Philosophy of the XX century. Neopositivism yog Neopositivism: cov neeg sawv cev, piav qhia thiab nta

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:56

Neopositivism yog ib lub tsev kawm kev xav uas suav nrog cov tswv yim ntawm empiricism. Qhov kev qhia no yog kom paub lub ntiaj teb siv kev paub txog kev xav. Thiab cia siab rau logic, rationality thiab lej kom muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev txawj ntse tau txais. Logical positivism, raws li qhov kev taw qhia no yog hu ua lwm yam, thov hais tias yog txhua yam uas tsis tuaj yeem paub raug tshem tawm, ces lub ntiaj teb yuav paub. Neo-positivism, uas nws cov neeg sawv cev tsuas yog nyob hauv Warsaw thiab Lvov, Berlin, thiab txawm nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, zoo siab nqa lub npe no. Tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, ntau tus ntawm lawv tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab hla dej hiav txwv Atlantic, uas ua rau muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia no.

keeb kwm kev tsim kho

Ernst Mach thiab Ludwig Wittgenstein yog thawj zaug tham txog kev taw qhia tshiab. Los ntawm lawv cov lus nws tau tshwm sim tias neopositivism yog kev sib txuas ntawm metaphysics, logic thiab science. Ib tug ntawm lawv txawm tau sau ib daim ntawv cog lus ntawm kev xav, qhov uas nws hais txog cov kev cai hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab:

1. Peb txoj kev xav tsuas yog txwv los ntawm hom lus xwb, yog li ntawd, ntau hom lus ib tus neeg paub thiab qhov dav nws txoj kev kawm, qhov ntxivnws txoj kev xav txuas ntxiv mus.
2. Tsuas muaj ib lub ntiaj teb, qhov tseeb, xwm txheej thiab kev kawm txuj ci txiav txim siab seb peb xav li cas.
3. Txhua kab lus qhia txog tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, raws li nws tau tsim raws li txoj cai zoo sib xws.
4. Txhua kab lus nyuaj tuaj yeem faib ua ob peb yam yooj yim, suav nrog, qhov tseeb, qhov tseeb.
5. Cov ntaub ntawv siab dua ntawm kev ua tsis tau meej. Yooj yim muab, thaj av ntawm sab ntsuj plig tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas thiab txiav tawm raws li cov qauv kev tshawb fawb.

Machism

lo lus no feem ntau yog siv los ua cov lus txhais ntawm "positivism". E. Mach thiab R. Avenarius raug suav hais tias yog nws tus tsim.

Mach yog Austrian physicist thiab philosopher uas kawm mechanics, gas dynamics, acoustics, optics thiab otorhinolaryngology. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Machism yog qhov kev paub yuav tsum tsim lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Positivism thiab neo-positivism, raws li cov lus qhuab qhia tawm tswv yim txoj hauv kev ntawm kev paub, raug tsis lees paub los ntawm Machism, nws cov lus tseem ceeb yog tias kev xav yuav tsum dhau los ua kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog tib neeg kev xav. Thiab qhov no yog tib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb tiag.

Kev lag luam ntawm kev xav

Neopositivism hauv kev xav yog lub zeem muag tshiab ntawm qhov teeb meem qub. Qhov "kev lag luam ntawm kev xav" yuav tso cai rau npog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov teeb meem nrog qhov tsawg kawg ntawm kev siv dag zog. Nws yog qhov no pragmatic mus kom ze uas cov founders ntawm neopositivism suav hais tias yog qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws, muaj laj thawj thiab teeb tsa rau kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov philosophers ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav accelerate scientific inventions thiab formulations ntawm kev piav qhia thiabCov lus piav qhia yuav tsum raug tshem tawm ntawm lawv.

Mach ntseeg tias qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tshawb fawb, qhov ze dua nws yog qhov zoo tshaj. Yog hais tias lub ntsiab txhais yog formulated raws li yooj yim thiab meej raws li qhov ua tau, nws qhia txog cov duab tiag tiag ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Machism tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm neopositivism, nws tau txheeb xyuas nrog "biological-economic" txoj kev paub txog kev paub. Physics tau poob nws cov metaphysical tivthaiv, thaum lub tswv yim tau dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus. Qhov no yog qhov neo-positivism tau lees paub. Nws cov neeg sawv cev tau mob siab rau kev nkag siab yooj yim thiab kev lag luam ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas lawv ib feem ua tiav hauv.

Vienna voj voog

Ib lub voj voog ntawm tib neeg tau tsim los ntawm Department of Inductive Sciences ntawm University of Vienna uas xav kawm science thiab kev xav tib lub sijhawm. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum no yog Moritz Schlick.

David Hume yog lwm tus neeg uas txhawb nqa neo-positivism. Cov teeb meem uas nws suav tias yog qhov tsis nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb, xws li Vajtswv, tus ntsuj plig, thiab qhov zoo sib xws ntawm metaphysical, tsis yog qhov khoom ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm Vienna Circle tau ntseeg ruaj khov tias tej yam uas tsis tau lees paub yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb thiab tsis xav tau kev kawm ntxaws.

Cov ntsiab lus estemological

"Lub Tsev Kawm Vienna" tsim nws tus kheej cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Ntawm no yog ib co ntawm lawv.

1. Txhua tus tib neeg kev paub yog ua raws li kev nkag siab. Qhov tseeb ntawm tus kheej yuav tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam. Dab tsi ib tug neeg tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab empirically tsis muaj. Yog li, lwm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau yug los: txhua yam kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem raug txo mus rau ib kab lus yooj yim raws li kev nkag siab.kev xav.
2. Qhov kev paub uas peb tau txais los ntawm kev nkag siab yog qhov tseeb tiag. Lawv kuj tau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tseeb thiab cov kab lus raws tu qauv, uas hloov tus cwj pwm ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb feem ntau.
3. Txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev paub raug txo qis rau qhov kev piav qhia ntawm qhov kev xav tau txais. Neopositivists pom lub ntiaj teb no raws li ib tug sau ntawm impressions tsim rau hauv cov kab lus yooj yim. Positivism thiab neo-positivism tsis kam muab cov ntsiab lus rau lub ntiaj teb sab nraud, kev muaj tiag thiab lwm yam metaphysical, xav tias lawv tsis tseem ceeb. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los tsim cov txheej txheem los ntsuas cov kev xav ntawm tus kheej thiab ua kom lawv ua tau zoo.

Abstract

Kev tsis lees paub cov tswv yim siab dua thiab teeb meem, daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tau txais kev paub thiab kev yooj yim ntawm cov qauv ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau lub tswv yim xws li neopositivism. Qhov no tsis ua rau nws txaus nyiam rau cov neeg tuaj koom. Ob qhov tseem ceeb no, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev taw qhia, tau tsim raws li hauv qab no:

- Kev daws teeb meem yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tsim, yog li kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xav.

- Txhua txoj kev xav uas tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau lees paub los ntawm kev paub txog kev paub.

Postpositivism

Txoj kev xav, neo-positivism, post-positivism yog kev sib txuas ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas lus. Qhov kev taw qhia hauv lub tswv yim no tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim txhua yam kev tshawb fawb raws li kev tshawb fawb.tshwj xeeb ntawm kev paub empirical, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua. Kev sim tshem tawm metaphysics los ntawm kev xav, uas tau tsa cov teeb meem classical ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg, tau sib npaug. Qhov kev lees paub ntawm qhov tseeb no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hais tias neopositivism twb yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Karl Popper "The Logic of Scientific Discovery" tau los ua qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tsis muaj rov qab los. Logic thiab ib qho kev pom tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem tuaj txog, thiab raws li kev tshawb fawb txog, txhua qhov tseeb yuav tsum muaj pov thawj tsim nyog.

Kev pom zoo thiab neo-positivism yog qhov tsis siv rau qhov kev txhim kho sai sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Kev saib tshiab thiab lub suab philosophical mus kom ze yog xav tau. Post-positivism tau pom tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cais kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xav, tsis lees paub qhov kev tawm tsam muaj zog rau metaphysics thiab lwm yam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev xav txog kev txiav txim siab. Neopositivism hauv kev xav yog lub sijhawm rau logicians los tuav lub hwj chim ntawm lub siab. Tab sis lawv tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev yooj yim thiab empiricism tawm tsam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej sai sai.