Cov haiv neeg Slavic faib ua li cas? Ancient thiab niaj hnub Slavic haiv neeg

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:56

Slavs niaj hnub no yog haiv neeg haiv neeg loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Lawv nyob hauv thaj chaw loj thiab muaj txog 300-350 lab tus tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav xav txog dab tsi ceg ntawm Slavic haiv neeg tau muab faib ua, peb yuav tham txog keeb kwm ntawm lawv tsim thiab faib. Peb kuj tseem yuav kov me ntsis ntawm cov theem niaj hnub no ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm Slavic kab lis kev cai thiab cov kev ntseeg kev ntseeg uas cov pab pawg tau ua raws li lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab tsim.

Keeb kwm theories

Ntxiv rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav txiav txim siab seb cov ceg twg cov neeg Slavic tau muab faib ua. Tab sis tam sim no nws tsim nyog nkag siab qhov twg pawg neeg no tuaj ntawm.

Yog li ntawd, raws li cov keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los, peb haiv neeg los ntawm ib tug poj koob yawm txwv. Nws yog Nau-es tus tub Jafeth. Tus cwj pwm no, raws li keeb kwm, tau muab txoj sia rau cov pab pawg xws li Medes, Sarmatians, Scythians, Thracians, Illyrians, Slavs, British thiab lwm tus. Teb chaws Europe.

Cov Arabs paub cov Slavs ua ib feem ntawm cov zej zog ntawm cov neeg nyob rau sab hnub poob, uas suav nrog cov Turks, Ugrian thiab Slavs ntawm Eastern Europe. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv tub rog, cov keeb kwm koom nrog lub koom haum no nrog lo lus "Sakalib". Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg tawg rog los ntawm cov tub rog Byzantine uas hloov dua siab tshiab rau Islam pib hu ua qhov ntawd.

Cov Greeks thiab Loos thaum ub hu ua Slavs "Sklavins" thiab txuas lawv nrog ib pawg Scythian - Skolts. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee zaum cov npe Wends thiab Slavs raug coj los ua ke.

Yog li ntawd, peb ceg ntawm cov neeg Slavic, cov tswv yim uas tau muab rau hauv qab no, muaj cov poj koob yawm txwv. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, lawv txoj kev txhim kho tau hloov pauv ntau, vim yog thaj chaw loj ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev ntseeg nyob sib ze.

Peb yuav tham txog qhov no tom qab.

History of settling

Tom qab peb yuav kov txhua pab pawg neeg sib cais, tam sim no peb yuav tsum paub seb cov ceg twg ntawm cov neeg Slavic tau muab faib ua thiab yuav ua li cas txoj kev sib haum xeeb tau tshwm sim. Yog li, thawj zaug cov pab pawg no tau hais los ntawm Tacitus thiab Pliny tus Txwj Laug. Cov keeb kwm Roman thaum ub hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv tau hais txog Wends uas nyob hauv thaj chaw B altic. Kev txiav txim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej ntawm cov nom tswv no, cov Slavs twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua ob AD.

Cov tom ntej uas hais txog tib pab pawg yog Procopius ntawm Caesarea thiab Prisk, Byzantine kws sau ntawv thiab kws tshawb fawb. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv ua tiav tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm ua ntej ntev yog muaj los ntawm Gothic historian Jordanes.

Nws qhia tias Sclaveni yogib pawg neeg ywj pheej uas tau cais tawm ntawm Veneti. Hauv thaj chaw sab qaum teb ntawm tus dej Vistula (niaj hnub Vistula), nws hais txog "ntau tus neeg ntawm Veneti", uas tau muab faib ua Antes thiab Sclaveni. Thawj zaug nyob raws Pontus Euxinus (Hiav Txwv Dub) los ntawm Danastra (Dniester) mus rau Danapra (Dnieper). Cov Sclavens nyob ntawm Novietun (Iskach lub nroog ntawm Danube) mus rau Danastra thiab Vistula nyob rau sab qaum teb.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau xyoo pua AD, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov Slavs - cov Sclaves twb nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Dniester mus rau Vistula thiab Danube. Tom qab ntawd, ntau yam chroniclers yuav hais txog thaj tsam loj dua ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov pab pawg no. Nws npog thaj av ntawm Central thiab Eastern Europe.

Peb ceg ntawm cov neeg Slavic tau faib li cas? Daim duab peb tau muab rau saum toj no qhia tau hais tias kev txav mus rau sab qaum teb, sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj.

Thaum chiv keeb, cov pab pawg tau tsiv mus rau Dub thiab B altic Seas. Tsuas yog lub sijhawm no tau piav qhia los ntawm Gothic historian Jordanes. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov Avars txeeb cov av no thiab faib thaj chaw ntawm cov pab pawg ua ntu.

Rau ob centuries (los ntawm lub thib rau rau lub yim) lawv nyob rau sab hnub tuaj foothills ntawm lub Alps thiab poob nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Emperor Justinian II. Peb paub qhov no los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv annals, uas tau hais txog kev sib tw ntawm Byzantine pab tub rog tawm tsam Arabs. Sclaveni kuj tau hais tias yog ib feem ntawm pab tub rog.

Nyob rau xyoo pua yim, cov pab pawg no mus txog Balkan Peninsula nyob rau sab qab teb thiab Lake Ladoga nyob rau sab qaum teb.

South Slavs

Western thiab yav qab teb Slavs, raws li peb pom, tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Thaum xub thawj, cov Antes tau sib cais los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, uas mus rau sab hnub tuaj, mus rau Dubhiav txwv thiab Dnieper. Nws tsis yog txog rau xyoo pua yim uas cov neeg no tau pib nyob rau Balkan Peninsula.

txheej txheem tau raws li hauv qab no. Qee cov Eastern thiab Western Slavic pab pawg tau tsiv mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav thaj av zoo dua mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob, mus rau Adriatic Hiav Txwv.

Historians txheeb xyuas cov pab pawg hauv qab no hauv kev tsiv teb tsaws no: txhawb (hauv European cov keeb kwm lawv hu ua predenicents), Northerners (tej zaum muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov neeg qaum teb), Serbs, Croats thiab lwm yam. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog cov pab pawg uas nyob raws Danube.

Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Slavic thaum ub tau dhau los ua lub zog muaj zog uas sib xyaw ua ke me me ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos thiab tom qab tsim cov xeev hauv Balkans thiab ntug dej hiav txwv Adriatic.

Tab sis kev txav mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob tsis yog ib qho kev sib tw ib zaug. Txawv genera tsiv ntawm lawv tus kheej ceev thiab tsis heev nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Yog li, cov kws tshawb fawb paub qhov txawv ntawm peb pawg uas tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm tsiv teb tsaws: sab qaum teb sab hnub poob (Slovenes tau tsim los ntawm nws yav tom ntej), sab hnub tuaj (niaj hnub Bulgarians thiab Macedonians) thiab sab hnub poob (Croats thiab Serbs).

pab pawg neeg sab hnub poob

Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg Slavic, uas cov neeg Loos paub tias yog Wends, keeb kwm nyob hauv thaj av ntawm niaj hnub Poland thiab ib nrab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tom qab ntawd, nws nyob rau thaj chaw no uas muaj pab pawg neeg coob tsim.

Nws suav nrog thaj av ntawm Elbe mus rau Oder thiab los ntawm Hiav Txwv B altic mus rau Ore Roob. Cov kws tshawb fawb faib cov koom txoos no ua peb pawg raws li lawv qhov chaw nyob.

NorthCov pab pawg sab hnub poob hu ua Bodrichi (Reregs thiab Obodrites), cov pab pawg sab qab teb raug hu ua Lusatians (qhov no kuj suav nrog ib feem ntawm Serbs), thiab pawg hauv nruab nrab yog Lyutichi (lossis Velets). Peb cov neeg muaj npe hu ua Ameslikas ua tub rog-cov pab pawg neeg sib koom ua ke. Qee lub sij hawm lawv hais cais ntawm plaub lub zej zog. Nws cov neeg sawv cev hu lawv tus kheej Pomors thiab nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv B altic.

Polish, Silesian, Czech, Pomeranian thiab Lechitic pab pawg tau maj mam tsim nyob rau thaj av tsis muaj neeg nyob vim yog kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm Polabian Slavs.

Yog li ntawd, cov Slavs sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb sib txawv ntawm qhov qub qub yog cov neeg hauv paus txawm nyob hauv thaj chaw no, thiab tom kawg tuaj ntawm Danube mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv Adriatic.

Eastern Slavs

Raws li Western European keeb kwm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Byzantines, thaj chaw ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Slavs yeej ib txwm cuam tshuam nrog pawg neeg koom nrog ntawm Antes.

Raws li peb paub los ntawm cov lus tim khawv ntawm Gothic historian Jordanes, lawv tau tsa thaj av mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub roob Carpathian. Ntxiv mus, Byzantines hais tias thaj tsam ntawm kev sib hais haum mus txog lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm Dnieper.

Cov pov thawj Archaeological zoo ib yam nrog qhov kev pom no. Los ntawm lub thib ob mus rau plaub centuries ntawm peb era ntawm lub Dnieper thiab lub Dniester muaj lub thiaj li hu ua Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai.

Tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov los ntawm Penkovskaya archaeological zej zog. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov kab lis kev cai no muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob centuries, tab sis ntseeg tau tias qhov sib txawv no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qee pawg neeg nrog lwm tus.

YogLub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov neeg Slavic yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb tsim ntawm cov zej zog loj los ntawm ntau pawg me me. Tom qab ntawd, cov keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus yuav muab cov npe rau cov pab pawg no: Polyany, Drevlyane, Dregovichi, Vyatichi thiab lwm pab pawg.

Raws li cov keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thaum ub, los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kaum tsib pawg ntawm Eastern Slavs, xws li lub zog medieval muaj zog li Kievan Rus tau tsim.

xwm txheej tam sim no

Yog li, peb tau tham nrog koj seb cov ceg ntoo Slavic tau faib ua li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, peb tau tham txog yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem los daws cov pab pawg mus rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj mus.

Cov neeg Slavic niaj hnub txawv me ntsis ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv ncaj qha. Hauv lawv cov kab lis kev cai, lawv muab cov kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze thiab ntau tus neeg txawv teb chaws conquerors.

Piv txwv li, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj tsam ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm Lavxias Federation thiab Ukraine, ib feem ntawm Kievan Rus, tau nyob hauv qab Mongol-Tatar quab rau ntau pua xyoo. Yog li ntawd, ntau qhov qiv nyiaj los ntawm cov lus Turkic suav nrog cov lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab rituals dais kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg tsim txom.

South Slavs tau cuam tshuam ntau dua los ntawm Greeks thiab Turks. Yog li ntawd, thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm, peb yuav tau tham txog cov teeb meem kev cai dab qhuas. Ib zaug cov pab pawg neeg pagan niaj hnub no tau ua raws li kev lees paub ntawm Abrahamic kev ntseeg.

Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv yuav tsis paub meej tias cov ceg twg cov neeg Slavic tau muab faib ua, tab sis, raws li txoj cai, txhua tus neeg yooj yim lees paub lawv "lub teb chaws". Sab qab teb Slavs yog ib txwm tsaus, thiabnyob rau hauv lawv cov lus, tshwj xeeb phonemes uas yog yam ntxwv xwb rau lub cheeb tsam no hla dhau. Muaj ib qho xwm txheej zoo sib xws nrog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm pawg neeg sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj.

Yog li, niaj hnub no lub tebchaws twg los ua lub tebchaws rau cov ceg sib txawv ntawm cov neeg Slavic?

States ntawm South Slavs

Cov neeg niaj hnub Slavic tau nyob hauv feem ntau ntawm Eastern thiab Central Europe. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm globalization, lawv cov neeg sawv cev tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb. Ntxiv mus, lub peculiarity ntawm peb lub hlwb yog xws li hais tias tom qab ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm cov neeg nyob ze pib to taub cov lus Slavic. Cov Slavs ib txwm nrhiav kev qhia cov neeg txawv teb chaws rau lawv cov kab lis kev cai, thaum me ntsis succumbing rau cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv tus kheej assimilation.

Niaj hnub Sab Qab Teb Slavs suav nrog Slovenes thiab Montenegrins, Macedonians thiab Bulgarians, Croats, Bosnians thiab Serbs. Qhov tseeb, cov neeg no nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lawv lub tebchaws, suav nrog Bulgaria, Bosnia thiab Herzegovina, Macedonia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Serbia thiab Croatia.

Qhov tseeb tiag, qhov no yog thaj chaw ntawm Balkan Peninsula thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Adriatic.

Cov neeg Slavic yav qab teb niaj hnub no tau nce mus deb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub zej zog ntawm cov neeg no, koom ua ke rau hauv tsev neeg tshiab ntawm European Union. Muaj tseeb tiag, ntau xyoo dhau los tau muaj kev sim los tsim ib lub teb chaws uas muaj cov pej xeem tsuas yog cov Slavs yav qab teb, tab sis nws ua tsis tau. Thaum lub xeev no hu ua Yugoslavia.

Tom qab lub teb chaws-xeev ntawm ceg noCov neeg Slavic, raws li kev txheeb cais, nyob ntau heev hauv Ltalis, Hungary, Austria, Romania, Qaib ntxhw, Albania, Greece thiab Moldova.

Lub teb chaws ntawm Western Slavs

Txij li thaum ethnogenesis ntawm cov neeg Slavic feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Poland thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Western pab pawg neeg xyaum tsis tawm lawv lub tsev.

Hnub no lawv cov xeeb ntxwv nyob hauv tebchaws Poland, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Czech koom pheej thiab Slovakia. Raws li kev lig kev cai, ethnologists cais tsib haiv neeg uas yog nyob rau sab hnub poob Slavic ceg. Cov no yog Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Kashubians thiab Lusatians.

thawj peb haiv neeg nyob hauv xeev feem ntau nrog cov npe sib xws, thiab ob lub xeem - nyob rau thaj chaw sib cais. Lusatian Serbs, uas cov Wends, Lugii thiab Sorbs kuj yog, nyob hauv Lusatia. Cov cheeb tsam no tau muab faib ua Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb, uas nyob hauv Saxony thiab Brandenburg, feem.

Kashubians nyob rau thaj av hu ua Kashubia. Nws yog ib feem ntawm niaj hnub Polish People's Republic. Lub peev tsis raug cai ntawm cov neeg no yog lub nroog Kartuzy. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg no muaj nyob hauv Gdynia.

Kashubians suav lawv tus kheej ib pawg neeg, tab sis kev ua pej xeem Polish raug lees paub. Nyob rau hauv lawv ib puag ncig, lawv tau muab faib ua ntau hom nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob, tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb chaws costume, kev ua ub no thiab chav kawm sib txawv. Yog li, ntawm lawv muaj laj kab, parcha gentry, gburs, taverns, gokhs thiab lwm pab pawg.

Yog li, nws ua tau nroghais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias feem ntau cov neeg Western Slavic tau khaws cia lawv cov kev lis kev cai kom siab tshaj plaws. Qee tus ntawm lawv tseem tseem koom nrog kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua, txawm li cas los xij, ntau dua los nyiam cov neeg ncig tebchaws.

East Slavic powers

Thaj chaw niaj hnub no ntawm Eastern Slavs hais txog cov tebchaws xws li Russia, Ukraine thiab Belarus. Niaj hnub no, cov xeev no, ib tug yuav hais, yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug kev sib tshuam. Lawv haiv neeg tau ntsib txoj kev xaiv: kom ua raws li txoj kev cai ib txwm muaj lossis ua raws li lawv cov kwv tij yav qab teb, lees txais Western European qhov tseem ceeb.

Ib zaug lub xeev muaj zog - Kievan Rus nws thiaj li hloov mus rau peb lub tebchaws. Moscow twb tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm Moscow, thiab ces lub teb chaws Ottoman Russia. Kyiv koom ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej lub teb chaws ntawm ntau pab pawg neeg ntawm Carpathians mus rau lub Don. Thiab Belarus tau tsim nyob rau hauv hav zoov ntawm Polissya. Raws li lub npe ntawm thaj chaw, lub ntsiab ntawm lub teb chaws yog inhabited los ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Poleshchuks thiab Pinchuks.

Kev ntseeg ntawm ntau ceg ntawm Slavs

Lavxias Federation, Ukraine thiab Belarus - thaj chaw niaj hnub ntawm Eastern Slavs. Ntawm no, feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem yog cov ntseeg Orthodox.

Hauv paus ntsiab lus, txoj cai tawm ntawm kev ntseeg tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum, thaum Kyiv Prince Vladimir lub Great ua kev cai raus dej Russia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1054 muaj ib tug zoo schism, thaum cais Orthodox thiab Catholic kev ntseeg tshwm nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Cov pab pawg sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb tau ua siab ncaj rau Patriarch ntawm Constantinople, thaum sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub poob tau los ua tus txhawb nqa. Lub Koom Txoos Roman Catholic.

Ntawm ib theem hauv keeb kwm, qee pawg ntawm yav qab teb Slavs hloov mus rau Islam. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv thaj av tau nyob hauv qab tus quab ntawm Ottoman Empire. Rau cov neeg ntseeg, cov Turks tau ua ntau qhov kev pom zoo. Niaj hnub no, cov Muslims suav nrog Gorani, Bosniaks, Pomaks, Kuchis thiab Torbeshis.

Yog li, hauv kab lus no peb tau kawm txog ethnogenesis ntawm cov neeg Slavic, thiab kuj tau tham txog lawv txoj kev faib ua peb ceg. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, peb xam pom tias lub teb chaws twg niaj hnub no muaj nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm sab qab teb, sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj.