Cov pej xeem ntawm Lithuania: qhov loj thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:57

Lub xeev B altic tau yog thaj chaw uas kev tsov rog feem ntau tau ua rau ntau pua xyoo. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tsuas yog 500 xyoo dhau los nws tau hloov tes ntau zaus, thiab ntau haiv neeg yeej ib txwm nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov xeev uas nyob ntawm no.

Lithuania tsis muaj qhov zam. Tau kawg, cov pej xeem ntawm Lithuania yuav luag ib txwm sawv cev los ntawm lub tebchaws muaj npe, tab sis lwm haiv neeg kuj nyob ntawd mus tas li. Niaj hnub no qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws. Hauv tsab xov xwm no koj yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev no tau hloov pauv li cas.

Vim thaum ub…

Thawj qhov kev suav pej xeem hauv cov ntu no tau sim rov qab rau xyoo pua 13th, tab sis nws tau xaus nrog yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi, vim tias cov ntaub ntawv sau tau kwv yees heev. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1790, ib tug ib txwm census phiaj los nqis tes tau ua, raws li cov kev tshwm sim ntawm uas nws muab tawm hais tias txog 3.6 lab tus tib neeg nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Lithuania. Los ntawm 1812 txog 1945, cov pej xeem ntawm Lithuania poob li ntawm 30%.

Early 19th century

Hauv xyoo 1897 lwm qhov kev ntsuas tau uatus lej. Raws li nws cov txiaj ntsig, nws tau pom tias lub sijhawm ntawd txog 1,924,400 tus neeg nyob hauv Lithuania. Rau lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov txiaj ntsig no tau zoo heev.

Oddly txaus, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd muaj ob peb Lithuanians lawv tus kheej nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lithuania. Lawv qhov sib koom ces tsuas yog 61.6%. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsawg kawg 13% ntawm cov neeg Yudais, 9% ntawm Poles, kwv yees li 5% ntawm Russians, nrog rau cov neeg zoo sib xws ntawm Belarusians thiab Germans, nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Tus naj npawb ntawm Latvians tsawg dua ib thiab ib nrab feem pua, thiab feem ntawm Tatars yeej tsis tshaj 0.2%.

Txawm tias nthuav ntxiv yog qhov tseeb tias hauv txhua lub nroog loj feem pua ntawm Lithuanians txawm qis dua. Yog li, tsis pub ntau tshaj 41% ntawm cov neeg Yudais nyob hauv Vilna, tsawg kawg 30% ntawm Poles, thiab feem ntawm Russians thiab Belarusians yog kwv yees li 24%. Lithuanians lawv tus kheej nyob hauv nroog tsis ntau tshaj 2% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem.

Hauv Kovno qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam: Cov neeg Yudais ntawm no suav txog kwv yees li 35%, cov neeg Lavxias, Belarusians thiab Poles yog 36%, Lithuanians yog 6.6%. Tag nrho cov so yog Germans. Los ntawm txoj kev, yuav luag tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm Klaipeda yog German. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias qhov no ntawm East Prussia tau los ua ib feem ntawm Lithuania tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev Suwalki ua Lithuanian cov pej xeem ncav cuag 72%.

Notes on ethnogenesis

Peb nrawm kom nco ntsoov tias lub sijhawm ntawd cov txheej txheem ntawm ethnogenesis tseem tab tom mus dhau los ntawm kev cia siab: ntxiv rau 1,210,000 Lithuanians lawv tus kheej, 448 txhiab Zhmudins kuj nyob hauv tebchaws Lavxias. Yog tsis muaj lawv, cov pej xeem hauv tebchaws Lithuania tsuas yog 44%. Qhov no sib piv nrog cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov neeg pej xeem ntawm qee tus neeg ua nom ua tswv B altic hais txog "ntau ntau pua xyoo ntau qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian."

Early 20th century

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, qhov xwm txheej nrog "cov neeg hauv paus txawm" phem zuj zus ntxiv.

Los ntawm 1914, feem ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tau nce mus rau 6%, thaum cov neeg Lithuanians tam sim ntawd poob rau 54% hauv feem pua. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, lawv feem poob rau 30%. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov tsuas yog tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, thaum ntau tshaj 300 txhiab tus neeg hais lus Lavxias tau tsiv tawm hauv lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov xyoo no muaj ib tug tseem ceeb influx ntawm Lithuanians los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws, uas yog txuam nrog rau cov creation ntawm ib tug ywj siab koom pheej ntawm Lithuania.

Ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II

Xyoo 1923, cov pejxeem ntawm Lithuania twb 2,028,971 tus neeg. Piv nrog rau xyoo 1897, qhov feem ntawm Lithuanians lawv tus kheej tau nce mus rau 84-85%. Cov neeg Yudais tau yuav luag ib nrab, suav nrog 7.5% (153,473 tus neeg). Ncej nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub xeev twb nyob 3.2%, los yog 65,599 neeg, Lavxias teb sab tsuas yog 2.5% (50,460 tus neeg), tus naj npawb ntawm Germans sai heev (vim deportation thiab ntshai) poob mus rau 1.4% (29,231), Belarusians tseem tsis muaj ntxiv. tshaj 0.2% (4421). Muaj txog 8771 tus neeg ntawm lwm haiv neeg nyob rau xyoo ntawd.

Yog li, cov pejxeem ntawm Lithuania lub sijhawm ntawd yog ntau haiv neeg.

Lwm lub teb chaws muaj kev hloov pauv

Hauv Kaunas, uas tau los ua lub peev ntawm cov koom pheej ywj pheej,txawm ntau qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, muaj kev xyaum tsis muaj Poles thiab Russians, uas yav tas los tau xyaum ua tus txha nraub qaum ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog (tsawg dua 8 txhiab tus neeg). Cov neeg German yog 3.5%, cov neeg Yudais los ua 27.1% (25,041 tus neeg). Tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm Lithuanians tau loj hlob, suav txog 54 txhiab tus neeg (59% ntawm lub nroog cov pej xeem).

Kev suav pej xeem hauv cheeb tsam Klaipeda, uas tau ua los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog hauv xyoo 1925, qhia tias cov neeg Lithuanians tsis tshaj 26.6% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem (tsis pub ntau tshaj 37,626 tus neeg). Muaj ntau tus neeg German, uas nws feem yog kwv yees li 41.9% (59,337), Memels nrog lawv 24.2% (34,337), nrog rau lwm haiv neeg.

Memels - lawv yog leej twg?

Los ntawm txoj kev, leej twg yog memelers? Txog rau tam sim no, ntau tus neeg keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntseeg tias lo lus no txhais tau tias qee tus neeg ntawm cov neeg sib txawv (!) Cov haiv neeg uas tsis lees txais kev ywj pheej ntawm Lithuania thiab tsim cov koom pheej. Qee cov kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias cov no yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg German los ntawm East Prussia, uas tsis tau koom nrog tom qab hloov lawv cov av mus rau Lithuania, tsis tau txais cov lus thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub xeev B altic.

Feem ntau, qhov no yog qhov tseeb, vim hais tias yuav luag txhua tus neeg sau keeb kwm nco txog qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob los ntawm cov neeg Memel, lub zog loj ntawm German kab lis kev cai thiab lus tau hnov. Yog li, thaum xam cov pej xeem hauv Lithuania xyoo ntawd, cov nuances no yuav tsum tau khaws cia hauv siab. Nws zoo li qhov tseeb feem ntawm cov neeg German hauv cov cheeb tsam no tau mus txog 66% hauv xyoo ntawd,tshaj 90,000 cim.

Hauv cheeb tsam Vilna kuj muaj qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws, tab sis hais txog cov Ncej. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaj av no ob peb zaug dhau los ntawm Lithuania mus rau Poland, thiab Cov Nceeg Vaj tau ua lub cim nco qab, uas cuam tshuam qhov kev hloov pauv siab tshaj plaws ntawm lwm haiv neeg lossis lawv cov assimilation (feem ntau yog quab yuam).

Yog li, hauv Lithuania ntawm "tus qauv" ntawm 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov Lithuanians lawv tus kheej suav txog me ntsis ntau dua 60% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm cov tebchaws no. Tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm Lithuania tau nce mus txog 1 lab 900 txhiab (thaum pib xyoo 1930).

1939 - 1970

Xyoo 1940, Lithuania tau los ua ib feem ntawm USSR. Cov txheej txheem rov qab pib, thaum Poles tau hloov los ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm German, cov neeg Polish tau pib nce ntxiv. Yog li, xyoo 1942, muaj 309,494 Lithuanians nyob hauv thaj av Vilnius ib leeg, thiab cov neeg Poles tau nce mus rau 324,757 tus neeg.

Txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg Yudais nyuaj siab. Tsuas yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lithuania, 136,421 tus neeg ntawm haiv neeg no raug tua (thiab qhov no tsis suav nrog ob peb cheeb tsam). Tsis muaj ntau tshaj 20 txhiab tus neeg dim. Qhov no tseem muaj pov thawj los ntawm 1959 kev suav pej xeem, raws li qhov tsuas yog 24,672 cov neeg Yudais tseem nyob hauv Lithuania.

German txheeb cais los ntawm 1937 suav nrog 157,527 tus neeg uas yog haiv neeg no hauv lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm German txoj haujlwm, tsawg kawg 175 txhiab tus neeg Yudais raug rhuav tshem, thiab tag nrho los ntawm 1941 muaj 225 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Lithuania.

Hais txog kev cog lus tom qab tsov rog

Nyob rau xyoo 1945-1946, 178,000 Cov Tub Rog raug xa tawm hauv tebchaws. Yog tias peb siv sijhawm los ntawm 1945 txog 1950, ib nrab ntawm cov neeg Polish tawm hauv Lithuania. Yog hais tias peb tham txog re-Russification, txawm Lithuanian cov kws tshawb fawb lees paub tias thaum lub sij hawm Soviet era nws tau mus qeeb heev, me ntsis hloov lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub xeev. Yog li, xyoo 1959-1989, cov neeg Lavxias tau nce mus txog 9.4%, thaum Belarusians thiab Ukrainians suav txog 1.2% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem.

Los ntawm 1991, tus lej ntawm Lithuanians nce mus txog 79.6%, thiab cov pejxeem ntawm Lithuania yog 3 lab 666 txhiab tus neeg. Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov koom haum koom pheej, Lithuania yog kab tias tib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas cov naj npawb ntawm lub teb chaws tau nce: txawm tias tus naj npawb ntawm Russians nyob rau hauv nruab nrab cheeb tsam ntawm RSFSR poob mus rau 81%, txawm hais tias nws yog 85%..

sijhawm tshiab

Yog li cov pej xeem zoo li cas hauv Lithuania tau yeej (tseem ceeb) thaum lub sijhawm tawg ntawm USSR? Tau kawg, Lithuanian. Nrog rau qhov kev sib cav yooj yim no, cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tau sim ntau xyoo tam sim no los txhawb lawv cov npoj yaig B altic tias tsis muaj "kev ua haujlwm". Txawm li cas los xij, txog tam sim no tsis muaj kev vam meej.

Cov pej xeem ntawm Lithuania hloov pauv li cas tom qab kev tuag ntawm USSR? Dynamics yog heev deplorable. Tam sim ntawd tom qab xyoo 1991-1993, ntau tshaj 300,000 tus neeg Lavxias tau tawm ntawm nws thaj chaw. Yog hais tias los ntawm 1991 yuav luag plaub lab tus tib neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws, niaj hnub no cov pejxeem tau poob los ntawm yuav luag ib thiab ib nrab zaug!

Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov pej xeem ntawm Lithuania xyoo 2014 yog 2 lab 900 txhiab tus neeg. Zoo li tsis yog me ntsis. Txawm hais tias muaj ib qho "tab sis". Qhov tseeb yog tias tsoomfwv lub tebchaws ntxiv rau tus lej no yuav luag txhua tus neeg Lithuanians los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws EU, txawm tias siv Internet pov npav thaum lub sijhawm suav pej xeem. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau tawm hauv lub tebchaws ntau heev, yog li cov kws tshaj lij ywj pheej pom zoo ib yam: raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug cai, cov pej xeem ntawm Lithuania xyoo 2014 yog ntau tshaj 2 lab tus tib neeg.

Feem ntau, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg mob hnyav yuav poob mus ntxiv rau xyoo tom ntej.