Lub foob pob hluav taws R-12 yog riam phom nruab nrab-ntaus. Nws tau tsim nrog kev qhia txog cov khoom kub kub uas tuaj yeem khaws cia rau hauv lub xeev them txog li 30 hnub. Kev tsim qauv pib ntawm NII-88 thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1950. Kev tswj hwm dav dav tau ua los ntawm Sergey Korolev, cov lej ntsuas ntawm qhov nyuaj yog H2.
History of Creation
Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev txhim kho ntawm R-12 foob pob hluav taws tau ua tiav ntawm lub ncauj lus no, suav nrog kev xav tau siv roj rau cov khoom siv ntev ntev (kerosene thiab nitric acid). Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub active theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov riam phom no poob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo 1952 nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm V. S. Budnik. Thaum tsim, ob peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau muab rau hauv tus account:
- Muab tus qauv nrog kev tswj hwm tus kheej.
- Tsis muaj xov tooj cua kho.
- Muaj peev xwm nyob ntev npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv daim ntawv refueled.
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Soviet tau txhawb nqa tus tsim tawm txoj haujlwm. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov teeb meem no tau tshaj tawm thaum pib xyoo 1953. Tactical thiab technical parameters tau txiav txim siab thaum lub Plaub Hlisxyoo tom ntej. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg units thiab blocks pib, cov nyiaj txiag ntawm lub project xyaum tau nres. Ntawm cov neeg koom tes thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke yog cov koom haum hauv qab no: OKB Glushko, NII-10, GSKB Spetsmash, NII-885.
Design nta
Kev txhim kho ntawm R-12 foob pob hluav taws (saib daim duab hauv qab no) tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm OKB-586, rov tsim dua lub Plaub Hlis 1954, coj los ntawm General Engineer Yangel. Ob txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntxiv tau ntxiv rau qhov tsim: nce qhov ntau mus rau ob txhiab kilometers thiab muaj peev xwm nqa tau tus nqi nuclear. Qhov project yog lub npe 8-K-63. Peb tau nce qhov ntev ntawm cov roj tso tsheb hlau luam, ntxiv dag zog rau kev tsim qauv, suav nrog kev hloov pauv tag nrho ntawm cov khoom, raws li qhov tshiab RD-214 propulsor tau muab.
Daim qauv ntawm cov tshiab R-12 missile tau pom zoo nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1955, thiab tsab cai lij choj ntawm nws tsim tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Yim Hli. Nws tau npaj mus rau qhov kev xeem hauv xyoo 1957. Tus tsim qauv tseem hloov dua tshiab, uas yog V. Grachev nrog nws tus pab cuam Ilyukhin. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus technical, qhov project tau raug xa mus rau lub Kaum Hlis 1955, kev txhim kho thiab tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb tau poob rau xyoo 1955 thiab 1957.
Pib sim
Hauv xyoo 1956, Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws tau pom zoo pib sim R-12 cov cuaj luaj nruab nrab hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1957. Pib kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev sim riam phom tau ua tiav ntawm Zagorsk point. Peb qhov kev xeem zoo sib xws tau ua raws. Thawj daim ntawv ya tau xa los ntawm Kapustin Yar chaw cob qhia hauv lub Tsib Hlis 57. Cov txheej txheem tau ua nyob rau ntawm "tshiab" platform No. 4, thiab cov txuj ci thiabLub tshuab tso tawm tau nruab rau ntawm cov ntsiab lus suav 20 thiab 21. Tag nrho yim lub foob pob tau ua tiav, ntawm qhov uas muaj xwm txheej ceev.
Vim li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab hloov cov roj nitrogen ua kua nrog hydrogen peroxide. Cov theem tom ntej ntawm kev sim ntsuas tau txais nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 58, thiab nws pib ob lub hlis tom qab. Ntawm kaum qhov kev tshaj tawm, txhua yam tau ua tiav, tom qab ntawd qhov kev sim ntsuas tau raug txwv thiab kev tsim ntau ntawm R-12 missiles nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 24 daim pib.
Tsim kev pabcuam
Serial ntau lawm ntawm cov lus nug tau pib thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1958, nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1959. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog tshem tawm cov hom phiaj uas nws cheeb tsam yog li 100 square kilometers. Tom qab muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam, cov chav no tau nkag mus rau ntau lub tsev, suav nrog cov haujlwm ua haujlwm nrog nuclear warheads.
Kev tsim khoom loj ntawm R-12 ballistic missiles tau pib ntawm ntau lub hoobkas, uas yog:
- ntawm lub hauv paus 586 hauv Dnepropetrovsk;
- hauv nroog Omsk (khoom No. 166);
- at Aviation Plant No. 47 hauv Orenburg;
- hauv Perm (nroj tsuag naj npawb 172).
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 2300 daim ntawv raug tsim, kev xa tawm ntawm cov riam phom no tau pib hauv B altic States, Belarus thiab Kazakhstan. Thawj cov tub rog tau txais kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1960. Hom foob pob hluav taws no raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pabcuam hauv xyoo 1989 raws li kev pom zoo ntawm kev txo qis ntawm RSDM.
Nyob hauv av
Lub luag haujlwm rau kev xa tawm R-12 thiab R-14 missiles zoo ib yam nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws muab rautso tawm cov analogues ntawm R-5M hom. Qhov project yog tsim los ntawm TsKBTM thiab suav nrog:
- 8-U25 configuration portal installer;
- kev pabcuam platforms;
- txhim kho lub tsheb 8-U211;
- qauv tshuab 8-U210 tsim tawm ntawm Novokramatorsky Mashinostroitelny Kombinat.
Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub complex suav nrog 12 daim khoom siv. Rau kev tshaj tawm R-12U, 8P863 tsim tau muab. Ntawm qhov chaw sim Kapustin Yar, ob lub tso tawm tso tawm tau tsim, tsim tsis yog los ntsuas cov riam phom hauv nqe lus nug, tab sis kuj tseem tso tawm qhov chaw tso tsheb ntawm hom 63С1.
Tsim nuances
Thaum piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm R-12 missile, nws cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis raws li R-5M BRSDM yuav tsum raug sau tseg. Txawm tias qhov ntev tau muab ua ntej xyoo 1954 tau zoo ib yam rau cov qauv dhau los. Tom qab ntawd lawv ua tiav thiab nce qhov loj ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, ntxiv dag zog rau kev tsim kom muaj peev xwm nqa tau lub taub hau nuclear. Lub foob pob hluav taws layout muaj xws li lub taub hau compartment, ib tug oxidizer reservoir, ib tug pem hauv ntej kawg, ib tug tail compartment thiab ib tug roj tank.
Lub taub hau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau coated nrog textolite asbestos txheej. Lub warhead occupies peb-quarters ntawm lub warhead ntim thiab yog nruab nrog ib tug puag ncig hauv qab. Cov khoom no xaus nrog ib hom "daim tiab" ntawm aerodynamic configuration. Ib feem tau sib cais siv lub pneumatic pusher nrog pyrobolts. Cov thawj coj siv pneumatic xauv. Cov kev hloov pauv yog ua los ntawm txhuas alloy los ntawm riveting nrog ib tug duralumin ncej.
roj tank
Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm R-12 foob pob hluav taws, daim duab uasnthuav tawm hauv kev tshuaj xyuas, yog ua los ntawm tshwj xeeb txhuas muaj pes tsawg leeg AMG-6M. Cov khoom no zoo kawg nkaus tiv thaiv corrosion thiab cov teebmeem ntawm nitric acid, thiab yog tsau siv tsis siv neeg argon vuam. Ncej thiab stringers yog ua los ntawm duralumin hom D-19AT, sab compartments hauv ob sab phlu yog ua los ntawm ib tug zoo sib xws alloy ntawm D-16T configuration. Lub tank oxidizer tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws, nws tau nruab nrog lub nruab nrab hauv qab uas txhim kho qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm chav tsev vim tias muaj peev xwm dhau ntawm cov oxidizer los ntawm ib feem ntawm lub tank mus rau lwm qhov kab noj hniav yog tias tsim nyog.
Lub tank yog pressurized los ntawm kev decomposition ntawm cov dej ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hydrogen peroxide, qhov kub ntawm uas tshaj 500 degrees. Ntawm cov qauv serial, cov txheej txheem no kuj tau ua nrog kev koom tes ntawm compressed cua. Hauv kev hloov kho R-12U, tus qauv tsim ntawm lub tank oxidizing tau hloov kho tshiab, suav nrog kev suav ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov txuas ntxiv. Rau qhov no, nws tsis tsim nyog los faib lub tank rau hauv ob qhov chaw, lub siab ntawm compressed cua huab cua yog txaus.
Dab tsi lwm qhov txawv qhov txawv nyob ntawd
Txuas ntxiv cov lus piav qhia ntawm R-12 foob pob hluav taws, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov ntsuas ntsuas hauv nws nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub tank roj. Cable tso thiab pneumatic txoj kev yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub sab nrauv hull nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb grottoes. Lub tail seem kom haum rau plaub lub chav tsev fais fab yog nruab nrog ib qho kev nthuav dav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "daim tiab", uas muaj pylons ntawm static aerodynamic stabilizers. Qhov kev tsim no ntxiv txhim kho qhov chaw nruab nrab. Nyob ntawmversion nrog cov lus "U" cov khoom no tsis muaj.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov cuaj luaj R-12 thiab R-14 suav nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:
- AMG alloy zoo kawg nkaus welded;
- nws tsis raug rau cov txheej txheem corrosive;
- seams tsis mloog kev ntxhov siab hauv zos;
- khoom tsis muaj zog heev, tab sis muaj qhov ntsuas siab plasticity;
- B-95 alloy tsis siv rau hauv cov qauv welded, qiv los ntawm Germans, tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov dav hlau tub rog dav hlau.
Steel ntawm hom no nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog tau dav siv nyob rau hauv pej xeem thiab tub rog aviation, nws cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws kev tshawb fawb pib tsuas yog tom qab kev huam yuaj ntawm ob AN-10 aircraft nrog ntau tus neeg raug tsim txom. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom raug hloov nrog D-16 alloy, ua tiav los ntawm forging thiab nias.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm R-12 missile
Cov hauv qab no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm riam phom hauv nqe lus nug:
- cav ntev / taub - 2380/1500 mm;
- lub cev hnyav - 0.64t;
- foob pob hluav taws ntev / lub taub hau - 22.76 / 1.8 m;
- span stabilizers - 2,65 m;
- qauv loj thiab qhov taw qhia zoo sib xws ntawm oxidizer - 4.0 / 2.9 t;
- hnyav ntawm kev tswj cov khoom siv - 0.4 t;
- nqi - los ntawm 1.2 txog 5.0 txhiab mais;
- kev npaj rau kev tso tawm - 2-3 teev.
Cav
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm OKB-586 raws li kev txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm ntawm RD-212 ZhR. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho ntawm theem pib ntawm Buran cruise missile. Xyoo 1955-1957 muajtsim thiab kuaj ntawm RD-214 hom cav. Thaum lub sij hawm cov kev ntsuam xyuas, ntau tshaj li ib puas qhov kev ntsuam xyuas hluav taws ntawm lub chamber tau ua, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus txiav txim qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsim ntawm lub cylindrical combustion chamber. Nws tau nruab nrog lub taub hau lub taub hau thiab peb-theem system rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ua haujlwm, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom.
Kho qhov ntsuas tsis tau ntawm chav tsev fais fab hauv qhov kev teeb tsa tag nrho tau ua tiav hauv ob theem. Thaum pib, cov engineers tau kho qhov kev tso tawm thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm. Nyob rau theem tom ntej, kev ntsuam xyuas hluav taws tau ua rau muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev kho cov mem tes sib kis txhawm rau muab qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb. Nws tau pom pom tias qhov ntsuas no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua tiav thaum lub cav yog deactivated ntawm theem kawg traction theem. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub cav RD-412 tau dhau los ua thawj lub tshuab ua kua foob pob hluav taws uas muaj zog uas ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog mus txog 33 feem pua ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas. Thaum tsim chav tsev no, nws tau ntseeg tias cov txheej txheem no ntawm cov khoom siv nitric acid yog tsis yooj yim sua. Nyob rau theem kawg, cov neeg tsim khoom tau ua haujlwm tawm lub cav ntawm qhov sawv ntsug thiab thaum ua tiav cov kev xeem. Lub thrust ntawm lub installation nyob ze rau hauv av yog 64.75 tons, nyob rau hauv lub void - 70.7 tons, nyob rau hauv lub kawg theem hom - 21 tons.
Lwm txoj kev:
- tshwj xeeb impulse - 230 units;
- hom oxidizer - AK-27I, uas suav nrog nitric acid, aluminium oxide, dej thiab inhibitors;
- roj - kerosene nrog polymer distillate thiab lub teeb roj;
- hom roj mov - los ntawm superchargetanks thiab turbine twj tso kua mis;
- sijhawm ua haujlwm - 140 vib nas this;
- pib roj - tus kheej-igniter nrog oxidizer, loaded ua ntej lub ntsiab refueling.
Kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua
Thaum npaj tau, R-12 8K63 missile muaj ntau txoj haujlwm:
- npaj txhij. Txhua hom roj tau ntim nrog roj pib. Lub sijhawm siv nyob rau hauv lub xeev no yog 30 hnub, kev npaj rau kev tshaj tawm yog 20 feeb.
- Npaj siab heev. Lub foob pob hluav taws nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw tua, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau kev tso tawm tau nkag mus rau hauv lub kaw lus. Kev npaj ua ntej pib yog 60 feeb, lub sijhawm nyob hauv lub xeev no yog peb lub hlis.
- Kev npaj siab ntawm qib thib ob. Rocket nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm technical nrog npaj gyro. Hauv lub xeev no, riam phom tuaj yeem khaws cia rau xya xyoo (tag nrho lub sijhawm lav). Kwv yees lub sij hawm tso tawm - 200 feeb.
- Kev npaj tas mus li. Lub foob pob hluav taws yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev kuaj xyuas, ntawm txoj haujlwm kev, tsis muaj lub taub hau thiab cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb.
Cov khoom siv sib ntaus sib tua ntawm R-12 missile, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus qhia saum toj no, suav nrog cov pa roj foob pob hluav taws uas hnyav 1.36 tons. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub complex tuaj yeem nruab nrog lub taub hau nuclear nyob rau hauv txoj cai "khoom 49".
Kev hloov kho
Ntau qhov analogs tau tsim los ntawm kev xav txog hom riam phom. Ntawm lawv:
- Prototype R-12Sh. Nws tau tsom mus rau kev tsim tawm los ntawm kev sim Mayak-hom launcher. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1958, cov lus txib ntawm tus thawj cojM. Nedelin, uas tau qhia tias yuav tsum tsim ob lub mines ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim. Ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tsim tau koom nrog kev tsim qauv. Xws li complexes tau nruab nrog lub iav pib hauv lub pob zeb pob zeb. Ib qho kev sim pib ntawm kev sim foob pob hluav taws tau ua rau lub Cuaj Hlis 1959. Nws hloov tawm los ua tsis tiav. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg tsim khoom tau nthuav tawm qhov deformation ntawm lub khob steel, tom qab kev hloov kho lawv tau ua ntau qhov kev ua tiav.
- Hloov kho 8K63U. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm R 12 foob pob hluav taws ntawm hom no suav nrog nws qhov sib xws, uas tseem tso cai rau nws tawm los ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws hauv av. Rau cov laj thawj no, Dvina silo tau tsim, cov yam ntxwv ntawm peb yuav xav txog ntau yam ntxiv tom qab. Thawj qhov kev tso tawm ntawm chav sib ntaus sib tua tau ua rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1961. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov chaw tshiab tau ua tiav kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1963, nws tau txais kev pom zoo thaum Lub Ib Hlis 64. Tus nqi sib ntaus sib tua yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis muaj aerodynamic stabilizers thiab kev tswj hwm kev hloov kho.
- Tus qauv R-12N kuj tau tsom mus rau hauv av thiab hauv av xa tawm complexes. Nws aggregates nrog cov cuab yeej ntawm hom 8-P-863. Lub xov tooj ntawm tes ntawm cov cuab yeej no tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam thaum Lub Xya Hli 1963, kev faib tawm yog nyob hauv Plunga.
Npaj qhov tseeb
Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1962, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 664th Missile Regiment tau ua lub luag haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua. Twb tau nyob rau lub Ob Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo, tag nrho yim chav ua haujlwm kuj tau ua haujlwm thiab ua kom lawv cov kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov kev tawm dag zog thiab kev tawm dag zog tshwj xeeb.
Lub Rau Hli ntawm tib lub xyoo, Kev Ua Haujlwm Anadyr tau ua tiav, thaum lub sijhawm ntawdNws yuav tsum tau muab ib qho kev faib ntawm peb txoj kev nyob hauv teb chaws Cuba. Qhov no ua rau Cuban Missile Crisis. Asmeskas kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm ntes tau R-12 missiles nyob rau hauv cov kob, lub hom phiaj ntawm uas yog nqa nuclear warheads. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev daws qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb, ob tog tau pom zoo rau kev tshem tawm cov riam phom no. Nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo, cov cuaj luaj lawv tus kheej raug tshem tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm tau raug tshem tawm. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tawm hauv tebchaws Cuba thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1962.
Nyob rau xyoo 1963, kev sim tso tawm ntawm qhov kev sim ua qauv tau ua ib feem ntawm kev sim ntawm Rocket Plane, tsim los ntawm Chelomey tsim chaw ua haujlwm.
Xyoo 1965, tag nrho cov neeg tua hluav taws hauv lub tebchaws muaj txog 608 units. Qhov chaw ntawm R-12 missiles: Ostrov, Khabarovsk, Razdolnoe, Kolomyia, Pervomaisk, Pinsk, Khmelnitsky thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw uas zoo nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tso tawm tswv yim.
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lawv tau sim ib tug unmanned orbital foob pob ua ntxaij dav hlau ntawm BOR hom, tsim los ntawm Mikoyan Design Bureau. Los ntawm 1976 mus rau nruab nrab-1977, tsib lub foob pob hluav taws A-350Zh thiab A-350R interceptor missiles tau ua. Kev sim tau tshwm sim ntawm Aldan chaw cob qhia. Cov hom phiaj yog cov hom phiaj xwm txheej hauv daim ntawv BSRD teeb tsa 8-K63 thiab 8-K65. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb qhov kev xa tawm ntawm A-350Zh kev hloov kho tau raug teeb tsa rau lub hom phiaj tiag tiag ntawm txoj haujlwm 8-K63.
Hauv xyoo 1978, lub hauv paus nrog cov lus qhia ntawm cov cuaj luaj hauv Lithuania (Plokshtin) raug kaw. Xyoo 1984, R-12 thiab R-14 tsuas yog nyob hauv European ib feem ntawm Union, tag nrho cov naj npawb yog 24 daim. Nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1987, ib daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau kev txo qis ntawm INF Treaty. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, 65 deployed complexes, 105 non-deployed missiles thiab ntau dua raug tshem tawm.80 tso tawm chaw nres tsheb. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau lees paub, xyoo 1988 USSR muaj 149 missiles ntawm qhov teeb tsa no hauv kev khaws cia. Xyoo 1989, raws li kev pom zoo ntawm Soviet Union thiab Tebchaws Meskas, R-12s raug tshem tawm. Thaum lub sij hawm serial ntau lawm, 2300 units ntawm hom riam phom no tau tsim. Daim ntawv kawg raug rhuav tshem thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1990 hauv cheeb tsam Brest.
Export
Kev hloov kho R-12 thiab R-14 tsis raug xa tawm. Muaj pov thawj los ntawm qee qhov chaw uas cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam tau raug xa mus rau Tuam Tshoj hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv no muaj feem xyuam rau DongFeng-1 IRBM, uas muaj thaj tsam ntawm 1250 mais thiab yog Suav analogue ntawm R-5M system.
USSR tau nto moo rau nws lub zog tub rog. Rau ib qho laj thawj lossis lwm qhov, tsis yog txhua qhov haujlwm tau ua tiav. Qhov no tsis tuaj yeem hais txog R-12 thiab R-14 ballistic missiles. Tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, engineers tau txais ib qho riam phom uas txaus ntshai tiag tiag rau ntau tus yeeb ncuab muaj peev xwm thiab muaj peev xwm nqa tau cov nqi nuclear. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov no yog qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag hauv kev tsim cov riam phom zoo li no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg tsim khoom ib txhij tsim lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws ua kua ua kua nrog cov yam ntxwv uas ua haujlwm tsis sib xws hauv ntiaj teb.
