Zaj lus no yuav xav txog ib qho ntawm feem ntau natural formations, uas yog ib tug waterlogged cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto nrog ib txheej ntawm peat thiab peculiar nroj tsuag cov yam ntxwv tsuas yog rau tej thaj chaw, hloov mus rau tej yam kev mob uas tsis muaj. oxygen, nrog dej tsis txaus thiab muaj dej noo ntau dhau.
Ntau hom swamps nrog lawv cov yam ntxwv luv luv yuav nthuav tawm ntawm no.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Muaj 3 lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm swamps:
- Ntaus thiab stagnant dej.
- Nyob ntawm tej nroj tsuag yam ntxwv ntawm swamps.
- Peat formation process.
Wetlands feem ntau hu ua thaj chaw uas cov cag ntoo tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag cov av ntxhia.
Kev Kawm
Ua ntej peb paub tias hom swamps yog dab tsi, cia peb tshawb xyuas seb lawv tsim li cas.
Rau qhov tsim ntawm thaj chaw zoo li no, qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov dej noo nyob hauv cov av thiab ntawm nws qhov chaw yog qhov tsim nyog, nrog rau qhov tsis muaj zog. Kev sib pauv dej (nrog rau cov dej hauv av). Nyob rau hauv lem, tsis muaj oxygen los ntawm cov dej noo ntau dhau ua rau nws nyuaj rau huab cua nkag mus rau hauv av, thiab yog li ntawd tsis txaus decomposition (los yog oxidation) ntawm cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuag, thiab peat kuj tsim. Cov tom kawg yog cov av substrate nrog cov ntsiab lus dej siab. Nws muaj tag nrho ntawm cov nroj tsuag decomposed. Peat yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov decomposition. Piv txwv li, tus nqi decomposition ntawm 70% txhais tau hais tias 70 feem pua ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuag tau decomposed, thiab 30 feem pua tsis muaj. Hom substrate no muaj peev xwm tuav tau dej zoo, yog li nws muaj cov ntsiab lus dej siab (kwv yees li 97% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim).
Hom swamps thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv
Nyob rau hauv lowland (eutrophic) swamps yog txhais tau tias, nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab, nrog cov av moistened los ntawm nto thiab av dej, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntxhia ntsev. Nees tsuas yog noj los nag los ntawm huab cua, uas tsis yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntxhia ntsev. Transitional swamps zwm rau pawg nruab nrab.
Raws li cov nroj tsuag hauv cheeb tsam, hav zoov, nyom, tsob ntoo thiab moss hom swamps yog qhov txawv. Raws li lub microrelief - bumpy, ca, convex. Swamps yog thaj chaw uas muaj dej ntau tshaj plaws.
RF Swamps
Hom swamps hauv Russia xav txog me ntsishauv qab no. Lub sijhawm no - cov ntaub ntawv dav dav.
Thaj chaw swamp hauv Russia yog kwv yees li 1.4 lab square meters. km (kwv yees li 10% ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws). Raws li kev kwv yees ntxhib, lawv muaj txog 3000 cubic meters. m ntawm static natural water reserves.
Marsh yog ib qho nyuaj heev. Nws muaj interconnected biotopes, uas yog characterized los ntawm muaj zog ya raws, muaj ib hom ntawm noo noo-hlub nroj tsuag thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm ntau yam organic residues nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm silt los yog peat. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm txawv Lavxias teb sab kev nyab xeeb, nyem, thiab nyob ntawm seb lub hauv paus pob zeb, ntau hom bogs tsim, txhua yam uas txawv nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm peat deposit, cov kev mob ntawm cov dej thiab nws cov dej ntws, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Muaj cov khoom noj hauv qab no hauv swamps ntawm Russia: lowland, upland thiab transitional.
About the nature of food
Raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, peb txhais tau tias niaj hnub saum npoo ntawm cov swamp thiab muaj cov txheej txheej sab saud ntawm cov substrate uas cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob. Rau txhua hom swamp, lawv cov khoom noj tau nthuav tawm saum toj no.
Cov dej noo ntau dhau yog cov tsos mob tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov swamp. Nws ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsiaj tshwj xeeb thiab cov nroj tsuag, nrog rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm kev humification, uas nyob rau hauv huab cua sov feem ntau ua rau kev lwj ntawm cov nroj tsuag residues thiab tsim ntawm peat.
thaj chaw faib ntawm swamps hauv Russia
Russian swampsfaib nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov natural zones, tab sis feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv drainless, heev moistened kev nyuaj siab. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab cheeb tsam thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm West Siberian Plain.
Cov av ntub dej tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog tundra thiab thaj chaw taiga. Hom swamps ntawm no muaj ntau haiv neeg. Waterlogging hauv qee thaj chaw ntawm tundra yog 50%. Kwv yees li 80% ntawm tag nrho cov peat bogs yog concentrated nyob rau hauv taiga aav. Nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm Russia, lub Vologda thiab Leningrad cheeb tsam thiab lub koom pheej ntawm Karelia yog waterlogged tshaj plaws (kwv yees li 40%).
Lub taiga ntawm Western Siberia yog swamped txog 70 feem pua. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm swamps nyob rau hauv Far East, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub Amur cheeb tsam.
Kev faib cov swamps los ntawm hom
Hom swamps hauv Russia yog thaj chaw faib tsis sib xws. Nees nyob ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov swampy cheeb tsam, thiab lawv predominate nyob rau sab qaum teb cheeb tsam. Lowlands tsim tsawg tshaj li ib nrab (kwv yees li 40%) ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tag nrho cov swamps. Cov cheeb tsam me me tau nyob los ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv (10%).
Cov swamps qis feem ntau yog noj los ntawm tus dej lossis dej hauv av, thiab lawv pom feem ntau hauv thaj chaw qhuav. Thiab cov no yog cov hav thiab deltas ntawm cov dej loj. Upland bogs feem ntau yog noj los ntawm huab cua los nag, thiab lawv feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv thaj tsam taiga thiab tundra ntawm Eurasia. Qhov tseem ceeb (84%) ntawm thaj chaw peat yog nyob rau hauv Asia ib feem ntawm Russia.
Thiab hom swamp twg nyob rau sab qaum teb? Lub lowland swamps ntawm sab hnub poob Siberia nyob 42%. Feem ntau ntawm cov av peat (kwv yees li 73%) yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw nrog permafrost.
Vajtswv cover
Cov nroj tsuag hauv qab no muaj nyob rau hauv cov av qis: downy birch, dub alder, willow, ntoo thuv thiab spruce. Ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab, sedge yog feem ntau pom ntawm no, thiab ntawm cereals - reeds thiab reeds. Mosses mas loj hlob ntsuab mosses.
Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm birch thiab ntoo thuv (hauv Siberia - Dahurian thiab Siberian larches, cedar), nrog rau willow (me ntsis tsawg dua nyob rau hauv lowland swamps). Ntawm cov nyom, tib cov nroj tsuag muaj nyob ntawm no xws li nyob rau hauv lowland swamps, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas. Feem ntau ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom alpine sedge, reed nyom, lub raj mis sedge thiab woolly-fruited sedge. Kuj tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsa ceg.
Nyob rau hauv toj siab swamps muaj ntoo thuv (cedar yog tov nrog nws nyob rau hauv Siberia) thiab Dahurian larch. Tsis muaj cov nroj tsuag ntawm no txhua, tab sis pawg heather yeej nyob rau hauv cov chaw no: cassandra, heather, qus rosemary, blueberries thiab cranberries. Ntawm no, dwarf birch thiab crowberry (crowberry) loj hlob abundantly. Ib lub taub hau paj rwb nyom (ib tsob nroj herbaceous) kuj muaj nyob rau hauv tej chaw, tsim loj hummocks-sods. Feem ntau koj tuaj yeem pom cloudberries nrog sundew. Mosses ntawm no tsuas yog sawv cev los ntawm sphagnum.
Yog li, los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm peat thiab zaub, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab (raws li tau hais los saum toj no) hom swamps yog dab tsi.
xaus rau ib puag ncig teeb meem
Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, ntau thiab ntau duaCov txheej txheem tsis zoo tshwm sim hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev siv ntau dhau, kev puas tsuaj ntawm swamps. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog kev ua qias tuaj, dej ntau dhau los ntawm cov av thiab kev tshem tawm loj ntawm peat. Kev tso dej thiab plowing, kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev siv dej hauv dej thaum lub sijhawm kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev, roj thiab cov kav dej thiab lwm cov qauv kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no.
Cov dej ntws tawm feem ntau ua rau hluav taws kub, av degradation thiab poob ntawm biodiversity. Txhua txoj haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo, nrog rau kev khaws cia ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov av ntub dej. Nco ntsoov ua raws li cov cai tswj hwm ecological tshuav nyiaj li cas.
