John Austen: hais lus ua thiab lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus niaj hnub

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:52

John Austen yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb Askiv, yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hu ua lub tswv yim ntawm lus. Nws yog tus tsim lub tswv yim, ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev xav ntawm pragmatists hauv lub tswv yim ntawm lus. Qhov kev xav no hu ua "speech act". Nws cov lus qub muaj feem cuam tshuam rau nws txoj haujlwm tom qab Yuav Ua Li Cas Ua Cov Lus.

philosophy of dog dig lus

philosophy of language yog ceg ntawm lub tswv yim uas kawm lus. Namely, xws li lub ntsiab lus, qhov tseeb, kev siv lus (los yog pragmatics), kev kawm thiab tsim cov lus. To taub qhov tau hais, lub tswv yim tseem ceeb, kev paub dhau los, kev sib txuas lus, kev txhais lus thiab kev txhais lus los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav.

Linguists yuav luag ib txwm tsom mus rau kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov kab lus, nws cov ntaub ntawv, theem thiab kev ua haujlwm, thaum cov kws tshawb fawb qhov teeb meem nrog cov lus muaj qhov tob lossis paub daws teeb. Lawv txaus siab rau cov teeb meem xws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab lub ntiaj teb. Qhov ntawd yog, ntawm cov txheej txheem lus thiab cov txheej txheem txawv teb chaws, lossis ntawm cov lus thiab kev xav.

Ntawm cov ncauj lus nyiam los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus, cov hauv qab no tsim nyog mloog:

• kawm keeb kwm ntawm hom lus;
• hom lus (lus dag);
• kev ua haujlwm lus hauv nws qhov kev nkag siab thoob ntiaj teb;
• semantics.

hom lus zoo tib yam

Cov lus qhuab qhia ib txwm muaj, qee zaum hu ua "Oxfordian lub tswv yim", yog hom lus kev xav uas tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv raws li kev pom tias kev taw qhia hom lus yog tus yuam sij rau ob qho tib si cov ntsiab lus thiab cov qauv uas muaj nyob hauv kev qhuab qhia ntawm lub tswv yim ua tag nrho. Linguistic lub tswv yim suav nrog ob lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam thiab cov laj thawj zoo tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Vienna Circle. Ob lub tsev kawm ntawv yog inextricably txuas keeb kwm thiab theoretically, thiab ib tug ntawm cov yuam sij rau kev nkag siab txog lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam yog tiag tiag to taub txoj kev sib raug zoo nws nqa mus rau lub logic positivism.

Txawm hais tias cov lus zoo tib yam thiab kev xav zoo ib yam qhia txog kev ntseeg siab tias cov teeb meem kev xav yog cov teeb meem lus, thiab yog li cov txheej txheem muaj nyob hauv kev xav yog "kev tshuaj xyuas lus", nws txawv ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no yog dab tsi thiab nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev coj ua.. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam (lossis "cov lus yooj yim") feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov kev xav tom qab ntawm Ludwig Wittgenstein thiab nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Oxford University philosophers nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1945 thiab 1970.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm qhov zoo tib yam, nyob rau theem pib yog NormanMalcolm, Alice Ambrose, Morris Lazerovitzi. Nyob rau theem tom ntej, ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias Gilbert Ryle, John Austin, thiab lwm tus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam tsis tau tsim los ua ib qho kev sib koom ua ke thiab tsis yog ib qho kev koom ua ke xws li.

Lub tswv yim ntawm hom lus feem ntau yog ib txoj kev cog lus rau kev kawm ze thiab ua tib zoo kawm txog kev siv cov lus hais, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov teeb meem kev xav. Kev cog lus rau cov txheej txheem no, thiab rau qhov tsim nyog thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau kev qhuab qhia ntawm lub tswv yim, yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws coj los ua ke ntau haiv neeg thiab kev ywj pheej.

xibfwb ntawm Oxford

John Austen (1911-1960) yog tus xibfwb ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm Oxford University. Nws ua ntau pab rau ntau yam kev xav. Pom tau tias tseem ceeb yog nws tej hauj lwm ntawm kev paub, kev xav, kev ua, kev ywj pheej, qhov tseeb, lus, thiab kev siv lus hauv kev hais lus.

Nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev paub thiab kev nkag siab txuas ntxiv kev coj ua ntawm "Oxford realism" los ntawm Cook Wilson thiab Harold Arthur Pritchard rau JM Hinton, John McDowell, Paul Snowdon, Charles Travis thiab Timothy Williamson.

Lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm

John Austen yug hauv Lancaster (England) thaum Lub Peb Hlis 26, 1911. Nws txiv lub npe yog Jeffrey Langshaw Austin, thiab nws niam yog Mary Austin (ua ntej sib yuav ntawm Bowes - Wilson). Tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Scotland xyoo 1922 qhov chaw uas Austin txiv tau qhia hauv St Leonard's School hauv St Andrews.

Austin tau txais nyiaj pabcuam hauv thaj chawclassics ntawm Shrewsbury School nyob rau hauv 1924, thiab nyob rau hauv 1929 nws txuas ntxiv nws cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv classics ntawm Balliol College, Oxford. Xyoo 1933 nws tau raug xaiv los ua Tsev Kawm Qib Siab, Oxford.

Nyob rau xyoo 1935 nws tau coj nws thawj txoj haujlwm qhia ua ib tug npoj yaig thiab kws qhia ntawv ntawm Magdalen College, Oxford. Austin cov kev nyiam thaum ntxov suav nrog Aristotle, Kant, Leibniz, thiab Plato. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, John Austin tau ua haujlwm hauv British Reconnaissance Corps. Nws tawm hauv cov tub rog thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1945 nrog qib ntawm lieutenant Colonel. Rau nws txoj haujlwm txawj ntse, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Tebchaws Askiv.

Austin sib yuav Jean Coutts xyoo 1941. Lawv muaj plaub tug me nyuam, ob tug ntxhais thiab ob tug tub. Tom qab tsov rog, John rov qab mus rau Oxford. Nws tau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees hauv xyoo 1952. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tau los ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus sawv cev rau Oxford University Press, tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag hauv xyoo 1957. Nws kuj yog tus thawj coj ntawm cov kws qhia tswv yim thiab tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Aristotle Society. Ntau yam ntawm nws lub hwj chim yog nyob rau hauv kev qhia thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo nrog philosophers. Nws kuj tau teeb tsa "Saturday Morning" series ntawm kev sib tham, uas tau tham txog qee lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav thiab ua haujlwm kom ntxaws. Austin tuag ntawm Oxford thaum Lub Ob Hlis 8, 1960.

Language and philosophy

Austin tau hu ua tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam. Ua ntej, kev siv lus yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm, yog li nws yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm nws tus kheej txoj cai.

Thib ob, kev kawm ntawm cov lus yog tus pabcuam rau kev pabcuam ntawm qee yam kev xav. Austin ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv kev maj nrawm los teb cov lus nug dav dav, cov kws tshawb fawb xav tsis quav ntsej txog cov nuances koom nrog hauv kev tsim thiab tshuaj xyuas cov lus thov thiab kev txiav txim siab. Ntawm cov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog insensitivity rau nuances, ob qhov sawv tawm:

1. Ua ntej, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau qhov sib txawv uas tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg kev siv lus thiab qhov cuam tshuam rau cov teeb meem thiab kev xav tau.
2. Thib ob, tsis ua tiav kev siv cov peev txheej ntawm cov lus zoo tib yam tuaj yeem ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo li yuam kev xaiv ntawm cov kev xaiv tsis tsim nyog.