German pawg ntseeg nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation: duab, keeb kwm, piav qhia

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:52

thawj lub tsev teev ntuj German hauv Russia tau tsim hauv Moscow tom qab tshwj xeeb tsar kev tso cai los ntawm Ivan the Terrible. Kev tsim kho tau ua tiav los ntawm 1576, thiab lub tuam tsev raug fij rau hauv kev hwm ntawm St. Michael. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Russia, tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij German tau nce tas li, thiab txij li mus txog 3/4 ntawm lawv tau koom nrog Lutherans, kev tsim kho ntawm Lutheran pawg ntseeg tau muaj nyob hauv lawv cov zej zog. Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm lub hwj chim Soviet, feem ntau ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj raug rhuav tshem los yog hloov mus rau lwm lub hom phiaj. Tab sis tom qab xyoo 1988, kev tsim lub Koom Txoos German Lutheran hauv USSR thiab lub xeev vau, ntau lub tsev teev ntuj, hu ua kirchs, rov qab mus rau lawv lub hom phiaj qub. Ib txhia ntawm lawv, sawv cev ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam, raug cais raws li architectural monuments.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm lub Koom Txoos German hauv Russia

Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, ntau lub zej zog German tau lees paub, ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Tula, Perm. Hauv qee lub nroogTom qab lub tsev tso cai muab los ntawm Moscow lub tsev teev ntuj, kev tsim kho ntawm Lutheran pawg ntseeg kuj pib.

Thaum lub sijhawm Peter the Great txoj kev hloov kho, nrog rau lawv cov kev txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau lub xeev ntawm cov kws tshaj lij txawv tebchaws, cov neeg German Lutherans nkag mus rau hauv Russia tau nce ntau. Nyob rau hauv lub manifesto ntawm 1702, Peter I, ntawm lwm yam kev cai, tau tso cai rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws dawb kev ntseeg, uas tau muab lawv txoj cai rau pej xeem pe hawm thiab tsim tsev teev ntuj nyob qhov twg hauv lub nroog, thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub German Quarter, raws li twb tau hais ua ntej lawm. Thaum lub xyoo pua 18th, Lutheran cov zej zog tsim tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam hauv nroog xws li St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Smolensk, Tobolsk, Kazan, Omsk, Orenburg, Mogilev, Polotsk. Lub Koom Txoos German tau muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub nroog no.

Kev nthuav tawm ntawm pawg ntseeg Lutheran hauv tebchaws Russia

Ib qho chaw loj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv German, uas tau nyiam los ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm Empress, ua raws tom qab xyoo 1763. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam ntawm Catherine II yog kom muaj cov neeg nyob qis qis ntawm thaj tsam Volga, thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub, sab qab teb ntawm Mev Russia, Bessarabia, thiab North Caucasus. Alexander kuv txuas ntxiv mus ib yam, tsis ntev no ntau lub zej zog German nrog Lutheran pawg ntseeg tau tshwm sim hauv cov cheeb tsam no.

Raws li cov tsev teev ntuj txheeb cais, los ntawm 1905 lub nroog St. Petersburg muaj 145 lub tsev teev ntuj Lutheran, Moscow - 142. Qhov kev sib haum xeeb nrog cov pawg ntseeg German coob tshaj plaws yog St. Petersburg, qhov twg twb muaj txij li xyoo 1703. Txij li thaum tsim lub nroog, thawj lub tsev teev ntuj German ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Nws yog ntoo thiab me, nrog ib lub tswb nrov.

Sab hauv nta

Lub Lutheran pawg ntseeg tsis xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj sab hauv raws li qee yam canons. Classical churches muaj kev faib ib txwm rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv nrog ib tug nave, ib tug narthex, choirs, ib tug transept thiab ib lub thaj. Ib los yog ob lub tswb pej thuam feem ntau nce siab saum narthex (pritor). Kev teeb tsa ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Lutheran niaj hnub nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev thiab cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem npaj sib txawv, tsis muaj kev zoning sab hauv thiab cov yees saum qhov nkag.

Lwm yam ntawm pawg ntseeg, txawv ntawm pawg ntseeg Protestant feem ntau, yog lub tuam tsev pleev xim, uas Lutheranism tsis muab qhov tseem ceeb rau, xws li hauv Catholicism. Kev tsim sab hauv tuaj yeem raug txwv rau lub thaj, lossis muaj frescoes, mosaics, stained iav, thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus.

Architectural nta

Raws li kev tsim sab hauv, lub Koom Txoos Dawb Huv German them rau kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Tsis muaj kev txwv rau cov qauv ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj German, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog masterpieces ntawm lub tuam tsev architecture. Lawv cov tsos qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv kev tsim vaj tsev, thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tsev tsim. Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance style tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv cov tsev teev ntuj German uas yog ib zaugtsim los ntawm Catholics thiab dhau mus rau hauv lub Koom Txoos Lutheran. Cov vaj tse tau tsim txij li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lees txim, uas yog, txij li thaum xyoo pua 16th, sib raug rau cov qauv ntawm baroque thiab classicism, cov tuam tsev ntawm xyoo pua 19th yog cov qauv neo-gothic, thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th embodied cov ntaub ntawv. ntawm modernity. Cov duab German ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho cov qauv teev tseg. Cov yam ntxwv rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Russia thiab lub qub Soviet koom pheej yog architecture, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm baroque, classicism thiab neo-gothic. Rau tag nrho cov tuam tsev German ib txwm muaj, peb lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv.

Cathedrals

Cov no yog cov tsev loj heev uas lub tsev lossis ib zaug nyob rau hauv pawg ntseeg pom. Muaj ob peb lub tsev ntawm hom no nyob rau hauv Russia, teej tug mus rau lub German pawg ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv Kaliningrad, ib tug tshwj xeeb lub tsev ntawm lub inactive cathedral ntawm 1380 nrog lub rarest Gothic architecture nyob rau hauv Russia tau khaws cia. Lub Dome Cathedral no yog fij rau hauv lub npe ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv thiab St. Adalbert, nws yog ranked ntawm cov monuments ntawm architecture thiab kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam. Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Peter thiab Paul - lub tsev teev ntuj German xyoo 1838 hauv St. Petersburg, nrog rau lub tuam tsev archiepiscopal ntawm ELKRAS nyob rau hauv nws. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau hauv Moscow yog ib lub tsev teev ntuj qub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, tsim nyob rau hauv 1695 thiab reconstructed nyob rau hauv 1818. Nws nyob hauv archiepiscopal pom ntawm ELTSER.

Churches thiab chapels

Ib hom kev cai dab qhuas tsev yog pawg ntseeg pawg ntseeg. Lawv, qub thiab tshiab, nyob rau hauv Russiantau heev, suav nrog cov uas tsis tau ua haujlwm tam sim no lossis tau hloov kho rau lwm yam kev xav tau. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog lub tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj qub German hauv St. Lub tsev teev ntuj neo-Romanesque nrog Gothic ntsiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1864 ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub nroog Cathedral hauv Mainz. Lub tsev tau rov nruab dua dhau qhov kev lees paub los ntawm Soviet cov tub ceev xwm rau qhov chaw ua si ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm sib txuas lus. St. Petersburg tseem yog lub nroog Lavxias nrog ntau lub tsev teev ntuj ua los ntawm German Lutherans. Nrog lawv lub tuam tsev architecture, lawv tau coj ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb Western European kom pom lub nroog no.

Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj - ib lub tsev me me, feem ntau yog rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, tsim hauv toj ntxas, chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau, tsev kho mob, chaw nyob, tsev teev ntuj. Hauv cov tsev zoo li no, txhua txoj kev cai Lutheran tuaj yeem ua tau. Cov tsev teev ntuj German feem ntau tau ua hauv Neo-Gothic style thiab yog hom tsev teev ntuj ntau tshaj plaws.