Czechoslovak neeg sau xov xwm Julius Fucik: biography, tsev neeg, nco

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:49

115 xyoo dhau los, tus naas ej Czechoslovak neeg sau xov xwm Julius Fucik yug - tus sau phau ntawv "Tshaj tawm nrog lub suab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws lub caj dab", uas yog nto moo nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm thoob plaws hauv lub socialist camp, uas nws tau sau thaum nyob rau hauv lub Pankrac raug kaw hauv Prague thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Qhov no yog qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm tus sau, uas tab tom tos nws kab lus, suav tias yog kev tuag. Txoj hauj lwm no tau lees paub tias yog ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm socialist realism hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Czechoslovakia thiab dhau mus.

YJulius Fucik: biography

Tus neeg sau xov xwm yav tom ntej thiab tus kws sau ntawv yug hauv 1903 thaum kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj no hauv lub nroog Czech koom pheej, Prague. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub tebchaws no tseem yog ib feem ntawm Austria-Hungary. Tus me nyuam tub tau raug hu ua tom qab nws nto moo composer txiv ntxawm - Julius. Nws yog los ntawm nws uas nws tau txais nws txoj kev hlub ntawm kev kos duab. Cov hauj lwm nrov tshaj plaws uas koom nrog Julius Fucik Sr. yog lub peb hlis ntuj TawmTxhua tus uas tau mus ncig ua si tau hnov cov suab nkauj no, tus tub leej txiv, txawm hais tias nws yog ib tus neeg ua haujlwm, nws nyiam ua yeeb yam, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm, nws ua si hauv ib qho kev ua yeeb yam amateur. thiab caw ua tus ua yeeb yam hauv Schwand Theatre Yog li Julius Fucik tsev neeg muaj tswv yim zoo nkauj.

Tau ib ntus, cov tub ntxhais hluas Yulek kuj tau sim ua raws li nws txiv tus yam ntxwv thiab ua yeeb yam hauv ntau qhov kev tsim tawm, tab sis nws tsis xav tias nyiam ntau yam kev kos duab no, yog li nws tsis ntev nws tso txhua yam thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv. thiab journalism

Patriotism

Young Julius cov niam txiv yog cov neeg nyiam nyiam, nws yeej tau txais cov noob no los ntawm lawv. Nws kawm los ntawm Jan Hus thiab Karel Havlicek. Twb muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos, nws tau kos npe rau ib lub koom haum hluas kev ywj pheej, thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo nws tau koom nrog Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

Kawm thiab ua haujlwm

Tom qab kawm ntawv, Fucik Julius nkag mus hauv University of Prague, Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philosophy, txawm hais tias nws txiv npau suav tias nws tus tub yuav dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij. Twb tau nyob rau hauv nws thawj xyoo, nws tau los ua tus editor ntawm Rude Pravo ntawv xov xwm, luam tawm ib tsab ntawm lub Communist Party. Hauv txoj haujlwm no, nws tau tshwm sim los ntsib cov kws sau ntawv Czech nto moo thiab lwm cov duab hauv kev nom kev tswv thiab kos duab. Thaum muaj 20 xyoo, Julius twb raug suav hais tias yog ib tus neeg sau xov xwm tshaj lij tshaj plaws hauv pawg ntseeg. Ua ke nrog Rude Pravo, nws kuj tau pib ua haujlwm hauv Tvorba (Creativity) magazine, thiab tom qab qee lub sijhawm nws nws tus kheej tau tsim cov ntawv xov xwm Halo.xov xwm.

Vim mus rau USSR

Thaum ntxov xyoo 1930, Julius Fucik tau mus xyuas USSR. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev mus ncig yog kom paub ntau ntxiv txog thawj lub tebchaws ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab qhia rau Czech cov neeg txog nws. Tus tub hluas tseem tsis tau xav txog tias qhov kev mus ncig no yuav rub mus rau ob xyoos. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Uzbekistan thiab Kyrgyzstan. Taug kev hauv Central Asia, Kuv kuj tau paub txog Tajik cov ntaub ntawv.

Ib txhia yuav xav tsis thoob vim li cas tus neeg sau xov xwm Czech thiaj li nyiam mus rau Central Asia. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nws compatriots nrhiav tau ib tug kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tsis deb ntawm lub nroog ntawm Frunze, thiab Julius xav saib lawv cov kev vam meej. Rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, Fucik sau ib phau ntawv raws li nws qhov kev xav, thiab hu nws tias "Ib lub tebchaws uas tag kis twb nag hmo lawm."

Ib zaug ntxiv

Xyoo 1934, Fucik tau mus rau Tebchaws Yelemees, mus rau thaj av Bavarian. Ntawm no nws thawj zaug tau paub txog lub tswv yim ntawm fascism, xav tsis thoob los ntawm qhov nws pom thiab hu ua qhov kev txav loj no yog qhov phem tshaj plaws ntawm imperialism. Nws tau sau ntau tsab ntawv hais txog qhov no, tab sis nyob rau hauv Czech koom pheej cov neeg sau xov xwm raug hu ua ib tug neeg ntxeev siab, ua teeb meem rau qhov no, thiab lawv tseem xav ntes nws.

Kom tsis txhob raug kaw thiab kev tsim txom, Julius tau khiav mus rau USSR. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub Soviet Union ntawm lub 30s yog nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus ntshai tej yam kev mob - expropriation, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev puas tsuaj, rau ib co yog vim li cas cov neeg sau xov xwm Czech tsis pom los yog tsis xav pom tag nrho cov no. Rau nws, Soviets yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub xeev zoo tagnrho. Ntxiv nrog rau thawj phau ntawv hais txog USSR, nws tau sau ntau cov ntawv sau txog lub teb chaws ntawm nws txoj kev npau suav.

BNyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1930s, cov xov xwm ntawm loj Stalinist repressions qhib lub qhov muag ntawm lub Czech communists mus rau lub tiag tiag qhov teeb meem uas prevailed nyob rau hauv thawj lub teb chaws ntawm socialism, tab sis Julius Fucik tseem nyob rau hauv lub "orthodox" thiab tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm lub Soviet. tsoom fwv. Kev poob siab tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1939, thaum Nazis tuav lub tebchaws Czech.

Ntxhais hmoob

Xyoo 1938, rov qab los ntawm Soviet Union, Julius txiav txim siab tsis pheej hmoo nws thiab nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Nws kuj tau caw nws tus hlub mus ntev Augusta Kodechireva ntawm no thiab yuav nws. Txawm li cas los xij, kev zoo siab ntawm tsev neeg lub neej tsis nyob ntev heev: nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, nws, zoo li lwm cov neeg tawm tsam, yuav tsum mus rau hauv av. Tsev neeg - poj niam thiab niam txiv - tseem nyob hauv lub zos, nws tsiv mus rau Prague.

tawm tsam fascism

Tus neeg sau xov xwm Czech tau piav qhia hauv tsab xov xwm no yog ib tus neeg tawm tsam fascist, yog li txij thaum pib Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II nws tau koom nrog pawg ntawm Kev Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam. Julius txuas ntxiv mus koom nrog kev tshaj tawm xov xwm txawm tias lub tebchaws tau ua tiav ntawm kev hlub tshua ntawm German invaders. Tau kawg, nws tau ua nws hauv av, pheej hmoo rau nws tus kheej txoj sia.

Nrhiav

Xyoo 1942, Fucik raug ntes los ntawm fascist Gestapo thiab xa mus rau hauv tsev loj cuj Pankrac hauv Prague. Nws nyob ntawm no uas nws tau sau phau ntawv Qhia nrog lub suab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws caj dab.

Julius Fucik xaus nws txoj haujlwm nrog cov lus: "Tib neeg, kuv hlub koj. Ua tib zoo ceev faj!” Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau siv los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Fabkis nto moo Remarque. Tom qab tsov rog phau ntawv notxhais ua ntau tshaj 70 yam lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Nazi, belongs rau ib hom ntawv muaj nyob, muaj cov lus sib cav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej thiab qhov tseeb tias txhua tus neeg yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm tsis yog rau nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj rau txoj hmoo ntawm tag nrho. ntiaj teb no. Rau "Kev Tshaj Tawm …" xyoo 1950 Fucik tau txais txiaj ntsig (tom qab) International Peace Prize.

Kev ua tiav

Thaum raug kaw, Fucik vam ntau heev rau kev yeej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab ua npau suav tias nws yuav tawm hauv tsev lojcuj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau raug xa los ntawm Fab Kis mus rau lub nroog Yelemes, mus rau Plötzensee tsev loj cuj hauv Berlin. Nws nyob ntawm no tias qhov kev tuag tau nyeem rau nws, uas tau txais los ntawm Roland Freisler's People's Court of Justice. Lo lus ua ntej kev tua, hais los ntawm tus neeg sau xov xwm Czech, ceeb rau txhua tus neeg tuaj saib.

Cult of Personality

Tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Czech tau dhau los ua kev ntseeg, ib yam ntawm lub tswv yim cim tsis yog hauv Czechoslovakia nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws Soviet. Nws phau ntawv nto moo tau suav nrog hauv cov npe yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov tsev kawm theem nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj kev ntseeg tau ploj mus tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm socialism. Txhua xyoo lub cim xeeb ntawm Julius Fucik raug yuam tawm ntawm pej xeem kev nco qab. Lub chaw nres tsheb metro hauv Prague uas tau muab npe tom qab nws tam sim no tau hloov npe hu ua Nadrazy Holesovice.

Nco hauv USSR

Txoj kev, tsev kawm ntawv thiab lwm yam khoom muaj npe tom qab Fuchik nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Soviet Union. Los ntawm txoj kev, hnub uas Czech tawm tsam fascist raug tua - Cuaj hlis 8 - pib suav hais tias yog Hnub Solidaritycov neeg sau xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv 1951, ib daim ntawv xa mus nrog nws daim duab. Nyob rau hauv Gorky (tam sim no Nizhny Novgorod), ib tug memorial plaque tau tsa rau ntawm Molodezhny Prospekt, thiab ib tug monument tau tsa nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Pervouralsk. Memorial plaques tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw uas nws tau mus xyuas thaum nws mus ntsib USSR. Hauv Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yerevan, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Frunze, Dushanbe, Tashkent, Kazan, Kyiv thiab ntau lwm lub nroog muaj txoj kev hu ua Fuchik. Los ntawm txoj kev, qee tus ntawm lawv tseem tuav nws lub npe niaj hnub no, thaum lwm tus tau hloov npe tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Socialist Bloc. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Julius Fuchik kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub peev ntawm Uzbekistan, thiab ib qho chaw ua si nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub nroog Tajik. Lub tuam txhab xa khoom ntawm Soviet Danube muaj lub tsheb thauj khoom sib dua "Julius Fucik".

Fuchik lub npe hauv kev muaj tiag niaj hnub

Lub Velvet Revolution tau hloov kho qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Yu. Fuchik tus cwj pwm, thiab los ntawm qhov tsis zoo. Kev xav tau pib tshwm sim tias nws koom tes nrog Nazi Gestapo. Kev ntseeg siab ntawm ntau ntawm nws cov ntawv sau tau raug nug. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1991, hauv lub nroog Czech, qee cov neeg muaj tswv yim nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus neeg sau xov xwm J. Jelinek tau tsim "Lub Xya Hli Fucik Memorial Society".

Lawv lub hom phiaj yog khaws cia keeb kwm nco thiab tsis tso cai rau lub npe ntawm tus phab ej uas tau tso nws lub taub hau los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov hom phiaj kom raug thuam. Peb xyoos tom qab, nws tau los kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm Gestapo. Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv qhia tias Fucik yog ib tug neeg ntxeev siab raug pom,kev pom zoo ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm "Kev Qhia" kuj pom. Lub npe zoo ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm tawm tsam fascist tau rov qab los. Nyob rau hauv 2013, nyob rau hauv Prague, ua tsaug rau cov activists ntawm J. Fucik Memorial Society, lub monument rau cov neeg sau xov xwm, kws sau ntawv thiab anti-fascist, tsim nyob rau hauv 1970 thiab dismantled nyob rau hauv 1989, tau rov qab mus rau lub nroog. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no lub monument nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw sib txawv, uas yog nyob ze ntawm lub toj ntxas Olshansky, qhov chaw uas cov tub rog Red Army tuag rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Prague los ntawm cov Nazi invaders raug faus.

zaj duab xis thiab phau ntawv

Cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem tau ua txog cov neeg sau xov xwm nto moo, kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg tawm tsam, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov yeeb yaj kiab txog nws thaum yau - "Julik", uas tau tua los ntawm Czech tus thawj coj Ota Koval hauv Xyoo 1980. Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm Ladislav Fuks thiab Nezval Vitezslav tau mob siab rau lawv cov phau ntawv rau Fucik.