Robert Merton yog tus kws paub txog kev noj qab haus huv, kws qhia ntawv thiab thoob ntiaj teb, yog ib tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Nws tau hloov pauv qhov kev xav tsis zoo, tau tuav ntev los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tias cov neeg txawj ntse eccentric tsis raug khi los ntawm cov cai thiab cov cai. Nws yog qhov haujlwm no ua rau nws tau txais National Medal of Scientific Achievement hauv 1994.
Merton tau txais ntau yam khoom plig rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog thawj tus kws paub txog kev noj qab haus huv los ua tus tswv cuab ntawm National Academy of Sciences thiab tus neeg sawv cev txawv teb chaws rau Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, thiab tau luam tawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog kev xav txog kev xav thiab kev sib txuas lus loj.
Rau ntau tshaj 70 xyoo, nws tau muab cov lus qhuab qhia zoo rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm txog keeb kwm, ntaub ntawv thiab kev coj noj coj ua, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo: kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm, lub cev ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug, kev xav hauv zej zog, cov neeg sab nrauv piv rau cov neeg sab hauv..
Cia peb kawm ntxiv txog tus txiv neej no.
Robert Merton: biography
Yug hauv Philadelphia 4Lub Xya Hli 1910 hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg Yudais tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Nws txiv yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm sociology ntawm Columbia University, thiab nws niam tau muab tag nrho nws lub zog rau kev loj hlob me nyuam.
Kawm hauv South Philadelphia High School. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, nws yog ib tug nquag tuaj xyuas Andrew Carnegie Library, Academy of Music, Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art thiab lwm lub chaw kev cai thiab kev kawm.
Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, nws hloov nws lub npe mus rau Merlin, tom qab ib qho ntawm cov cim tsis meej tshaj plaws hauv Arthurian cov dab neeg. Tab sis cov phooj ywg hais rau nws tias nws yog "magic" heev thiab nws hloov nws nrog Merton.
Kev Kawm Ua Haujlwm
Nws pib nws txoj haujlwm kev noj qab haus huv raws li kev coj ntawm George Simpson ntawm Tuam Tsev Tsev Kawm Qib Siab thiab Pitirim Sorokin ntawm Harvard University, uas tau tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Xyoo 1936, Robert King Merton tau txais nws Ph. D. los ntawm Harvard University. Xyoo 1939 nws tau los ua tus xibfwb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tulan University thiab xyoo 1941 koom nrog Columbia University. Xyoo 1963, nws tau txais lub npe siab ntawm University Professor.
Los ntawm 1942 txog 1971, nws tau ua tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm University's Bureau of Applied Social Research. Nws kuj yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv ntawm Rockefeller University. Xyoo 1985, hauv kev lees paub txog nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb thiab rau nws txoj haujlwm ntev thiab ua tau zoo ntawm Columbia University, nws tau txais lub npe ntawm Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb.
Robert Merton tau sib yuav ob zaug. Los ntawm nws thawj kev sib yuav nws muaj obtus tub thiab ob tug ntxhais. Nws tus tub Robert S. Merton tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Kev Lag Luam hauv xyoo 1997.
Robert Merton tuag Lub Ob Hlis 23, 2003.
khoom plig thiab khoom plig
Lub sijhawm nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, Merton tau tuav ntau txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb:
- Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Columbia University (1942-1971);
- Tus Trustee ntawm Lub Chaw rau Kev Kawm Qib Siab hauv Kev Coj Tus Cwj Pwm ntawm Stanford University (1952-1975);
- Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm American Sociological Association (1957).
Robert Merton kuj tau txais ntau yam khoom plig siab:
- kev sib raug zoo los ntawm American Council of Learned Societies (1962);
- Commonwe alth Distinguished Service Award hauv Sociology (1970);
- Macarathur Postgraduate nqi zog (1980);
- America's Who's Who Award for Excellence in Social Science (1984);
- xyoo 1985, Columbia University tau muab nws qhov Ph. D.
Robert Merton: kev koom tes rau kev noj qab haus huv
Nyob hauv nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, Merton feem ntau tsom mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm "qhov kev xav nruab nrab". Hauv nws, nws tau hais kom cov kws tshawb fawb zam kom tsis txhob muaj cov lus qhuab qhia loj thiab cov lus qhia paub daws teeb meem, nrog rau cov lus nug pedantic uas tsis zoo li yuav coj lawv mus rau cov txiaj ntsig tau.
Thaum tseem yog tub ntxhais kawm tiav hauv Harvard (1936), hauv nws daim ntawv "Social Structures and Anomies" nwstau sau txog ntau yam kev coj cwj pwm txawv thiab kev ua txhaum cai. Ntau ntawm Merton qhov txuas ntxiv "kev ntxhov siab txog kev ntxhov siab" tau mus rau kev kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txawv.
Robert Merton cov kev xav paub tseeb qhov tseeb: tib neeg feem ntau ntsuas lawv cov hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev txwv tsis ncaj; lub unshakable kom zoo dua ntawm cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug social txoj hauj lwm (tus "Mathais nyhuv"), uas dispel sim ntawm sib npaug. Nws tau ua kom pom qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm cov qauv kev cai ntawm kev sib raug zoo raws li kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj noj coj ua tseem ceeb thiab cov qauv kev tshaj lij.
"Cov Cai ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb" thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus
Robert King Merton tau npaj tshwj xeeb "cov qauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb" raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum siv zog rau:
- communalism yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib haiv neeg qhib;
- universalism - kev tshawb fawb ntawm "tsis muaj kev ntxub ntxaug";
- kev tsis qia dub - kev tshawb fawb ntawm sab nrauv;
- kev ntseeg tsis ntseeg - kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sim txhua lub tswv yim thiab kev xav.
Nws kuj tau pab ntau lub tswv yim rau kev sociological teb, ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus xws li "ua rau muaj teeb meem", "tsis xav tau qhov tshwm sim", thiab lo lus "overgrowth by inclusion" - thaum txoj kev xav tau nrov heev uas nws tus tsim tsis nco qab txog. lub ntsiab lus no. Nws tau qhia lo lus "ntau yam" los piav txog kev ywj pheej zoo sib xws hauv kev tshawb fawb.
Kev txawj ntse yooj yim
Nyob rau xyoo 1960, Merton tau raus nws tus kheej hauv kev kawm txog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev koom tes hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Nwssuav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm Nobel laureates, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tw, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb pom thiab kev lees paub hauv "koom haum" ntawm science.
Sociologist Robert Merton tau ua kom pom nws txoj kev txawj ntse hloov pauv hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov lus nug txog cov qauv kev xav, cov ntsiab lus muaj txiaj ntsig thiab kev faib tawm, kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntseeg, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog niaj hnub no.
haujlwm tshawb fawb
Cov ntawv sau ntawv tseem ceeb hauv Merton lub neej thaum ntxov: Science, Technology, thiab Society in Seventeenth-Century England (1938), Social Theory and Social Structure (ntau tsab luam tawm los ntawm 1949 txog 1968).
Tom qab nws tau tshaj tawm cov haujlwm no: "Tus Kws Kho Mob" (1957), "Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Studies" (1973), "Sociological Ambivalence and Other Essays" (1976), "Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Xyaum. Kev tshaj lij (1982).
Qee cov ntawv sau muaj txiaj ntsig muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau sau los ntawm Coser (tshaj tawm los ua kev zoo siab Robert lub hnub yug 65 xyoos): Lub tswv yim ntawm Kev Sib Raug Zoo: Cov ntawv hauv Honour of Merton (1975).
Thaum kawg, peb tuaj yeem hais tias Robert Merton yog ib tug txiv neej zoo, yog tus thawj coj hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev nom kev tswv thiab kev coj noj coj ua niaj hnub no. Nws raug suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws hauv Asmeskas. Nws tau los ua thawj tus kws tshaj lij uas tau txais ntau yam khoom plig thiab khoom plig rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb. Thoob plaws nws txoj haujlwmNtau tshaj 20 lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab (xws li Harvard, Yale, Columbia thiab Chicago) tau muab lub npe hu ua Merton. Thiab nws cov hauj lwm kev tshawb fawb tseem xav tau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm.
