Zoo rau sawv daws, amber tseem hu ua "sun pob zeb". Tsis tas yuav piav qhia vim li cas nws thiaj li hu ua qhov ntawd - leej twg yuav nkag siab qhov piv txwv no, nco ntsoov nws cov xim golden-txiv kab ntxwv nplua nuj. Amber muaj ntau yam khoom zoo thiab cov khoom zoo uas nws muaj nuj nqis thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau tham kom ntxaws ntxiv. Tab sis ua ntej ntawd, ib co nthuav keeb kwm tseeb.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Txij thaum ntxov, tib neeg tau sim piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm lub hnub pob zeb. Ntau yam versions tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej. Piv txwv li, cov Arabs ntseeg hais tias amber yog lwg uas tau poob saum ntuj thiab ces tawv. Thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Democritus txawm paub tseeb tias lub pob zeb no yog petrified lynx tso zis.
Tab sis tag nrho cov versions, ntawm chav kawm, cuav. Qhov tseeb, txhua yam pib txog 50 lab xyoo dhau los. Qhov twg Sweden yog tam sim no. Tom qab ntawd muaj huab cua ntub,tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov dej noo ntau dhau. Cov nroj tsuag yog tsim los ntawm cov ntoo coniferous. Uas, vim climatic tej yam kev mob, intensive emitted resin. Tsob ntoo "reacted" rau nag xob nag cua, thunderstorms thiab zoo xws li tshwm sim nrog raws nraim tib yam tshwm sim.
Qee lub sij hawm cov kab tsaws rau ntawm cov resin. Nws tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem ntawm nws, yog li lawv nyob hauv nws mus ib txhis.
Tom qab ntawd, tom qab ib ntus, cov tawv tawv tawv tau muab tso rau hauv lub phiab dej. Nws tau pom tias muaj cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev sib sau thiab tsim ntxiv ntawm amber, suav nrog lawv cov hydrodynamic thiab geochemical tshwj xeeb.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, cov resin hloov mus ua amber nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm oxygen-muaj dej enriched nrog poov tshuaj. Lawv kev sib xyaw ua ke provoked cov tsos ntawm succinic acid, vim yog lub pob zeb ntawm ib qho ntxoov ntxoo zoo kawg nkaus tau tsim.
Deposit
Zoo, yog vim li cas amber hu ua lub hnub pob zeb, thiab nws tshwm sim li cas, yog qhov tseeb. Tam sim no ob peb lo lus hais txog qhov twg nws yog mined.
Muaj ntau qhov tso nyiaj hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, Tebchaws Asmeskas. Nyob ntawd, amber yog mined hauv Kansas, hauv Ellsworth County, raws Smoky Hill River, hauv qab Canapolis Reservoir, hauv Arkansas, California, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, New Jersey thiab ntau lub xeev. Txawm nyob rau hauv Alaska, lub hnub ci tau pom nyob rau hauv lignite, tsim los ntawm ancient swamp cypress ntoo.
Ntau cov amber yog mined nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Jutland (Denmark), ntawm B altic Islands (sau ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej, ntau zaus tom qab cua daj cua dub), nyob rau sab qaum teb lub teb chaws Yelemees (tus dej Elbe thiab ciam tebsab hnub poob ntawm Gulf of Gdansk (Poland), Zemland (Kaliningrad), hauv Lithuania thiab Latvia, hauv Estonia, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv Askiv (nrog rau ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub nroog Suffolk, Essex thiab Kent). Thiab qhov no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov deposits. Qhov tseeb, lawv suav hauv kaum. Tsis tas yuav hais, txawm tias pom amber nyob hauv Greenland.
Cov qauv tshuaj
Amber, zoo ib yam li lwm cov organic compound, muaj cov qauv. Nws zoo li no - C10H16O. Los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg pom, sunstone yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov organic acids nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov molecules. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg zoo li no: O - 8.5%, H - 10.5%, C - 79%.
Muaj ntau impurities hauv amber. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv pob zeb ntawm B altic keeb kwm. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg suav nrog txhuas thiab silicon (0.7% txhua), hlau (0.55%), sodium (0.16%), calcium (0.1%), magnesium thiab manganese (0.025% txhua), tooj liab (0.001%).
Cov qauv yog amorphous, nws tsis nyob ntawm qhov tso nyiaj ntawm lub hnub ci. Tab sis lub degree ntawm pob tshab - yog. Amber tuaj yeem sib txawv - huab, pob tshab, translucent, iav, matte, greasy lossis resinous.
Nws yooj yim heev rau txheej txheem thiab txiav. Thiab tom qab polishing, los ntawm txoj kev, kev hloov xim yog ua tau.
Lub cev muaj zog
Kawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub hnub ci pob zeb, Kuv xav kom nco ntsoov tias lawv lub cev tsis sib xws nrog lwm cov zaub mov organic. Nov yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:
- Qhov ntom yog tib yam li cov dej hiav txwv. Amber tsis tso rau hauv cov kua ntsev.
- Yog tias koj khaws cia rau hauv dej tshiab ntev, nws yuav nce ntim - nws yuav o.
- Dipping amber rau hauv boiling kua yuav soften nws. Amber yuav ua ntom ntom li resin.
- Nws yaj hauv cawv, nitric acid, linseed thiab roj yam tseem ceeb, nrog rau hauv chloroform thiab turpentine.
- Vim muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam sab nraud, qhov ntom thiab xim yuav hloov.
- Amber yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev. Yog tias koj rub nws nrog ntaub plaub, koj tuaj yeem ua tiav dielectricity ntawm 1.683 F / m.
- Vim yog raug ultraviolet, nws muaj peev xwm luminesce amber.
Cov ntxhia daj no tshwj xeeb yog qhov kub thiab txias. Nws softens mus txog +150 ° C. Melting ntawm qhov kub txog +350 ° C. Cov txheej txheem no, los ntawm txoj kev, yog nrog los ntawm ignition thiab tso tawm ntawm ethereal tsw. Thiab yog tias qhov ntsuas kub nce mus txog +1000 ° C, ces amber ploj mus, decomposing rau hauv vapors.
Nyob zoo
Vim li cas amber hu ua lub hnub pob zeb yog to taub. Tab sis vim li cas thiaj suav tias yog kev kho mob? Lawv hais tias lub pob zeb no, vim qhov tsim ntev, tau txais lub zog zoo kawg nkaus. Thiab txhua leej txhua tus uas coj nws nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes yuav hnov ib tug amazing sov so, uas manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub teeb tingling ntawm lub ntsis ntiv tes. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm txoj kev, rosary yog tsim los ntawm amber.
Cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo cov khoom kho ntawm lub pob zeb no los ntawm nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws ntseeg hais tias nws yuav pab kho jaundice, kab mob ntawm lub qhov muag, pob ntseg thiab caj pas, plam toothache, thiab txhim kho cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev.
Succinic acid muaj nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb muaj ib tug calming thiab antispasmodic nyhuv. Yog li ntawd, ntau tus "them" dej nrog nws, tom qab uas lawv haus nws. Lawv hais tias nws kuj pab nrog mob taub hau, lub plawv thiab lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, mob caj dab, kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, kab mob ntshav, kab mob hauv plab hnyuv. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem zoo sib xws raug qhia kom hnav cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub lossis cov talismans, zaws nrog cov organic compound thiab xav nrog nws.
Magical qualities
suav tsis txheeb muaj kev ntseeg txog lub hnub pob zeb thiab nws "cov txheeb ze". Amber yog shrouded nyob rau hauv ntau legends uas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom sau lawv tag nrho. Tau ntev nws tau ntseeg tias yog tus neeg phem khaws nws, lub pob zeb yuav tsaus. Thiab ib zaug nyob rau hauv muaj tus cwj pwm zoo, nws tsuas yog ci ntsa iab.
Lawv hais tias hauv nws cov khoom muaj yees, amber zoo ib yam li amethyst. Nws nplij cov neeg hauv kev tu siab, tiv thaiv kev tsaus ntuj thiab kev ua khawv koob, pab khaws cov hluas thiab kev noj qab haus huv rau lub sijhawm ntev. Amber amulets txawm hnav rau cov menyuam mos los tiv thaiv qhov muag phem.
Lawv kuj hais tias lub pob zeb no txhim kho kev txawj ntse, ua rau muaj hmoo, ua kom muaj zog thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab rau tus kheej. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, amber yog siv nyob rau hauv rituals. Piv txwv li hauv Ltalis, lawv tau tsom mus yos hav zoov muaj hmoo thiab sau qoob loo zoo.
fluorite
Qhov no nkig, zoo nkauj calcium fluoride ntxhia kuj tsim nyog sau ciamloog, vim peb tab tom tham txog hnub ci pob zeb. Daim duab saum toj no qhia meej fluorite. Thiab nws tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog nplua nuj-txiv qaub xwb. Muaj paj yeeb fluorites, ntsuab, xiav, xiav, reddish, lilac, violet-dub. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yog tsis muaj xim.
Cov xim tshwj xeeb yog vim muaj cov qauv siv lead ua tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam rau hluav taws xob thiab cua sov.
Ib yam ntawm fluorites kuj yog lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb feem ntau tuaj yeem pom hauv nws, qee zaum txawm tias thorium thiab uranium.
Cov pob zeb no, zoo li amber, muaj cov khoom kho mob. Yog li ntawd, lawv feem ntau siv los ntawm cov kws kho mob. Fluorites yog siv los ua cov pob zaws thiab siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem txhawm rau txhim kho cov hlab plawv, kho lub hlwb puas, tiv thaiv kev qaug dab peg, thiab txo qis kev ntxhov siab.
Zircon daj
Lwm hnub ci pob zeb muaj nyob rau hauv subclass ntawm cov kob silicates. Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj, zircon yog ntsev ntawm silicic acid ntawm magmatic keeb kwm.
Ntxim qab kawg, nyob rau teb chaws Asia hu ua tij laug pob zeb. Tsis xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb no yeej zoo sib xws. Zircon tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo nkauj thaum nws yog faceted (daim duab saum toj no). Los ntawm txoj kev, zoo li fluorite, nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo.
Precious zircon yog tsawg. Nws yog mined hauv Urals, Yakutia, Norway, Tanzania, Australia, Tebchaws USA, Brazil, Canada, Kauslim Teb, Thaib, Kampuchea, Nyab Laj, Sri Lanka thiab txog. Madagascar. Deposits ntawm pamuaj ntau zircon, tab sis nws tsis yog siv rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub lub hom phiaj.
Minerologists paub tseeb tias lub pob zeb no muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo vim nws cov duab bipyramidal. Zircon hniav nyiaj hniav kub pom zoo rau cov neeg uas muaj kab mob plawv, ntshav siab, lub cev tsis muaj zog, hnyav hnyav, teeb meem nrog lub siab thiab qab los noj mov, thiab cov neeg uas muaj kev nyuaj siab.
Yellow Tourmaline
pob zeb tsawg heev. Nws yog boron-muaj aluminosilicate nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm potassium thiab magnesium. Tsis tshua muaj tsuas yog Canary tourmaline, uas yog mined hauv Malawi.
Lub pob zeb tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo - los ntawm lub teeb kub mus rau tsaus xim av, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws yuav tsis muaj inclusions los yog cua npuas. Tab sis muaj overflows. Qhov kev siv ntawm cov xim tsis sib xws, yog li lub pob zeb hloov ntxoov ntxoo nyob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab nyob rau hauv lub hnub.
Heliodor
Los ntawm cov lus Greek, lub npe ntawm cov pob zeb no, uas yog ntau yam ntawm beryl, txhais tau tias "Gift of the Sun". Qhov zoo nkauj golden xim yog vim muaj cov impurities ntawm Fe3 + ions. Qee lub sij hawm uranium pom muaj nyob hauv qee lub pob zeb.
Lub pob zeb no qiv nws tus kheej zoo rau kev txiav, yog li nws feem ntau siv rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tab sis nws tsis tshua muaj heev. Nws yog mined hauv Argentina, Russia, Brazil, Madagascar, Ukraine, Namibia. Nws yog tus uas tau qhia hauv daim duab saum toj no.
Npaj ntxoov ntxoo ntxim nyiam, tab sis pob zeb tuaj yeem plam nws. Qhov no yuav tshwm sim yog tias koj ignite nws. Thaum xub thawj, heliodor yuav ua tsis muaj xim, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yuav kis tauxiav tint.
Zoo kawg, kuv xav hais tias tseem muaj lwm yam pob zeb muaj nuj nqis uas muaj nqi heev nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Qee lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv qhov nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau daj pob zeb diamond, golden sapphires thiab topazes, citrines. Lawv tsis tshua muaj, tab sis vim li ntawd lawv thiaj li ntxim nyiam.
