nyob rau hauv lub compartments nws dav dav, lub neej nyob ntawm cov neeg coob yog heev xis, thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj peev xwm yog xws li hais tias ib chav tsev yog txaus los npaj kaum ob ntawm Hiroshima. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj qee qhov teeb meem. Lub reactor tsuas tuaj yeem kaw thaum muaj xwm txheej, yog li lub nkoj ua suab nrov tas li. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom "tso qis" thiab zaum ntsiag to.
Txawm tias muaj kev nyab xeeb npaum li cas ntawm cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob, tab sis qhov cua txias ntawm cov thermal circuits yuav tsum tau siv cov dej tawm sab nraud, uas tom qab ntawd, txawm tias tsis muaj zog, tab sis "fonit", thiab ntawm txoj kev no lub nkoj tuaj yeem "xam" siv rhiab heev. cuab yeej. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua lub nkoj nkoj nuclear (nuclear submarine) muaj qhov loj me, thiab yog li ntawd muaj kev txwv rau kev taug kev hauv qhov chaw ntiav dej hiav txwv.
Vim li cas thiaj xav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob diesel
Tom qab qhov tshwm sim hauv kev pabcuam ntawm cov nkoj ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam uas muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj pom tsis pom ntawm qhov chaw, cov nkoj zoo sib xws pib tsim rau Soviet Navy. Tsis ntev los no tau pom tseeb tias cov qauv ntawm cov qauv hauv tsev nuclear submarines txawv ntawm txawv teb chaws, thiab tsis yog qhov zoo dua. Acoustic txhais tau tias nrhiav tau sai sai pom lawv los ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm cov kiv cua thiab cov cav. Qhov teeb meem no tau daws tom qab, thiab nyob rau hauv lub lig sixties thiab seventies thaum ntxov nws tau txiav txim siab los muab ib tug asymmetric teb rau sab nraud hem. Xyoo 1974, Rubin Design Bureau tau txais los ntawm Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Navy S. G. Gorshkov TK, uas tau teev cov kev cai tseem ceeb rau lub nkoj tshiab: me me.visibility, kev ua haujlwm dav dav thiab txo cov neeg coob coob. Plaub xyoos tom qab, thawj Varshavyanka tawm hauv cov khoom lag luam hauv Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Lub submarine tau ntsib tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab ntau yam txawm tias dhau qhov tsis tau teev tseg hauv nws.
Submarine device
Submarines feem ntau muaj ob lub hull nyob rau hauv ib qho (raws li "matryoshka" hauv paus ntsiab lus).
Lub plhaub lub teeb ua haujlwm raws li kev ncaj ncees, nyob rau hauv uas lub npe hu ua TsGB (tseem ceeb ballast tanks) thiab TsVB (auxiliary) tau muab zais. Lub ntsiab ballast yog tsim los tsim qhov zoo lossis tsis zoo buoyancy, uas yog, nws ua kom lub ascent thiab immersion ntawm lub nkoj. Cov tso tsheb hlau luam tsim ib qho luas (uas yog, qhov ntev ntawm kab rov tav qaij ntawm lub hull) ntawm tus hneev lossis stern, thiab tseem ua haujlwm kom sib npaug ntawm yob.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov cuab yeej cuab tam, tag nrho cov tshuab tsim nyog, suav nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob, roj teeb, GKP (lub ntsiab lus txib) cov cuab yeej, lub qhov dej thiab ntau ntxiv tau muab ntim rau hauv lub cev muaj zog muab faib ua cov khoom sib dhos. Yog tsis muaj kev zam thiab "Varshavyanka". Lub submarine tau muab faib ua rau 6 qhov chaw. Feem ntau thawj thiab kawg ntawm lawv yog hu ua torpedoes, tab sis Project 877 ships muaj cov riam phom no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv hneev nti, nrog rau ib tug sonar ncej nruab nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb retractable (down) ncej. Tab sis cov qauv tsim tsis xaus rau ntawd.
Tsim oddities
Yuri Kormilitsin, Tus Tsim Qauv General ntawm Rubin Design Bureau, muabcov duab ntawm ib lub nkoj, qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug nuclear missile carrier. Nyob rau hauv seem, nws yuav luag puag ncig, tsis zoo li lwm yam diesel counterparts, flattened raws sab. Cov thav duab, uas, raws li cov txheej txheem classical, tau nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj zog, tau tsiv mus rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub cev, vim qhov kev daws teeb meem qub no, ntau qhov chaw tau tso tawm, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho kev nyob. tej yam kev mob rau cov neeg coob thiab tso cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev muaj nuj nqis tshaj plaws. Lub submarine ntawm Varshavyanka qhov project tau dhau los ua lub nkoj niaj hnub tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet Navy nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm automation, mechanization thiab cybernetics, uas txo cov load ntawm cov neeg coob - nrog nws cov me me - thiab leveled lub notorious tib neeg yam nyob rau hauv ntau lub sijhawm.
Tsis pom kev
Sonar ua haujlwm ntawm tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li cov qauv radar. Sonar emits luv pulses ntawm lub suab zaus, uas, reflected los ntawm underwater khoom, tsim ib daim duab ntawm qhov teeb meem. Raws li nyob rau hauv Ste alth system, cov txhais tau tias kom txo tau cov visibility ntawm submarines yog tsuas yog raws li nyob rau hauv txo cov reflectivity ntawm nto. Varshavyanka tiv thaiv los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb no. Lub submarine yog them nrog ib txheej tshwj xeeb suab-absorbing txheej uas txo cov suab nrov los ntawm lub nkoj lub tshuab thiab mechanisms, thiab tib lub sij hawm absorbs hostile sonar signals.
Kev kub ntxhov thiab cavitation, uas tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim ze ntawm cov rudders, ua rau Rubin tus tsim kom txav mus ze raumidship ncej (hull center).
Tab sis kom ntseeg tau tias tsis pom kev, nws tsis txaus los ua "dub qhov" (raws li qhov project 877 tau hu los ntawm hydroacoustics ntawm NATO fleets). Tom qab tag nrho, Varshavyanka tsis tau tsim rau kev taug kev hauv hiav txwv. Lub submarine nws tus kheej yuav tsum tua cov yeeb ncuab nkoj, thiab rau qhov no nws xav tau "qhov muag" thiab "pob ntseg". Nrhiav tus yeeb ncuab ua ntej nws tuaj yeem pom koj yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg coob. Muaj ob hom sonar: nquag thiab passive. Cov qub emit acoustic impulses, lawv ua ntawm ib tug ntau dua nyob deb, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm unmask lub nkoj. Cov tom kawg siv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lwm cov suab nrov thiab cov suab nrov hauv hiav txwv, lawv nyuaj rau siv, tab sis muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. Varshavyanka-chav kawm submarine muaj ob hom sonars thiab, ntxiv rau lawv, ib qho zoo meej system rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tau txais raws li lub computer on-board. Acoustic tunnel thev naus laus zis tau siv los txo cov suab nrov sab nraud emissions.
Chassis
Txhawm rau rov qab cov roj teeb, lub submarine no tsis tas yuav ntog, nws yog txaus los tsa RDP (lawv kuj hu ua snorkels) los muab cov huab cua sab nraud thiab tshem tawm cov khoom siv roj. Cov diesel siv yog cov pa luam yeeb tsawg, uas txo qhov pom ntawm lub nkoj nyob rau hauv hiav txwv siab.
Siv thiab lwm yam tshiab. Lub ntsiab diesel cav (5.5 txhiab hp) tsis ua haujlwm los teeb tsa lub nkoj hauv kev txav, nws lub hom phiaj tsuas yog teeb tsa lub rotor ntawm lub roj teeb lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm nto, chav kawm yog muab los ntawm kev lag luam lub cev muaj zog (nrog lub zog ntawm 130 hp), thiab ob qho ntxiv (102 hp txhua) yog rov qab.shunting. Lub tswv yim kinematic yog xws li tias tag nrho peb lub cav ua haujlwm ntawm ib lub kiv cua. Nws kuj yog qhov tshwj xeeb, nrog rau 6 lub ntsej muag, uas tso cai rau nws tig ntawm qhov qis qis (250 rpm), ua, raws li, suab nrov tsawg.
Nyob zoo
Cov kev pabcuam ntawm lub nkoj diesel ib txwm suav tias nyuaj. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ntsib ntau qhov tsis yooj yim uas cuam tshuam nrog qhov tsis muaj chaw thiab txwv tsis pub muaj kev ywj pheej. Submarines ntawm Varshavyanka hom txawv ntawm lwm lub nkoj ntawm chav kawm no hauv cov xwm txheej zoo dua. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tas yuav tsum pw ntawm torpedoes; muaj cov cab cab zoo rau qhov no. Kuj tseem muaj da dej, chav xinesmas thiab lub tsev muag tshuaj.
"Varshavyanka" hnub no, 636th project
Txawm hais tias muaj hnub nyoog ntau ntawm txoj haujlwm, qhov xav tau rau Varshavyanka-chav nkoj nkoj tseem ceeb, dhau li ntawd, lub nkoj muaj peev xwm xa tawm ntau heev. Lub Indian Navy yog armed nrog kaum ob units ntawm cov submarines, ob ya nyob rau hauv lub Algerian chij, thiab lub Polish fleet kuj muaj lawv. Tuam Tshoj kuj yuav lawv rau nws Navy. Tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb socialist system, Warsaw Treaty of Collective Security tsis ua haujlwm (tom qab lub npe hu ua project), ntau cov qauv ntawm Soviet cov cuab yeej, suav nrog cov niaj hnub tshaj plaws, tau xaus rau hauv arsenals ntawm NATO lub teb chaws. Yuav kom tswj tau lub peev xwm ntawm cov tub rog submarine nyob rau theem tsim nyog, kev hloov kho sai sai ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm lub nkoj tau xav tau. Txij li cov txheej txheem dav dav thiab lub tswv yim ntawm lub nkoj zoo li ua tiav, tseem ceebtsis muaj kev hloov pauv rau tus qauv tsim. Novorossiysk submarine ntawm Varshavyanka qhov project ntawm ib hom tshiab tau muab tso rau hauv St. Petersburg ntawm Admir alty shipyards thaum Lub Yim Hli 2010, kos npe rau qhov pib ntawm kev txhim kho cov haujlwm uas tau txais qhov Performance index 636. Tsib lub nkoj zoo li no tau npaj yuav tsim tawm. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej. Tom ntej no yuav yog Rostov-on-Don thiab Stary Oskol, tus so ntawm lub submarines tseem yuav muaj npe tom qab lub nroog ntawm cov tub rog muaj koob meej. Cov chav tshiab yog npaj los txhawb nqa Dub Hiav Txwv Fleet ntawm Lavxias Federation. Lawv cov qauv tsim coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov kev paub ntawm shipbuilding thiab siv qhov tseeb ua tiav hauv navigation, acoustic thiab computer technology. Qhov project 636 Varshavyanka submarines yuav ua tub rog nrog Caliber cruise missiles nrog lub vojvoog sib ntaus sib tua txog li 2,500 km.
Technical data and weaponry
Tag nrho cov kev xaav ntawm Varshavyanka submerged yog 3036 tons, thaum nyob rau saum npoo nws yog 2300 tons. Zoo li cov nkoj nuclear, nws mus nrawm dua hauv dej, txog li 17 pob (tawm 10 hauv qab diesel). Qhov project 636 substrates tuaj yeem dhia mus txog 300 meters. Qhov ntev ntawm lub nkoj yog yuav luag 73 meters, qhov dav yog 10. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nto, nyob ntawm seb lub load, nws yog los ntawm 6.2 mus rau 6.6 meters. Cov neeg coob muaj 52 tus neeg, kev tsav tsheb tsis muaj zog tau txais kev txhawb nqa rau 45 hnub. Lub nkoj muaj riam phom nrog rau 533 caliber torpedoes thiab plaub cruise missiles.
