Architect Zholtovsky Ivan Vladislavovich: biography, ua hauj lwm

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Architect Zholtovsky Ivan Vladislavovich: biography, ua hauj lwm
Architect Zholtovsky Ivan Vladislavovich: biography, ua hauj lwm

Video: Architect Zholtovsky Ivan Vladislavovich: biography, ua hauj lwm

Video: Architect Zholtovsky Ivan Vladislavovich: biography, ua hauj lwm
Video: Архитектор Иван Жолтовский две эпохи в одной биографии 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Zholtovsky Ivan Vladislavovich occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture. Thaum nws lub neej ntev, sib txawv hauv cov xwm txheej thiab kev xav, nws tau tswj hwm los tsim ntau lub vaj tsev zoo, cov tsev lag luam thiab cov vaj huam sib luag loj. Raws li koj tau pom, tus kws kes duab vajtse txuj ci yog ntau yam, kev tshaj lij thiab tsim txiaj.

Tus kws kes duab vajtse Zholtovsky
Tus kws kes duab vajtse Zholtovsky

Dab tsi yog qhov zais ntawm nws txoj kev vam meej thiab yoog raws? Yuav ua li cas tus neeg txawj ntse thiab txawj craftsman tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb thiab muaj koob meej thaum tig ntawm ob lub tebchaws? Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm rau peb tiam neeg niaj hnub no? Cia peb kawm.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws

Cov ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Ivan Zholtovsky hnub rov qab mus rau 1867, thaum ib tug tub yug hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg pluag Catholic av. Qhov kev tshwm sim ci ntsa iab no tshwm sim thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg lig, hauv lub zos me me ntawm Belarusian ntawm Pinsk, nto moo rau nws cov chaw nres nkoj.

Tus tub hluas-tus tswv av txij thaum yau nyiam kos duab thiab mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm thiab kev rau siab rau txoj haujlwm no. Nws tuav cov duab thiab ntim ntawm cov khoom zoo, ua txuj ci tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv.

Muaj tseeb rau nws lub peev xwm, cov tub ntxhais hluas Ivan Zholtovsky tam sim ntawd tom qab ua tiav nws cov kev kawm ntawm lub gymnasium (uas, los ntawm txoj kev, nws kawm tiav nrog ib tug kub puav pheej) tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub Academy of Arts. Thaum ntawd, cov tub ntxhais hluas txawj ntse muaj nees nkaum xyoo.

Tshaj tawm txoj ntsiab cai

Kev cob qhia hauv Academy tau ua tiav tom qab kaum ib xyoos. Vim li cas thiaj siv sij hawm ntev? Qhov tseeb yog tias cov niam txiv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tsis tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nws hauv lub peev, yog li cov tub ntxhais hluas Ivan nws tus kheej yuav tsum khwv tau nws txoj sia los ntawm kev koom nrog ntau yam kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov kev xyaum no tsis tau poob tag nrho cov txuj ci txawv tshaj plaw architectural ntawm Belarusian, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ntxiv dag zog rau nws, tsim thiab txhim kho nws.

Slava xinesmas
Slava xinesmas

Ua tsaug rau qhov tau txais cov txuj ci tsim nyog, tus kws kos duab tshiab Zholtovsky tau paub txog qhov chaw tsim kho los ntawm sab hauv, paub txog txhua qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm muaj tswv yim, saib hauv kev nqis tes ua nws paub txog thaum ntawd tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv.. Tam sim no, nrog rau kev tsim kho ntxiv thiab txhim kho cov tsev, cov tub ntxhais hluas tuaj yeem siv cov kev paub tau txais thiab tsim nws tus kheej tej yaam num, tso siab rau txhua yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim ua lag luam. Thiab nws tsis mus unnoticed.

thawj ua haujlwm

Cov haujlwm thaum ntxov ntawm Ivan Vladislavovich Zholtovsky yog sketches ntawm ib lub tsev tsev, ntau yam kev lag luam thiab cov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau, kev tsim kho thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm Yusupov Palace hauv St. Petersburg, cov haujlwm ntawm monuments rau homeopath Hahnemann thiab tus kws kes duab vajtse Ton..

Tag nrho cov creation ntawm ib tug novice architect uas tseem kawm nyob rau hauvCov kev kawm tau txawv los ntawm kev nkag siab tob, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev txawj ntse tsis tau pom dua. Rau qee tus ntawm lawv, nws tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj zoo thiab cov khoom plig txhawb siab.

Kev qhia ua haujlwm

Tom qab kawm tiav nws txoj kev kawm, Zholtovsky tau tsiv mus rau Moscow, qhov chaw nws tau txais kev qhia ua haujlwm ntawm Stroganov Art School.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia, Ivan Vladislavovich txhawb nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog kos rau ntawm daim ntawv, tab sis mus delve rau hauv tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam, los ntawm lub hauv paus nteg mus rau stucco ua hauj lwm. Nws ntseeg hais tias tsuas yog kev xyaum thiab ua tib zoo mloog kom meej meej thiaj li yuav ua rau tus kws tsim vaj tsev txawj ntse tiag tiag.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev qhia tsis cuam tshuam tus kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm nws txoj kev hu tiag. Nws tau koom tes nrog kev tsim hauv nroog.

Ua haujlwm ntxov hauv Moscow

Ib qho ntawm thawj lub tsev tsim tsa los ntawm tus kws kos duab Zholtovsky hauv lub nroog yog lub tsev ntawm haiv neeg haiv neeg.

Tarasov tsev
Tarasov tsev

Thawj txoj kev npaj ntawm tus qauv tau tsim raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv Gothic style. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kho nws tus kheej, tus kws kos duab hluas tau hloov nws tus kheej qhov project thiab txhim kho lub tsev zoo nkauj, uas nws ci ntsa iab thiab tsis tshua sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab Empire style nrog Italian Renaissance. Lub tsev sib haum xeeb ua kom muaj ntau qhov chaw xws li chaw ruaj khov, tsev noj mov, chav pabcuam, ntau chav sawv ntsug thiab hippodrome nws tus kheej.

Lwm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Ivan Vladislavovich yog lub tsev zoo nkauj tsim nyob rauVvedenskaya Square thiab hauv Txoj Kev Tuag, nrog rau cov tsev lag luam thiab pej xeem cov tsev tsim rau lub Hoobkas Konovalov hauv lub zos Bonyachki.

Rau nws qhov kev pab cuam ntau ntxiv rau kev tsim kho kev lag luam ntawm lub peev, tus kws kos duab Zholtovsky tau txais lub npe ntawm kev kawm.

Italian style

Cov haujlwm muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Zholtovsky tau cuam tshuam zoo los ntawm nws cov neeg paub nrog cov qauv qub, tus qauv uas tus kws tsim vaj tsev Lavxias suav tias yog Italian Andrea Palladio.

Imitating nws, nws tsim ntau cov qauv zoo nkauj thiab zoo siab, tsis yog tsuas yog Palladian motifs, tab sis kuj ntawm nws tus kheej kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhais lus. Ib lub tsev no yog Tarasov lub tsev, ua rau xyoo 1910.

Ivan Vladislavovich Zholtovsky
Ivan Vladislavovich Zholtovsky

Thaum saib, lub tsev loj zoo li yog ib daim qauv ntawm Palazzo Thiene hauv Venice, tsim los ntawm Palladio ob peb centuries dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem.

Ivan Vladislavovich nthuav tawm nws txoj haujlwm sib txawv: Tarasov lub tsev, sib piv rau lub tsev loj medieval, yog airy thiab hnyav. Nws proportions tsis hnyav rau saum, tab sis lightened. Lawv ua raws li cov tswv yim thiab cov kev cai ntawm lub sijhawm.

Kev mob siab rau Renaissance tau tshwm sim hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm Zholtovsky. Nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, nws tau mus xyuas Ltalis ntau tshaj nees nkaum zaug, qhov chaw uas nws tau soj ntsuam thiab tshawb txog ntau yam ntawm nws nyiam architectural monuments. Ua tsaug rau nws ntau cov duab kos duab, kev ntsuas thiab cov xim dej, tus kws kos duab Lavxias tuaj yeem txhim kho thiab txhim kho cov qauv qub, tsim nws tus kheej, kev sau ntawv tshiab.

Kev tawm tsam thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw

Tus kws kes duab vajtse Zholtovsky tau ua siab ntev rau cov xwm txheej xyoo 1917. Nws txuas ntxiv tsim nws cov masterpieces, tau qhia rau Lenin, tham nrog nws cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim kho ob peb zaug, thiab tau koom nrog kev qhia ua haujlwm.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub caug-rau, Ivan Vladislavovich tau mus rau Ltalis, raws li lawv hais, ntawm txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau yuav, qhov kev mus ncig no yog kev sim ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, uas tsuas yog peb xyoos xwb. Ces tus kws kes duab vajtse rov qab los. Hauv tsev, nws cov duab kos thiab cov phiaj xwm tseem xav tau thiab xav tau.

Ua haujlwm thawj zaug hauv Union

Tam sim tom qab rov qab los, Zholtovsky tau tso siab rau peb txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws rov tsim lub Xeev Lub Tuam Txhab ntawm Txoj Kev Neglinnaya (hauv kev tsim qauv uas nws siv cov facades thiab pilasters), ua lub tsev MOGES boiler (tsim nyob rau hauv avant-garde style, nrog iav facade phab ntsa) thiab tsoom fwv tsev nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Makhachkala. (embodied lub tswv yim classical ntawm Renaissance nrog rau medieval Muslim motifs).

thaj chaw nyob

Cov haujlwm tom ntej ntawm Ivan Vladislavovich yog cov tsev nyob. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Zholtovsky, tsim cov cheeb tsam tiag tiag, qhia cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj ntawm Venetian palaces rau hauv lawv. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no yog lub tsev xya-zaj ntawm Mokhovaya Street.

Tus kws kes duab vajtse Zholtovsky vaj tse nyob
Tus kws kes duab vajtse Zholtovsky vaj tse nyob

Lub tsev yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib nrab-colonnade ntawm yim units, decorated nrog peev thiab fusts. Sab saum toj ob pem teb yog npaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug loosened entablature thiab xaus nrog ib tug protruding cornice.

Nws tau nthuav thiab ntau yamCov qauv tsim ntawm cov chav hauv lub tsev raug xa mus - cov qab nthab tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab kos duab, thiab txhua qhov rooj muaj nws tus kheej qauv.

Ntawm lwm cov tsev tsev nyob ua los ntawm Zholtovsky, cov tsev nyob ntawm Bolshaya Kaluga thiab Smolenskaya squares sawv tawm, qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm thaj chaw nyob hauv Sochi kuj yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev.

Reconstruction ntawm Moscow Hippodrome

Txoj haujlwm tom ntej ntawm tus kws kos duab Soviet yog kev tsim kho lub tsev thiab sawv ntawm Moscow Hippodrome, uas raug puas tsuaj thaum hluav taws kub xyoo 1949. Kev tsim kho dua tshiab tau siv sijhawm tsib xyoos, thiab qhov no yog qhov ua tiav.

lub tsev thiab sawv ntawm Moscow hippodrome
lub tsev thiab sawv ntawm Moscow hippodrome

Raws li txoj cai tawm tsam kev cai dab qhuas ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, txhua qhov kev kho kom zoo nkauj mythological nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pagan nymphs thiab vajtswv poj niam raug tshem tawm ntawm sab nraud ntawm lub tsev. Tsuas yog sculptures tseem tshuav, coj lub tswv yim zoological thiab ntaus pob ncaws pob.

Lwm cov kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim ntawm hippodrome yog qhov loj heev colonnade, nrog rau ntau yam stucco moldings ntawm Soviet thiab nees ntsiab.

Public buildings

Ntawm lwm lub tsev pej xeem ntawm Ivan Vladislavovich, Slava xinesmas, qhib rau xyoo 1958, ib xyoos ua ntej kev tuag ntawm tus kws kos duab, sawv tawm.

Ivan Zholtovsky thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb
Ivan Zholtovsky thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb

Muaj ob lub tsev hais plaub hauv lub tsev zoo nkauj, peb theem siab thiab muaj peev xwm txog cuaj puas tus neeg. Plaub kab ntawm Slava xinesmas, txuas nrog ua khub, xaus nrog daim duab peb sab pediment nrog lub koov carved, uas tau hais txog qhov zoo los ntawm kev nyem.

Txoj siaway

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, Ivan Vladislavovich Zholtovsky tau ua haujlwm txog thaum nws tuag, uas tau kov yeej nws hauv cuaj caum-ob xyoo ntawm nws lub neej. Cov hauj lwm tsis ntev los no ntawm tus tswv uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig yog Lub Tsev ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj Kev Lag Luam thiab lub tsev ntawm Stroganov State Academy, nrog rau Livadia sanatorium "Gorny" (Crimea), ua raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kws kos duab tom qab nws tuag..

khoom plig thiab nco

Tus txiv neej uas tau tsim ntau lub tsev lag luam thiab pej xeem hauv cov qauv ntawm classicism, uas tau los ua ib tus tsim ntawm Stalinist architecture, tau txais ntau lub npe qhuas, khoom plig thiab kev txiav txim. Nws tseem nco qab txog nws qhov kev pab cuam ntau ntxiv rau kev txhim kho lub peev thiab Lavxias kos duab, uas nws tau ua thoob plaws nws txoj haujlwm ntev.

Yog, nws yog Ivan Zholtovsky, nws lub cim xeeb tseem khaws cia rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv. Ib txoj kev nyob rau hauv Belarusian Pinsk tau muaj npe tom qab tus kws txawj ntse, nrog rau txoj kev hauv Prokopyevsk, lub nroog hauv cheeb tsam Kemerovo. Nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm Zholtovsky, lub puav pheej "Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev pab cuam rau architectural kev kawm ntawv" tau tsim nyob rau hauv 2008.

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