Ib qhov av yog kab rov tav lossis inclined dag txoj hauv av. Cov khoom zoo li no yog tsim rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Muaj cov neeg taug kev, tsheb kauj vab, tsheb, tsheb ciav hlau, tunnels ntawm kev sib txuas lus hauv av, metro, tsheb ciav hlau, thiab lwm yam.
Hom "tunnel" feem ntau ntawm kev thauj yog subway. Feem ntau ntawm nws cov kab yog nteg los ntawm cov kab, uas tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv av. Txoj kev thiab txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau tsim nyob hauv qab roob thiab toj kom luv luv tag nrho ntawm txoj kev. Qee lub sij hawm nws ua rau muaj kev nkag siab ntau dua los tsim qhov av dua li tsim tus choj.
History
Tib neeg tau tsim cov khoom no txij thaum ub los. Thawj cov qauv tsim ntawm hom no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb. Qhov tsua, catacombs, quarries, mine shafts raug txiav los ntawm cov pob zeb. Lub teb chaws uas qhov no tau ua tiav ntxov dua qhov twg yog Egypt thiab Greece, thiablub nroog Loos thiab Npanpiloo. Nyob ntawd, tunnels tau khawb rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsuas, thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev, tombs, thiab tso dej conduits. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim tshaj plaws tau siv, thiab cov pob zeb uas hla txoj kev tsis raug kho.
thawj qhov dej hauv qab tau tsim nyob hauv qab tus dej Euphrates ib puag ncig 2160 BC.
Qee lub sijhawm tunnels tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, feem ntau yog siv rau kev ua tub rog. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, navigable passages tau nquag tsim. Thawj qhov kev tsheb ciav hlau tau tshwm sim hauv 1826-1830. Thiab thawj lub tsheb tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1927 nyob rau hauv Hudson River.
Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, underground railway chaw tau tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog feem ntau. Lawv tau pw hauv Urals, Caucasus, Crimea. Kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsheb tunnels tau cuam tshuam nrog kev nce ntawm cov tsheb tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR.
yog dab tsi?
Tunnel yog qhov khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob. Yog tias lub pob zeb muaj zog, ces txoj kev tsis raug kho, thiab yog tias nws xoob, ces cov khoom siv kho vaj tse raug teeb tsa. Lawv raug hu ua hauv ob sab phlu thiab coj ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub roob loads, thiab kuj koom rau hauv waterproofing. Yog li hu ua portals yog tsim ntawm qhov nkag thiab tawm. Tej zaum lawv yuav muaj qhov zoo li architectural.
Tunnel kev tsim kho
Muaj ob hom - kaw thiab qhib. Thawj txoj kev yog siv rau kev tso cov kab hauv qhov tob tob (ntau dua 20 meters), nrog rau cov qhov tob tob. Qhib tau siv thaum tsoyooj yim txav. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev no yog tus nqi qis, thiab qhov tsis zoo yog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov kev sib txuas lus thiab kev thauj mus los hauv nws cheeb tsam los ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho.
Closed tunneling method
Kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev uas lub qhov yuav tsim nyob ntawm seb hom pob zeb yuav raug txiav thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom. Cov txheej txheem kaw feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho lub subway tunnel thiab railway tunnels. Cov av tuaj yeem muaj zog, mos, tawg, dej.
- Thaum lub sijhawm mining txoj kev tso, drilling thiab blasting yog siv. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag mus yog qhov tso ntawm qhov tawg thiab kev ua raws li kev qhia tawg. Fragments ntawm cov pob zeb puas raug tshem tawm ntawm lub ntsej muag mus rau saum npoo. Lub resulting kab noj hniav yog thawj zaug ntxiv dag zog, thiab tom qab ntawd lub hauv ob sab phlu yog nqa tawm. Siv txoj kev no thaum cov pob zeb ruaj khov thiab muaj zog.
- Kev sib txuas hom gasket kuj yog raws li kev puas tsuaj ntawm pob zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tunneling yog siv rau qhov no. Cov no yog cov hu ua kev sib txuas rau kev khawb qhov tunnels. Ib yam li yav dhau los, txoj kev no yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm siab thiab nruab nrab pob zeb muaj zog.
- Txoj Kev Tshiab Austrian tunneling yog siv rau cov pob zeb mos thiab tawg. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov fastenings ib ntus los ntawm kev txau cov pob zeb rau saum npoo ntawm cov pob zeb, nrog rau kev ntxiv dag zog nrog anchors. Qhov no tsub kom lub stability ntawm lub koov nyob rau hauv lub bottomhole cheeb tsam. Raws li rau lub hauv paus ruaj khov, nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm qhov deb ntawm qhov chawkev tua, uas siv cov tshuab ua haujlwm siab.
- Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tso cov ntaub thaiv npog yog ua raws li kev siv cov ntaub thaiv npog tunneling, uas yog siv los nteg ib lub qhov hla ntawm tag nrho cov seem, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm. Txoj kev no kuj siv rau cov pob zeb tawg thiab tawg.
- Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov siab ntawm watering, instability ntawm cov av thiab lub xub ntiag ntawm nruj ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb txoj kev ntawm kev nkag tau siv. Rau qhov no, kho nrog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb, khov, kua dej, ua haujlwm nrog cov cua compressed tuaj yeem siv. Shield txoj kev kuj tseem siv tau, ntxiv los ntawm lub ntsej muag hnyav.
Qhib tunneling method
Kev siv txoj kev qhib qhov av yog qhov pom zoo thaum khawb cov kab hauv av. Cov thev naus laus zis hauv qab no tau siv:
- Qhov txoj hauv kev yog tsim lub qhov rau tag nrho qhov dav thiab qhov tob ntawm cov khoom hauv kev tsim kho. Cov phab ntsa tuaj yeem siv dag zog ntxiv, lossis sib haum rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob zeb. Tom qab txheej ntawm lub qhov, lub qhov dej yog sau. Txoj kev no tau siv hauv kev tsim kho subway hauv Berlin.
- Txoj kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub tsev tunnels yog siv cov ntaub thaiv npog rau hauv ob sab phlu.
- Txoj kev trench feem ntau yog siv thaum tso cov neeg taug kev tunnels. Nws muaj kev khawb ib lub qhov los ntawm daim.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, kev tsim kho lub tsheb thauj khoom tuaj yeem nqa tau ntau txoj hauv kev, nyob ntawm qhov khoom xa tuajcov dej num thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov av. Feem ntau yog railway thiab subway tunnels.
