Intercontinental ballistic missiles: npe, yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:50

Hnub no, cov teb chaws tsim kho tau tsim ntau yam ntawm cov kev tswj xyuas thaj chaw deb - tiv thaiv dav hlau, nkoj-raws li, av-raws li thiab txawm tias submarine-launched. Lawv raug tsim los ua ntau yam haujlwm. Ntau lub teb chaws siv missiles intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) ua lawv thawj nuclear deterrent.

Cov riam phom zoo sib xws muaj nyob hauv Russia, Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis thiab Tuam Tshoj. Seb Israel muaj ultra-ntev-ntev ballistic projectiles tsis paub. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, lub xeev muaj txhua lub sijhawm los tsim cov cuaj luaj no.

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov foob pob hluav taws twg yog nyob rau hauv kev pabcuam nrog cov tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, lawv cov lus piav qhia thiab cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm muaj nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Introduction

ICBMs yog av-rau-hauv av coj cov missiles intercontinental ballistic. Rau tej riam phom,nuclear warheads, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb yeeb ncuab lub hom phiaj nyob rau lwm lub teb chaws raug puas tsuaj. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yog tsawg kawg yog 5500 txhiab meters.

Ntog tawm yog muab rau ICBMs. Tom qab pib thiab kov yeej cov kab ke tsis txaus ntseeg, cov foob pob liab plias hloov kom zoo thiab muab tso rau ntawm ib qho kev kawm. Xws li ib qhov projectile tuaj yeem tsoo lub hom phiaj nyob ntawm qhov deb tsawg kawg yog 6 txhiab km.

Cov foob pob hluav taws tau txais lawv lub npe vim tias muaj peev xwm tswj tau lawv tsuas yog muaj nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev ya davhlau. Qhov kev ncua deb no yog 400 txhiab meters. Tau dhau qhov chaw me me no, ICBMs ya zoo li cov phom loj loj. Tsiv mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 16,000 km / h.

Pib ntawm ICBM tsim

Nyob rau hauv USSR, ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim thawj lub foob pob hluav taws tau ua txij li xyoo 1930. Cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet tau npaj tsim lub foob pob hluav taws siv cov roj ua kua los kawm qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo ntawd nws yog technically tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm no. Qhov xwm txheej tau hnyav dua los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov kws tshaj lij foob pob hluav taws tau raug kev tsim txom.

Cov haujlwm zoo sib xws tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes. Ua ntej Hitler los ua lub hwj chim, German cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov kua roj foob pob hluav taws. Txij li thaum xyoo 1929, kev tshawb fawb tau txais ib qho kev ua tub rog nkaus xwb. Xyoo 1933, cov kws tshawb fawb German tau sib sau ua ke thawj ICBM, uas tau teev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev qhia ua "Unit-1" lossis A-1. Cov Nazis tau tsim ntau lub dav hlau tub rog zais cia los txhim kho thiab sim ICBMs.

Los ntawm 1938, cov Germans tswj kom ua tiav tus qauvA-3 kua roj foob foob pob hluav taws thiab tso nws. Tom qab ntawd, nws cov tswv yim tau siv los ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho lub foob pob hluav taws, uas tau teev tseg raws li A-4. Nws nkag mus rau kev sim davhlau hauv xyoo 1942. Thawj qhov kev tso tawm ua tsis tiav. Thaum qhov kev sim thib ob, A-4 tawg. Lub foob pob hluav taws dhau los ntawm kev sim davhlau nkaus xwb ntawm kev sim thib peb, tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov npe hu ua V-2 thiab tau txais los ntawm Wehrmacht.

Intercontinental ballistic missiles ntawm Russia

About V-2

Lub ICBM no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib theem tsim, uas yog, nws muaj ib lub missile. Lub tshuab dav hlau tau muab rau lub kaw lus, uas siv ethyl cawv thiab kua oxygen. Lub cev ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws yog ib tug ncej sheathed rau sab nraud, nyob rau hauv uas muaj tank nrog roj thiab oxidizer.

ICBMs tau nruab nrog lub raj xa dej tshwj xeeb, dhau los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab turbopump, roj tau nkag mus rau chav combustion. Ignition yog nqa tawm nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb pib roj. Muaj cov raj tshwj xeeb ze ntawm lub combustion chamber, los ntawm kev haus cawv dhau los ua kom lub cav txias.

FAU-2 tau siv cov software autonomous gyroscopic kev taw qhia, muaj xws li gyrohorizon, gyro-verticant, amplifying-hloov units thiab steering machines txuam nrog foob pob ua ntxaij rudders. Lub kaw lus tswj tau muaj plaub graphite gas rudders thiab plaub huab cua. Lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm rau stabilizing lub cev ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws thaum nws rov nkag mus rau hauv huab cua. Lub ICBM muaj lub taub hau sib cais tsis tau. Lub foob pob tawg yog 910 kg.

Hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm A-4

Tsis ntev, kev lag luam German tau tsim ntau yam ntawm V-2 missiles. Vim yog qhov tsis zoo gyroscopic tswj qhov system, ICBM tsis tuaj yeem teb rau qhov sib npaug. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub integrator - ib tug ntaus ntawv txiav txim nyob rau hauv dab tsi taw tes lub cav yog muab tua, ua hauj lwm nrog tsis raug. Yog li ntawd, German ICBM muaj qhov raug ntaus tsawg. Yog li ntawd, London tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv German ua lub hom phiaj loj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov cuaj luaj.

4320 ballistic units tau raug rho tawm haujlwm rau hauv nroog. Tsuas yog 1,050 units tau mus txog lawv lub hom phiaj. Tus so tawg hauv davhlau lossis poob sab nraum lub nroog txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau pom tseeb tias ICBMs yog riam phom tshiab thiab muaj zog heev. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, yog tias German missiles muaj kev ntseeg tau txaus, London yuav raug rhuav tshem tag nrho.

O R-36M

SS-18 "Xatas" (aka "Voevoda") yog ib qho ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Nws thaj tsam yog 16 txhiab km. Ua haujlwm ntawm ICBM no tau pib xyoo 1986. Thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm yuav luag xaus rau kev xwm txheej. Tom qab ntawd lub foob pob hluav taws, tawm hauv lub mine, poob rau hauv lub thoob.

Ob peb xyoos tom qab tsim kev txhim kho, lub foob pob hluav taws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam. Kev sim ntxiv tau ua nrog ntau yam khoom siv sib ntaus sib tua. Lub missile siv cais thiab monobloc warheads. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv ICBMs los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab missile tiv thaiv systems, cov neeg tsim khoom tau muabmuaj peev xwm pov decoys.

Tus qauv ballistic no suav tias yog ntau theem. High-boiling roj Cheebtsam yog siv rau nws cov hauj lwm. Lub foob pob hluav taws yog ntau lub hom phiaj. Cov cuab yeej muaj ib qho kev tswj tsis siv neeg. Tsis zoo li lwm cov foob pob hluav taws, Voyevoda tuaj yeem raug tsim tawm los ntawm lub mine siv lub mortar launch. Tag nrho ntawm 43 qhov kev xa tawm ntawm "Xatas" tau ua. Ntawm no, tsuas yog 36 tau ua tiav.

Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, Voevoda yog ib qho ntawm cov ICBMs ntseeg siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kws tshaj lij tau hais tias ICBM no yuav ua haujlwm nrog Russia txog xyoo 2022, tom qab ntawd lub foob pob hluav taws Sarmat niaj hnub yuav los ua nws qhov chaw.

Hais txog cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm

Voyevoda ballistic missile belongs rau chav kawm ntawm hnyav ICBMs.
Nyhav - 183 t.
Lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov salvo raug rho tawm los ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws sib raug rau 13,000 atomic foob pob.
Tus raug ntaus yog 1300 m.
Ballistic missile ceev 7.9 km/sec.
Nrog lub taub hau hnyav 4 tons, ICBM muaj peev xwm npog qhov deb ntawm 16 txhiab meters. Yog tias qhov hnyav yog 6 tons, ces qhov dav dav dav dav ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws yuav raug txwv rau 10,200 meters.

About R-29RMU2 Sineva

No NATO thib peb-tiam Lavxias teb sab foob pob hluav taws yog lub npe hu ua SS-N-23 Skiff. Lub submarine tau los ua lub hauv paus rau ICBM no.

"Blue"yog peb-theem kua-propellant foob pob ua ntxaij. Thaum ntaus lub hom phiaj, qhov tseeb siab tau raug sau tseg. Lub missile yog nruab nrog kaum warheads. Kev tswj hwm yog ua los ntawm Lavxias GLONASS system. Qhov taw qhia ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuaj luaj tsis tshaj 11550 m. Nws tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 2007. Piv txwv li, Sineva yuav hloov xyoo 2030.

Topol-M

Xav txog thawj lub foob pob hluav taws hauv Lavxias uas tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Moscow Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Thermal Engineering tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union. Xyoo 1994 yog xyoo uas thawj qhov kev sim ua tiav. Txij li xyoo 2000, nws tau ua haujlwm nrog Russia Strategic Missile Forces. Tsim los rau kev ya davhlau mus txog 11 txhiab km. Sawv cev rau kev txhim kho version ntawm Lavxias teb sab Topol ballistic missile. ICBMs yog silo-based. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb mobile launchers. Nws hnyav 47.2 tons. Lub foob pob hluav taws yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, hluav taws xob muaj zog, lub zog siab lasers, hluav taws xob pulses thiab txawm tias lub foob pob hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws no.

Vim muaj cov cav ntxiv hauv kev tsim, Topol-M muaj peev xwm ua tiav maneuver. Lub ICBM tau nruab nrog peb-theem khoom siv hluav taws xob foob pob hluav taws cav. Topol-M qhov siab tshaj plaws ceev yog 73,200 m / sec.

About the four-generation Russian missile

STxij li thaum xyoo 1975, Lub Hom Phiaj Missile Forces tau ua tub rog nrog UR-100N intercontinental ballistic missile. Hauv NATO kev faib tawm, cov qauv no tau teev tseg raws li SS-19 Stiletto. Qhov ntau ntawm ICBM no yog 10 txhiab km. Nruab nrog rau rau lub taub hau. Lub hom phiaj yog ua los ntawm kev siv tshwj xeeb inertial system. UR-100N yog ob-theem mine-raws li.

Lub zog hluav taws xob khiav ntawm cov roj foob pob hluav taws ua kua. Piv txwv li, lub ICBM no yuav siv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Strategic Missile Forces mus txog 2030.

About RSM-56

Tus qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab ballistic missile kuj hu ua Bulava. Nyob rau hauv NATO lub teb chaws, ICBM paub nyob rau hauv lub npe code SS-NX-32. Nws yog ib qho tshiab missile intercontinental, uas yog npaj los ua raws li Borey-class submarine. Qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov taw qhia yog 10 txhiab km. Ib lub foob pob hluav taws tau nruab nrog kaum lub taub hau nuclear uas tshem tau.

Nyhav 1150 kg. ICBM yog peb-theem. Ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua (1st thiab 2nd theem) thiab khoom (3rd) roj. Nws tau ua haujlwm hauv Lavxias Navy txij li xyoo 2013.

About suav designs

Txij li xyoo 1983, DF-5A (Dong Feng) missile intercontinental ballistic tau ua haujlwm nrog Tuam Tshoj. Hauv NATO kev faib tawm, ICBM no tau teev npe ua CSS-4. Qhov taw qhia dav hlau dav dav yog 13 txhiab km. Tsim los rau "ua haujlwm" tshwj xeeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

Lub missile yog nruab nrog rau 600 kg warheads. Hom phiajyog nqa tawm siv ib tug tshwj xeeb inertial system thiab on-board computers. Lub ICBM tau nruab nrog ob-theem cav uas khiav ntawm cov roj ua kua.

Hauv xyoo 2006, Suav cov kws tsim hluav taws xob nuclear tsim qauv tshiab ntawm peb-theem intercontinental ballistic missile DF-31A. Nws qhov ntev tsis tshaj 11200 km. Raws li NATO kev faib tawm, nws tau teev tseg raws li CSS-9 Mod-2. Nws tuaj yeem ua raws li ob qho tib si hauv submarines thiab ntawm cov launchers tshwj xeeb. Lub foob pob hluav taws muaj qhov hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm 42 tons. Nws siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

About US-made ICBMs

UGM-133A Trident II tau siv los ntawm US Navy txij li xyoo 1990. Cov qauv no yog ib lub missile intercontinental ballistic muaj peev xwm npog qhov deb ntawm 11,300 km. Nws siv peb lub foob pob hluav taws uas muaj zog. Submarines tau ua raws. Thawj qhov kev xeem tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1987. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim tawm 156 zaug. Plaub pib xaus tsis tiav. Ib chav ballistic tuaj yeem nqa yim lub taub hau. Lub foob pob hluav taws yuav tsum ua haujlwm txog 2042.

Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, txij li xyoo 1970, LGM-30G Minuteman III ICBM tau ua haujlwm, qhov kwv yees ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 6 txog 10 txhiab km. Qhov no yog qhov qub tshaj plaws intercontinental ballistic missile. Nws thawj zaug pib xyoo 1961. Tom qab ntawd, Asmeskas cov neeg tsim qauv tsim kev hloov kho ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws, uas tau tsim tawm xyoo 1964. Xyoo 1968, qhov kev hloov pauv thib peb ntawm LGM-30G tau pib. Basing thiab launching yog nqa tawm los ntawm mine. ICBM 34 473 kg. ATLub foob pob hluav taws muaj peb lub zog propellant cav. Lub ballistic unit yog txav mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 24140 km / h.

About French M51

Tus qauv no ntawm intercontinental ballistic missile tau ua los ntawm Fabkis Navy txij li xyoo 2010. ICBMs tseem tuaj yeem ua raws thiab pib los ntawm lub nkoj nkoj. M51 tau tsim los hloov tus qauv M45 dhau los. Qhov ntau ntawm cov missile tshiab txawv ntawm 8 mus rau 10 txhiab km. Qhov loj ntawm M51 yog 50 tons.