Qhov tseeb paub zoo: yog tias koj xav nyeem qee phau ntawv, mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv, feem ntau, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav yam koj xav tau. Txhua lub nroog loj (thiab tsis yog) ntawm txhua lub xeev muaj nws cov tsev qiv ntawv. Qee qhov me me, qee qhov loj me me. Thiab dab tsi yog cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, lawv nyob qhov twg thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv?
Lub koom haum twg suav nrog
Cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog cov uas muaj ntau tshaj kaum plaub lab phau ntawv nyob. Muaj nees nkaum plaub ntawm lawv nyob hauv ntiaj teb - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm peb Novosibirsk, qhov loj tshaj plaws yog American Library of Congress. Ntxiv rau lawv, cov npe ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb suav nrog cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv hauv cov nroog thiab cov tebchaws xws li Lavxias Moscow thiab St. Petersburg, Asmeskas New York thiab Boston, Canadian Ottawa, Fabkis Paris, Danish Copenhagen, Swedish Stockholm thiab ntau lwm tus. … Tag nrho thiab tsis sau npe! Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom npog tag nrho cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv ib tsab xov xwm luv luv. Cia peb tsuas kov ib co ntawm cov npe no.
Library of Congress
Lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb los txog tam sim notsim nyog yuav tsum paub ntau npaum li cas tib neeg tau paub txog nws thiab nws zaj dab neeg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, lub nroog Washington, thiab muaj txog ib puas thiab tsib caug-tsib lab phau ntawv thiab ntau tshaj tsib caug lab phau ntawv sau.
Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv no pib xyoo 1800 ua tsaug rau Thawj Tswj Hwm John Adams. Nws yog tom qab ntawd tau kos npe rau tsab cai lij choj kom hloov lub peev rau Washington, thiab hauv txoj cai lij choj no muaj qhov qhia txog kev faib nyiaj tsib txhiab nyiaj rau kev yuav cov phau ntawv rau Congress thiab thaj chaw rau lawv. Thaum xub thawj, kev nkag mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv no tsuas yog qhib rau cov thawj coj ntawm lub tebchaws - cov tswvcuab ntawm Congress, Senate, thiab tus thawj tswj hwm nws tus kheej. Yog li nws tsis xav tias lub tsev khaws puav pheej tshiab tau paub tias yog Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress.
Thomas Jefferson tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress. Nws yog nws, ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub tebchaws, uas tau pib nthuav dav lub tsev qiv ntawv nyiaj txiag, thiab tau muab nws lub luag haujlwm rau tus thawj coj tom ntej, nws muab nws tus kheej sau rau lub tsev qiv ntawv, uas muaj ntau tshaj li rau txhiab phaus. - qhov no tshwm sim tom qab British hlawv Washington thaum tsov rog, thiab nrog nws Capitol, qhov twg lub tsev qiv ntawv nyob. Tsis muaj cov khoom sau li no hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Yog li, ua tsaug rau Jefferson, kev txhawb siab thawj zaug ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tau pib. Tom ntej no - me ntsis ntxiv txog lub koom haum.
Lub ntsiab ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog nyob hauv peb lub tsev ib zaug, sib cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xov hauv av; Txhua lub tsev no dais lub npe ntawm atxhua tus neeg. Lub tsev tseem ceeb, qhov qub tshaj plaws, muaj npe tom qab Thomas Jefferson. Thaum kawg ntawm lub peb caug xyoo dhau los, ib lub tsev thib ob tshwm sim - lub npe hu ua John Adams. Lub tsev thib peb tau muaj npe tom qab James Madison, nws yog qhov tshiab tshaj plaws - nws tau qhib tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub yim caum ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nws muaj cov xwm txheej los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb.
Los ntawm txoj kev, hais txog cov ntaub ntawv. Dab tsi tsis yog hauv Library of Congress! Phau ntawv hais txog kev cai lij choj, tshuaj, philology, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev nom kev tswv, keeb kwm, technical thiab natural sciences… Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj kaum yim chav nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv peb lub tsev qiv ntawv, qhov chaw uas cov nplua nuj no muab tso rau. Thiab txij li peb caug xyoo dhau los, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau dhau los ua lub tebchaws.
British Library
Lub Tsev Qiv Tebchaws Askiv tau rov qab mus rau qhov pib ntawm lub xya caum xyoo dhau los. Muab piv rau Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress, nws tseem hluas heev, tab sis hais txog cov phau ntawv nws tsuas yog me ntsis qis dua rau nws - nws muaj txog li ib puas thiab tsib caug lab luam sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nws yuav siv qhov chaw muaj koob npe thib ob.
Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Askiv nyob hauv London. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej no muaj ntau qhov tshwj xeeb masterpieces ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv British (los ntawm txoj kev, nws kuj muaj peb lub tsev) uas cov ntawv sau ntawm epic Beowulf nyob - tib daim ntawv luam nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no. Thawj daim ntawv qhia ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab kuj tau muab khaws cia rau ntawd, qhov twg koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Leonardo da Vinci - thiab ntau lwm yam uas zoo siab thiab txaus siab rau tus ntsuj plig thiab.saib.
Library of Canada
Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv tseem hluas ntawm Canada tau tsim tsuas yog kaum plaub xyoos dhau los los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Canadian Archives thiab National Library txhawm rau khaws thiab txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws no. Kev muab cov nyiaj rov qab tsis tu ncua yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntau ntawm cov neeg pub dawb, ntxiv rau, tsoomfwv cov koomhaum tseem xa cov ntawv luam uas tau tshwm sim.
Tsis zoo li cov chaw khaws cia tau hais los saum toj no, Canadian Archive Library yog tshwj xeeb hauv nws lub tebchaws. Nws muaj txog plaub caug yim lab luam ntawm ntau yam kev tshaj tawm (thiab tsis yog xwb), ntawm cov uas muaj ntau qhov chaw tsis txaus ntseeg hais txog lub xeev no. Cov ntawv xov xwm, cov khoom qub, cov ntaub ntawv me nyuam yaus, cov ntaub ntawv, zaj duab xis, daim duab qhia chaw, ntau yam ntawv sau, duab - feem ntau, txhua yam uas cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Canada.
Russian National Library
Txhua tus paub txog RSL - Lavxias Lub Tsev Qiv Hauv Xeev hauv Moscow, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus paub tias St. Petersburg kuj yog ib lub nroog muaj hmoo uas tuaj yeem khav tau tias muaj ib lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Neva uas lub teb chaws lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm peb lub teb chaws nyob, uas nws cov nyiaj muaj txog peb caug-xya lab khoom.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv St. Petersburg tau txais nws lub npe tam sim no kuj tsis ntev los no - nyob rau thaum ntxov nineties ntawm yav dhau losxyoo pua. Thiab txog thaum ntawd, sai li sai tau thaum nws tsis tau hu! Tab sis feem ntau cov pej xeem Lavxias paub qhov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv no nyob rau hauv lub npe tsis raug cai "Publicka". Kev tsim kho ntawm Imperial Public Library (qhov no yog nws thawj lub npe) pib thaum kawg ntawm kev kav ntawm Catherine lub Great, tab sis txuas ntxiv mus yuav luag ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab. Thaum pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj txog ob puas thiab rau caum txhiab phau ntawv, tsuas yog plaub (!) uas tau sau ua lus Lavxias. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv, ob qho tib si ntawm kev nce cov phau ntawv thiab kev nkag mus ntawm cov neeg nyeem, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, vim tias qhov chaw khaws cia tau txais lub tsev tshiab.
Txij li nruab nrab ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los, Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Tebchaws hauv St. Petersburg tau muab kev pabcuam rau cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Ntau cov khoom pov thawj tshwj xeeb tau khaws cia hauv nws phab ntsa, xws li Voltaire Library, Ostromir Txoj Moo Zoo, Laurentian Chronicle thiab lwm yam.
Library of Japan
Lub Tsev Qiv Khoom Noj Hauv Tebchaws nyob hauv Tokyo thiab yog lub tsev qiv ntawv loj thib xya hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tau tsim nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm tsib caug ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum thiab muaj peev txheej ntawm yuav luag peb caug-rau lab phau ntawv. Nws yog hu ua lub tsev qiv ntawv parliament vim nws yog thawj zaug npaj rau cov tswv cuab ntawm parliament.
Nws lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog nws lub tsev International Children's Literature Library, uas khaws txog plaub puas txhiab phau ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais hluas nyeem. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj ib tug nyob rau hauv lub Japanese tsev qiv ntawvCentral department thiab nees nkaum xya lub koom haum.
Danish Library
Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Royal ntawm Denmark nyob hauv nws lub siab - hauv Copenhagen. Nws yog ib lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb feem ntau thiab hauv Scandinavia tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog ib lub tsev qiv ntawv qub heev - nws hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv sau cia no tau muaj rau kev siv loj tom qab ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo.
Lub npe tam sim no ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv tau kaum ob xyoos. Nws yog nto moo, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub fact tias tag nrho cov tej hauj lwm luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws txij li thaum lub XVII caug xyoo yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv, kuj rau cov tub sab ntawm ntau tshaj peb txhiab phau ntawv, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub seventies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua no nws thiaj li paub tias leej twg ua txhaum ntawm tub sab. Ironically, tus txiv neej no - nws tau siv ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv no - tuag tib lub xyoo.
French National Library
Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ib lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Rau lub sijhawm ntev heev, nws yog lub tsev qiv ntawv tus kheej ntawm cov vajntxwv. Charlemagne raug suav hais tias yog nws tus tsim, tab sis tom qab kev tuag ntawm huab tais, kev sau tau ploj thiab muag tawm. Louis tus thib 9 pib rov kho lub tsev pheeb suab dua.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv tebchaws, nyob hauv Paris, tau txais ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm thaum lub sijhawm Fabkis Revolution. Ces, los ntawm txoj kev, nws pib hu ua lub teb chaws. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog nws leej twg yog ib tus thawj hauv ntiaj teb los digitize nws cov nyiaj - tsis yog tag nrho,tab sis nrov tshaj plaws.
Ancient World Library
Yog tias txhua yam ntau dua lossis tsawg dua nrog kev niaj hnub, nws nyob li qub li cas? Tom qab tag nrho, txawm tias tom qab ntawd muaj qhov xav tau rau cov chaw cia khoom zoo li no. Lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Ancient tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ashurbanipal, tus vaj ntxwv Assyrian uas nyob thiab kav xyoo pua xya BC. Nws tau ua tib zoo khaws thiab khaws cov phau ntawv: nws xa cov tub txib-cov neeg sau ntawv mus rau cov chaw sib txawv uas nrhiav cov phau ntawv qub thiab luam lawv. Tus kav Axilias hu nws phau ntawv “Lub Tsev Qhia thiab Lus Qhia”. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom sau tau tuag hauv hluav taws, qhov seem yog khaws cia hauv tebchaws Askiv.
Npaj qhov tseeb
- Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress khaws cov ntawv sau los ntawm G. V. Yudin los ntawm Krasnoyarsk - txog yim caum txhiab khoom.
- Japanese txoj cai lij choj hais tias txhua tus tshaj tawm Nyij Pooj yuav tsum xa txhua yam uas lawv tshaj tawm rau Lub Tsev Qiv Khoom Noj.
- Lub Tsev Qiv Hauv Tebchaws German sau thiab khaws txhua yam kev tshaj tawm thoob ntiaj teb ua lus German.
- Ninety txhiab cov ntaub ntawv audio thiab video raug khaws cia hauv Spanish Library.
- Lub tsev qiv ntawv Ukrainian yog lub tsev rau qhov tsis tshua muaj xws li Kyiv Glagolitic nplooj ntawv, Orsha Txoj Moo Zoo lossis Aristotle's History of Animals on parchment.
Ntawm no tsuas yog luv luv ntawm ob peb lub ntiaj teb cov tsev qiv ntawv loj hauv keeb kwm. Meanwhile, txhua tus ntawm lawv - ntawm cov uas tau hais thiab cov tsis tau hais los saum toj no - yog fraught nrog ntau nthuav keeb kwm, ntau yam txawv txawv … Tag nrho cov ntawm lawvtsim nyog muaj txoj cai kom neeg paub ntau li ntau tau.
