Neo-Kantianism yog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv German lub tswv yim ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm 19th - 20th centuries. Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Neo-Kantianism. Lavxias teb sab Neo-Kan

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Neo-Kantianism yog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv German lub tswv yim ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm 19th - 20th centuries. Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Neo-Kantianism. Lavxias teb sab Neo-Kan
Neo-Kantianism yog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv German lub tswv yim ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm 19th - 20th centuries. Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Neo-Kantianism. Lavxias teb sab Neo-Kan

Video: Neo-Kantianism yog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv German lub tswv yim ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm 19th - 20th centuries. Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Neo-Kantianism. Lavxias teb sab Neo-Kan

Video: Neo-Kantianism yog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv German lub tswv yim ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm 19th - 20th centuries. Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Neo-Kantianism. Lavxias teb sab Neo-Kan
Video: Kant's Ethical Theory 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

"Rov qab rau Kant!" - nws yog nyob rau hauv no cov lus hais tias ib tug tshiab qauv tsim. Nws tau raug hu ua neo-Kantianism. Lo lus no feem ntau yog to taub raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Neo-Kantianism npaj fertile av rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm phenomenology, cuam tshuam lub tsim ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev ncaj ncees socialism, thiab pab cais lub ntuj thiab tib neeg sciences. Neo-Kantianism yog tag nrho cov txheej txheem uas muaj ntau lub tsev kawm tsim los ntawm cov thwjtim ntawm Kant.

Neo-Kantianism. Tsev

Raws li twb tau hais lawm, neo-Kantianism yog ib qho kev xav hauv lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries. Cov kev taw qhia thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv lub homeland ntawm eminent philosopher. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no yog kom rov ua kom Kant cov tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem hauv cov xwm txheej keeb kwm tshiab. Otto Liebman yog thawj tus tshaj tawm lub tswv yim no. Nws hais tias Kant lub tswv yim tuaj yeem yoghloov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev muaj tiag, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Cov tswv yim tseem ceeb tau piav qhia hauv txoj haujlwm "Kant thiab epigones".

Neo-Kantians thuam qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm txoj kev coj ua zoo thiab cov khoom lag luam metaphysics. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev sib hloov no yog kev txhawb siab ntawm kev hloov siab lees txim, uas yuav hais txog kev tsim lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev paub lub siab.

Neo-Kantianism yog qhov sib txawv loj uas muaj peb lub ntsiab lus qhia:

  1. "Physiological". Cov Neeg Sawv Cev: F. Lange thiab G. Helmholtz.
  2. Marburg tsev kawm ntawv. Cov Neeg Sawv Cev: G. Cohen, P. Natorp, E. Cassirer.
  3. Baden tsev kawm ntawv. Cov neeg sawv cev: V. Windelband, E. Lask, G. Rickert.

Revaluation problem

Kev tshawb fawb tshiab hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab lub cev muaj zog ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xav txog qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hnov lus, kev paub txog kev xav ntawm sab nraud. Qhov no tau ua rau kev hloov kho ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntuj thiab tau los ua qhov laj thawj rau kev thuam ntawm materialism. Yog li ntawd, neo-Kantianism yuav tsum rov ntsuas lub ntsiab lus ntawm metaphysics thiab tsim ib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev paub txog "kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus ntsuj plig."

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev thuam ntawm txoj kev xav tshiab yog kev qhia ntawm Immanuel Kant txog "txhua yam hauv lawv tus kheej". Neo-Kantianism suav tias yog "txhua yam hauv nws tus kheej" raws li "lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub". Neo-Kantianism tau hais tias qhov khoom ntawm kev paub yog tsim los ntawm tib neeg lub tswv yim, thiab tsis ua rau lwm tus.

Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant

Thawj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm neo-Kantianismtiv thaiv lub tswv yim hais tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev paub ib tug neeg perceives lub ntiaj teb no tsis raws li nws tiag tiag, thiab psychophysiological kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum liam rau qhov no. Tom qab ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tau hloov mus rau txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev paub txog cov txheej txheem los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav-kev xav. Lub sijhawm no, cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm neo-Kantianism pib tsim, uas suav tias yog Kant cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm ntau lub ces kaum.

Tsev Kawm Ntawv Marburg

Tus tsim ntawm qhov kev sib txawv no yog Hermann Cohen. Ntxiv rau nws, Paul Natorp, Ernst Cassirer, Hans Vaihinger tau pab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm neo-Kantianism. N. Hartmany, R. Korner, E. Husserl, I. Lapshin, E. Bernstein thiab L. Brunswik kuj poob rau hauv cov tswv yim ntawm Magbus neo-Kantianism.

Sim ua kom rov ua kom Kant lub tswv yim hauv kev tsim keeb kwm tshiab, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm neo-Kantianism pib los ntawm cov txheej txheem tiag tiag uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev tshawb fawb ntuj. Tawm tsam keeb kwm no, cov khoom tshiab thiab cov dej num rau kev kawm tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, ntau txoj cai ntawm Newtonian-Galilean mechanics tau tshaj tawm tias tsis raug, thiab, raws li, cov lus qhia txog kev xav thiab kev coj ua tau ua tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX-XX centuries. muaj ntau qhov kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev txhim kho ntawm neo-Kantianism:

  1. Txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, feem ntau tau lees paub tias lub ntiaj teb tau ua raws li cov cai ntawm Newtonian mechanics, lub sij hawm ntws sib npaug ntawm yav dhau los mus rau yav tom ntej, thiab qhov chaw yog raws li kev tawm tsam ntawm Euclidean geometry. Kev saib tshiab ntawm txhua yam tau qhib los ntawm Gauss cov lus qhia, uas hais txog qhov chaw ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tsis zoo.curvature. Cov tsis-Euclidean geometries ntawm Boya, Riemann thiab Lobachevsky yog suav hais tias zoo ib yam thiab muaj tseeb theories. Cov kev xav tshiab ntawm lub sijhawm thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog qhov chaw tau tsim, hauv qhov teeb meem no lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab tau ua los ntawm Einstein txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo, uas tau hais tias lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw sib cuam tshuam.
  2. Physicists pib tso siab rau lub tswv yim thiab lej apparatus hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj kev tshawb fawb, thiab tsis yog cov cuab yeej thiab cov tswv yim uas tsuas yog yooj yim piav qhia thiab piav qhia cov kev sim. Tam sim no qhov kev sim tau npaj ua lej thiab tsuas yog ua tiav hauv kev xyaum.
  3. Nws siv los ua qhov kev paub tshiab ua rau cov qub, uas yog, lawv tsuas yog ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv dav dav nyiaj txiag. Lub cumulative system ntawm views reigned. Qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub cev tshiab theories ua rau lub cev qhuav dej. Qhov uas siv los zoo li muaj tseeb tam sim no tau rov qab los rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb, tsis tiav.
  4. Raws li qhov kev sim, nws tau pom tseeb tias tus neeg tsis yog ua tib zoo xav txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig nws, tab sis nquag thiab lub hom phiaj tsim cov khoom ntawm kev nkag siab. Qhov ntawd yog, ib tug neeg ib txwm coj ib yam dab tsi ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Tom qab ntawd, lub tswv yim no tau hloov mus ua tag nrho "kev xav ntawm cov cim cim" ntawm cov neo-Kantians.

Txhua yam kev hloov pauv no yuav tsum muaj kev xav txog kev xav zoo. Cov neo-Kantians ntawm Marburg lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis sawv ib sab: lawv muab lawv tus kheej saib ntawm qhov tseeb uas tau tsim, raws li cov kev paub uas tau khaws los ntawm Kant cov phau ntawv. Qhov tseem ceeb thesis ntawm cov neeg sawv cevntawm cov qauv no tau hais tias txhua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb ua pov thawj rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev xav.

neo-kantianism yog
neo-kantianism yog

Lub siab tib neeg tsis yog xav txog lub ntiaj teb, tab sis muaj peev xwm tsim tau. Nws coj kev txiav txim rau lub incoherent thiab chaotic hav zoov. Tsuas yog ua tsaug rau lub zog muaj tswv yim ntawm lub siab, lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig tsis tig mus rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj thiab tsis muaj nyob. Yog vim li cas muab tej yam logic thiab lub ntsiab lus. Hermann Cohen tau sau tias kev xav nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua. Raws li qhov no, peb tuaj yeem tham txog ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev xav:

  • Principled anti-substantialism. Philosophers sim tso tseg qhov kev tshawb nrhiav rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua, uas tau txais los ntawm txoj kev ntawm mechanical abstraction. Cov neo-Kantians ntawm Magbur tsev kawm ntawv ntseeg hais tias tsuas yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov khoom yog kev sib txuas ua haujlwm. Cov kev sib txuas ua haujlwm zoo li no coj los rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ib qho kev sim paub lub ntiaj teb no, muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab thiab thuam.
  • Antiphysical teeb tsa. Cov lus no hu kom tsis txhob tsim cov duab sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws yog qhov zoo dua los kawm cov laj thawj thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb.

Kho Kant

Thiab tsis tau, ua raws li lub hauv paus theoretical los ntawm Kant cov phau ntawv, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Marburg lub tsev kawm ntawv raug nws cov lus qhia rau kev hloov kho loj. Lawv ntseeg hais tias Kant qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv lub absolutization ntawm tsim scientific txoj kev xav. Ua ib tug tub hluas ntawm nws lub sijhawm, tus kws tshawb fawb tau coj Newtonian mechanics thiab Euclidean geometry tiag tiag. Nws cojalgebra mus rau ib tug priori cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sensory contemplation, thiab mechanics rau qeb ntawm yog vim li cas. Neo-Kantians suav hais tias qhov kev qhia no yog qhov tsis raug.

Los ntawm Kant qhov kev thuam ntawm qhov laj thawj, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseeb tau raug tshem tawm tas li, thiab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub tswv yim ntawm "khoom hauv nws tus kheej". Marburgers ntseeg hais tias qhov kev kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsuas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav. Tsis muaj ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob ntawm lawv tus kheej, hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tsuas muaj qhov ua tau zoo uas tsim los ntawm kev xav txog kev xav.

E. Cassirer hais tias tib neeg tsis paub cov khoom, tab sis objectively. Lub neo-Kantian saib ntawm kev tshawb fawb txheeb xyuas cov khoom ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb nrog cov ntsiab lus; cov kws tshawb fawb tau tso tseg tag nrho kev tawm tsam ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm tus. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev taw qhia tshiab ntawm Kantianism ntseeg hais tias tag nrho cov kev ua lej dependencies, lub tswv yim ntawm electromagnetic tsis, lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, kev cai lij choj kev sib raug zoo yog ib tug hluavtaws khoom ntawm cov kev ua ntawm tib neeg lub siab, uas tus neeg txiav txim muaj tiag, thiab tsis yog lub hom phiaj cov yam ntxwv. yam. P. Natorp sib cav hais tias tsis xav yuav tsum ua raws li cov ntsiab lus, tab sis vice versa.

Ernst Cassirer
Ernst Cassirer

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neo-Kantians ntawm Marburg tsev kawm ntawv thuam qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Kantian lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw. Nws suav hais tias lawv yog cov qauv ntawm kev nkag siab, thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev xav tshiab - cov qauv kev xav.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg ntawm Marburg yuav tsum tau muab rau lawv vim muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev tshawb fawb, thaum cov kws tshawb fawb tsis ntseeg txog lub peev xwm tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg lub siab. Nrog rau kev sib kis ntawm positivism thiab cov khoom siv tshuab, philosophers tau tswj hwm txoj haujlwm ntawm kev xav xav hauv kev tshawb fawb.

Raws

Marburgers kuj yog hais tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb theoretical thiab scientific idealizations yuav ib txwm yog thiab yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub siab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, thiab tsis tau muab rho tawm los ntawm tib neeg kev ua neej. Tau kawg, muaj cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov tseeb, piv txwv li, "lub cev dub zoo tagnrho" lossis "qhov taw tes lej". Tab sis lwm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev thiab lej yog qhov piav qhia tau zoo thiab nkag siab vim yog kev tsim theoretical uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev paub dhau los.

Lwm lub tswv yim ntawm neo-Kantians tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm qhov tseeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub. Qhov no feem ntau muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog lej theories, uas yog lub rooj zaum tsim ntawm tus kws tshaj lij thiab dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev cog lus kev tsim kho thiab siv tswv yim. Tsis tas li ntawd: niaj hnub no, computer technology yog raws li cov qauv kev xav tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Ib yam li ntawd, lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws tau xeeb tub ntev ua ntej thawj lub foob pob hluav taws ya mus rau saum ntuj.

Nws kuj yog qhov tseeb tias cov neo-Kantians xav tias keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab sab nraud ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhim kho cov tswv yim thiab cov teeb meem. Tseem tsis tau muaj lus nug txog kev txiav txim siab ncaj ncees thiab kab lis kev cai.

Feem ntau, kev xav ntiaj teb kev xav ntawm neo-Kantians yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsis lees paub txhua yam ntawm kev xav txog kev xav los ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm Schopenhauer thiab Nietzsche rauua haujlwm ntawm Bergson thiab Heidegger.

Txoj kev coj ncaj ncees

Marburgers sawv rau kev xav. Txawm hais tias lawv cov lus qhuab qhia kev coj ncaj ncees tau ua tiav nrog kev xav. Lawv ntseeg tias txawm tias cov tswv yim coj ncaj ncees muaj qhov ua tau zoo-logical thiab tsim kev txiav txim zoo. Cov tswv yim no coj los ua lub npe hu ua social ideal, raws li tib neeg yuav tsum tsim lawv lub neej nyob.

kev thuam ntawm kev txiav txim
kev thuam ntawm kev txiav txim

Kev ywj pheej, uas yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev sib raug zoo, yog cov qauv ntawm neo-Kantian lub zeem muag ntawm cov txheej txheem keeb kwm thiab kev sib raug zoo. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Marburg qauv yog kev tshawb fawb. Qhov ntawd yog, lawv ntseeg tias kev tshawb fawb yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm tib neeg kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig.

Flaws

Neo-Kantianism yog kev xav txog kev xav uas rov xav txog Kant lub tswv yim. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov tseeb ntawm Marburg lub tswv yim, nws muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.

Ua ntej, tsis kam kawm txog cov teeb meem classical epistemological ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev paub thiab kev ua, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua rau lawv tus kheej rau kev paub daws teeb meem thiab kev xav txog kev muaj tiag. Ib qho kev xav zoo tshaj plaws tau kav nyob rau ntawd, nyob rau hauv uas lub siab scientific plays "ping-pong ntawm lub tswv yim" nrog nws tus kheej. Tsis suav nrog irrationalism, cov neeg ntawm Marburg lawv tus kheej provoked irrationalist voluntarism. Yog tias kev paub thiab qhov tseeb tsis tseem ceeb, ces lub siab "tso cai ua txhua yam."

Thib ob, cov neo-Kantians ntawm Marburg lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub cov tswv yim ntawm Vajtswv thiab Logos, qhov no ua rau kev qhia tsis sib haum xeeb, muabNeo-Kantian nyiam ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb txhua yam.

Baden School

Magburg cov neeg xav gravitated rau lej, Badenian neo-Kantianism tau taw qhia rau tib neeg. Cov qauv no yog txuam nrog cov npe ntawm V. Windelband thiab G. Rickert.

Kev mus rau tib neeg, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov qauv no tau hais tawm ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev paub keeb kwm. Txoj kev no nyob ntawm hom kev xav, uas tau muab faib ua nomothetic thiab ideographic. Nomothetic xav yog siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso kev tshawb fawb, yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb cov qauv ntawm kev muaj tiag. Kev xav tswv yim, tig mus, yog tsom rau kev kawm keeb kwm qhov tseeb uas tshwm sim hauv qhov tseeb.

kev thuam ntawm qhov laj thawj
kev thuam ntawm qhov laj thawj

Cov kev xav no tuaj yeem siv los kawm tib yam. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb kawm xwm, ces txoj kev nomothetic yuav muab ib tug taxonomy ntawm cov tsiaj qus, thiab cov txheej txheem idiographic yuav piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem evolutionary. Tom qab ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm ob txoj hauv kev no tau coj mus rau kev sib cais, txoj kev idiographic pib suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thiab txij li keeb kwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub neej ntawm kab lis kev cai, qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas lub tsev kawm ntawv Baden tau tsim yog kev kawm ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, uas yog, axiology.

Teeb meem ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm qhov muaj nuj nqis

Axiology hauv kev xav yog kev qhuab qhia uas tshawb txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig raws li lub ntsiab lus tsim lub hauv paus ntawm tib neeg lub neej uas coj thiab txhawb tus neeg. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no kawm txog cov yam ntxwvntawm lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig, nws qhov tseem ceeb, txoj kev paub txog thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov nqi txiav txim.

Axiology hauv kev xav yog kev qhuab qhia uas tau txais nws txoj kev ywj pheej ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb philosophical. Feem ntau, lawv tau txuas nrog cov xwm txheej zoo li no:

  1. I. Kant tau kho qhov laj thawj rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab txiav txim siab qhov yuav tsum tau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab qhov twg yog.
  2. Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim tom qab Hegelian, lub tswv yim ntawm kev muab faib ua "ua tau tiag tiag" thiab "xav tau vim".
  3. Philosophers tau pom qhov yuav tsum tau txwv tsis pub cov neeg txawj ntse hais txog kev xav thiab kev tshawb fawb.
  4. Kev tsis tuaj yeem ntawm kev paub txog lub sijhawm ntsuas tau tshwm sim.
  5. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntseeg kev ntseeg tau raug hu rau lo lus nug, feem ntau yog cov phau ntawv ntawm Schopenhauer, cov hauj lwm ntawm Nietzsche, Dilthey thiab Kierkegaard.
axiology nyob rau hauv philosophy
axiology nyob rau hauv philosophy

Lub ntsiab lus thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm neo-Kantianism

Lub tswv yim thiab kev qhia ntawm Kant, ua ke nrog lub ntiaj teb kev xav tshiab, ua rau nws tuaj yeem ua tiav cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: qee yam khoom muaj nqis rau tus neeg, thaum lwm tus tsis ua, yog li tib neeg pom lawv lossis tsis pom lawv. Nyob rau hauv no philosophical kev taw qhia, qhov tseem ceeb tau raug hu ua lub ntsiab lus uas yog saum toj no, tab sis tsis ncaj qha ntsig txog cov khoom los yog kev kawm. Ntawm no lub sphere ntawm theoretical yog tawm tsam rau qhov tiag thiab txhim kho mus rau hauv "lub ntiaj teb ntawm theoretical qhov tseem ceeb". Txoj kev paub txog kev paub tab tom pib nkag siab tias yog "kev thuam ntawm qhov laj thawj", uas yog, kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog lub ntsiab lus, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb, thiab tsis yog qhov tseeb.

Rikkert tau hais txog qhov piv txwv zoo li qhov muaj nqis ntawm Kohinoor pob zeb diamond. Nws raug txiav txim siabtshwj xeeb thiab ib hom, tab sis qhov kev tsis sib xws no tsis tshwm sim hauv pob zeb diamond li ib yam khoom (hauv qhov teeb meem no, nws muaj qhov zoo li hardness lossis brilliance). Thiab nws tsis yog txawm tias lub zeem muag ntawm ib tus neeg tuaj yeem txhais tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig lossis zoo nkauj. Uniqueness yog tus nqi uas sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov hom phiaj thiab cov ntsiab lus, tsim dab tsi hauv lub neej hu ua Kohinoor Pob Zeb Diamond. Rickert, hauv nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb "Lub Limits ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb," tau hais tias txoj haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev xav yog los txiav txim qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau kev muaj tiag.

Neo-Kantianism hauv Russia

Cov neeg Lavxias neo-Kantians suav nrog cov neeg xav uas tau koom ua ke los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Logos" (1910). Cov no suav nrog S. Gessen, A. Stepun, B. Yakovenko, B. Foght, V. Seseman. Lub sijhawm neo-Kantian nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau tsim los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb nruj, yog li nws tsis yooj yim rau nws los ua nws txoj hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb-kev cai dab qhuas Lavxias teb sab philosophizing.

Thiab tseem cov tswv yim ntawm neo-Kantianism tau txais los ntawm S. Bulgakov, N. Berdyaev, M. Tugan-Baranovsky, nrog rau qee tus kws sau paj huam, kws sau paj huam thiab sau ntawv.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab neo-Kantianism gravitated mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv Baden lossis Magbur, yog li lawv tsuas txhawb cov tswv yim ntawm cov qauv no hauv lawv cov haujlwm.

Tus Neeg Xav Dawb

Ntxiv rau ob lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov tswv yim ntawm neo-Kantianism tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg xav dawb xws li Johann Fichte lossis Alexander Lappo-Danilevsky. Txawm hais tias qee tus ntawm lawv tsis txawm xav tias lawv txoj haujlwm yuav cuam tshuam rau kev tsimnew trend.

zog ntawm lub siab
zog ntawm lub siab

Muaj ob lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv Fichte lub tswv yim: thawj zaug nws tau txhawb nqa cov tswv yim ntawm cov tswv yim kev xav, thiab hauv qhov thib ob nws tau mus rau sab ntawm lub hom phiaj. Johann Gottlieb Fichte tau txhawb nqa cov tswv yim ntawm Kant, thiab ua tsaug rau nws nws tau nto moo. Nws ntseeg hais tias lub tswv yim yuav tsum yog poj huab tais ntawm txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb, "qhov laj thawj" yuav tsum ua raws li cov tswv yim ntawm "theoretical", thiab cov teeb meem ntawm lub luag haujlwm, kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev ywj pheej tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Ntau yam haujlwm ntawm Johann Gottlieb Fichte cuam tshuam rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm kev tsim ntawm neo-Kantian zog.

Ib zaj dab neeg zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim rau Lavxias tus neeg xav Alexander Danilevsky. Nws yog thawj tus uas tau lees paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem keeb kwm yav dhau los ua ib ceg tshwj xeeb ntawm kev paub txog science thiab keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm neo-Kantian txheej txheem, Lappo-Danilevsky tau tsa cov lus nug ntawm keeb kwm kev paub, uas tseem muaj feem xyuam rau niaj hnub no. Cov no suav nrog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub keeb kwm, cov qauv kev ntsuas, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm keeb kwm, kev paub lub hom phiaj, thiab lwm yam.

Lub sijhawm dhau los, neo-Kantianism tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev xav tshiab, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Txawm li cas los xij, neo-Kantianism tsis tau muab pov tseg raws li cov lus qhuab qhia uas tsis siv lawm. Rau qee qhov, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm neo-Kantianism uas ntau lub tswv yim loj hlob tuaj uas absorbed lub tswv yim kev loj hlob ntawm no philosophical trend.

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