Seabed: nyem thiab inhabitants

Cov txheej txheem:

Seabed: nyem thiab inhabitants
Seabed: nyem thiab inhabitants

Video: Seabed: nyem thiab inhabitants

Video: Seabed: nyem thiab inhabitants
Video: Yang Kao Moua FT Black Yang - Yug los xiam tiam (Official Music Video) 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Dej hiav txwv pem teb yog ib qho ntawm qhov txaus nyiam tshaj plaws thiab tshawb nrhiav tsawg kawg hauv ntiaj chaw. Nws hides tons ntawm cov zaub mov, qhov tob tshaj kev nyuaj siab thiab hollows, underwater ridges. Amazing kab mob nyob ntawm no thiab paub tsis meej tseem unsolved los ntawm peb lurk.

Ntiaj Teb Dej hiav txwv

Txhua thaj chaw ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb npog thaj tsam ntawm 148 lab km2, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg piv rau thaj tsam ntawm dej hiav txwv. Nws suav txog 361 lab km², uas yog, yuav luag 71% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.

Lub Ntiaj Teb Dej Hiav Txwv yog lub cev tsis tu ncua ntawm cov dej uas nyob ib puag ncig sab av loj thiab cov kob. Nws suav nrog tag nrho cov hiav txwv uas twb muaj lawm, bays, bays thiab straits, nrog rau plaub dej hiav txwv (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian thiab Arctic). Tag nrho cov khoom no yog ib lub plhaub dej, tab sis lawv cov yam ntxwv (salinity, kub, organic ntiaj teb, thiab lwm yam) txawv.

Lub seabed kuj txawv. Nws yog dotted nrog txhua yam kev nyuaj siab, hav, ridges, pob zeb, toj siab thiab phiab. Nws muaj nws tus kheej flora thiab fauna.

Qhov tob ntawm hiav txwv yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob ze ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, hauv thaj chaw txee. Nyob ntawd nws ncav tsis tshaj 200 meters. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws maj mam nce thiab nce mus txog 3-6 km, hauv qee qhov chaw thiab mus txog 11 km. Qhov tob tshaj plaws yog Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific, qhov nruab nrab qhov tob ntawm 3726 meters, qhov qis tshaj yog Arctic Dej hiav txwv nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 1225 meters.

Ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv
Ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv

Oceanic crust

Zoo li lub teb chaws loj, cov seabed yog tsim los ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov qauv thiab geology. Yog li, dej hiav txwv crust yog tag nrho ntawm cov granite txheej, uas feem ntau tuaj rau saum npoo av. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog thinner - nws thickness txawv ntawm 5 mus rau 15 kilometers.

Lub pob zeb ntawm ntug hiav txwv muaj peb txheej tseem ceeb. Thawj, qis dua, qib yog tsim los ntawm pob zeb ntawm gabbro thiab serpentinites. Lawv muaj peev xwm muaj xws li quartz, apatite, magnetite, chromite, muaj impurities ntawm dolomite, talc, garnet thiab lwm yam minerals. Saum toj no yog txheej bas alt, thiab ntau dua yog cov sedimentary.

Qhov saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, 4-5 kilometers tuab, yog cov deposits ntawm hlau oxides, cov av nplaum sib sib zog nqus, av nplaum thiab carbonate skeletal seem. Cov dej nag tsis sib sau rau ntawm cov ridges thiab qhov chaw siab tshaj, yog li cov bas alt txheej tuaj rau saum npoo ntawm cov chaw no.

Sedimentary txheej ntawm seabed
Sedimentary txheej ntawm seabed

Dej hiav txwv pem teb tsis txhais tau tias tiaj tus thiab theem. Thaum koj tsiv mus deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm cov teb chaws, nws maj mam txo qis, tsim ib hom kev nyuaj siab lossis lub tais. Conventionally, qhov kev txo qis no tau muab faib ua peb ntu:

  • Tsheb.
  • Mainland nqes hav.
  • txaj.

Tus underwater margins ntawm lub continents pib nrog rhawv - ca los ib nyuag xav shallows, tsuas 100-200 meters sib sib zog nqus. Tsuas yog tej zaum lawv poob rau 500-1500 meters. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yog cov nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov roj, nkev thiab lwm yam minerals.

Rhawv xaus nyob rau hauv khoov rau ob sab (xim av), tom qab uas continental slopes pib. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm ledges thiab hollows, xav dissected los ntawm basins thiab canyons. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination nyob rau hauv no ib feem ntawm lub hiav txwv sharply tsub kom, xws li los ntawm 15 mus rau 40 degrees. Nyob rau ib lub tob ntawm 2500-3000 meters tus nqes hav puv mus rau hauv ib lub txaj. Nws nyem yog lub feem ntau complex thiab ntau haiv neeg, thiab cov organic ntiaj teb no yog poorer dua cov lwm yam khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

Ups thiab downs

Lub txaj ntawm lub seabed yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm sab nraud thiab sab hauv rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb, txoj kev ua txhua yam ntawm toj thiab depressions. Nws coob formations yog mid-dej hiav txwv ridges. Qhov no yog ib tug lossis loj underwater roob system uas stretches 70 txhiab kilometers, Skirting tag nrho cov continents ntawm cov ntiaj chaw.

Tus ridges tsis zoo li lawv ua rau daim av. Lawv zoo li loj loj shafts, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov uas muaj tej kev yuam kev thiab sib sib zog nqus gorges. Ntawm no yog lub lithospheric daim hlau txav sib nrug heev thiab magma los. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm lub ridges muaj yog ca volcanoes thiab transverse faults uas nyob ntawm lawv cov kev ua.

nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv caj
nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv caj

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob qhov twg lub Oceanic ua kiav txhab tsiv nyob rau hauv lub continental, longitudinal depressions ntawm lub seabed, los yog trenches, yog tsim. Lawv ncab rau 8-11 kilometers nyob rau hauv ntev thiab hais txog tib yam nyob rau hauv qhov tob. Feem ntautob trench - Mariana Trench nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv Pacific. Nws nqis los txog 11,000 meters thiab ncav cuag Mariana Islands.

bawg biology

Lub ntiaj teb cov organic ntawm seabed yog ntau haiv neeg qhov ze ze rau saum npoo dej hiav txwv. Cov txee yog suav tias yog cov nplua nuj nyob hauv cov kab mob. Lawv nyob ntawm txhua yam ntawm crabs, cw, octopuses, squids, sponges, starfish, corals. Flounders thiab skates feem ntau burrow mus rau hauv lub Upper txheej ntawm hauv qab, zoo kawg nkaus camouflaging lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub silt. Ntxiv rau lawv, gobies, aub zoo li, hom sucker, catfish, eels, loaches, chimeras txawv txawv thiab tom ntses nyob hauv qab no.

txoj sia nyob saum hiav txwv
txoj sia nyob saum hiav txwv

Cov neeg pluag tshaj plaws yog gorges thiab kev nyuaj siab, nrog rau qhov tob ntawm lub hiav txwv txaj. Cov dej txias, kub siab, siab salinity thiab tsis muaj hnub ci ua rau lawv tsis muaj neeg nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm no thiab. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov tob heev, nyob ze hydrothermal springs, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm mussels, cws, crabs thiab lwm yam kab mob tau pom, ntau yam uas tseem tsis tau kawm. Cov dej ntawm no kub heev, tsim cov kev mob rau lub neej txawm nyob rau hauv tej chaw txias thiab suab puam ntawm dej hiav txwv.

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