Nyob rau xyoo 2017, lub koom haum tshawb fawb kev lag luam ywj pheej GfK tau tshawb fawb online hauv 17 lub tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas peb tus yeej nyob rau hauv qeb "Lub Tebchaws Nyeem Ntawv Tshaj Lij Tshaj Plaws hauv Ntiaj Teb". Russia coj qhov chaw thib ob, tom qab Suav xwb. Raws li cov lus teb tau muab los ntawm cov neeg teb, lub koom haum pom tias 60% ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tau nyeem phau ntawv tsawg kawg ib zaug hauv ib lub lis piam, thiab 35% teb tias lawv sim nyeem txhua hnub. Nyob rau hauv nws cov lus xaus, GfK tau hais tias kev nyeem ntawv yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev xav uas tau hloov zuj zus mus ntau centuries.
Nws nyuaj rau ntseeg, tab sis thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Lavxias. Lub Ib Hlis 14, 1814, Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Imperial tau qhib nws lub qhov rooj rau cov qhua. Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv Russia muaj txog 7,000 lub tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem. Qee tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem khav tsis tau tsuas yog lawv cov peev nyiaj ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm xwb, tab sis kuj yog lawv cov nplai.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia
Lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog dab tsi? Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog Lavxias Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Xeev (RSL). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, nyob rau hauv qeb plaub nyob rau hauv qeb duas. Thaum pib ntawm 2017, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm Lavxias Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Xeev muaj 46 lab luam tawm thiab luam tawm hluav taws xob. Ntawm no, kev ua haujlwm tas mus li tab tom ua rau digitize cov ntaub ntawv, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm khaws cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj thiab muab kev nkag mus rau pej xeem rau lawv hauv Internet. Lub tsev qiv ntawv hluav taws xob ntawm RSL muaj ntau tshaj li ib lab luam ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov haujlwm tshawb fawb. Lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau ua 367 hom lus hauv ntiaj teb.
Qhov chaw
Lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Russia nyob qhov twg? Lub tsev qiv ntawv Lavxias nyob rau hauv Moscow. Tag nrho cheeb tsam yog impressive thiab piv rau kaum football teb. RSL nyob hauv peb lub tsev ib zaug. Thawj thiab lub tsev tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv yog nyob rau hauv Moscow ntawm txoj kev Vozdvizhenka, 3 bldg. 5. Lub tsev no tau tsim nyob rau hauv 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Ntxiv rau nws, lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj phau ntawv tso nyiaj thiab lub tsev Pashkov, ua rau xyoo pua 18th.
History of Creation
Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tau pib nyob rau xyoo 19th nrog 28,000 cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas suav S. P. Rumyantsev pub dawb rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej. Rumyantsev. Xyoo 1831 lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau qhib rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Qhov peculiarity ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog lub sijhawm los nyeem cov phau ntawv hauv nws thaum 10 teev sawv ntxov txog 3 teev tsaus ntuj.
BXyoo 1845, nws tau koom nrog Imperial Library thiab dhau los ua Imperial Public Library - qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem nyeem phau ntawv dawb. Ua li no, tag nrho cov nyiaj luam tawm ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej. Rumyantsev yog thauj los ntawm St. Petersburg mus rau Moscow.
Txiv
Thaum txog lub sijhawm tsiv, tsev cia puav pheej rau lawv. Rumyantsev tau poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj, muaj cov neeg tuaj xyuas tsawg dua, lub tsev pib tsis zoo, thiab Pawg Thawj Coj tau txiav txim siab hloov lub tsev khaws puav pheej cov nyiaj mus rau Imperial Public Library. Lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tau pom lub tsev tshiab ntawm Vagankovsky Hill, zoo dua lub npe hu ua Pashkov House.
Hnub kawg ntawm kev tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv yog Lub Rau Hli 19, 1862. Tom qab ntawd Emperor Alexander II tau kos npe rau "Txoj Cai ntawm kev tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv."
Cov neeg txhawb nqa tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv yog suav Rumyantsev thiab Emperor Alexander II. Tom qab ob xyoos ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej muaj nyob, nws cov nyiaj tau nce mus txog 100,000 phau ntawv. Cov khoom plig khoom plig tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxiv.
Qhov xwm txheej hloov tom qab xyoo 1913. Los ntawm 300th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Romanov dynasty, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau pib tau txais nyiaj pab rau kev ywj pheej ntawm cov phau ntawv.
lub sijhawm Soviet thiab tsov rog xyoo
Ntau tus txij li thaum yau tau paub txog lub npe ntawm Lenin Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm USSR. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tom qab xyoo 1920. Nyob rau hauv 1924, lub koom haum ntawm Library Science tau qhib nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus, lub hom phiaj yog los qhia cov tsev qiv ntawv science.cov neeg ua haujlwm raws li kev kawm ob xyoos, muaj ib lub tsev kawm tiav.
Thaum pib xyoo 1941, lub tsev qiv ntawv twb muaj 10 lab khoom. Txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog nyuaj, cov neeg ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv lawv txoj haujlwm. Txhua tus neeg uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv ua raws li phau ntawv thiab sau nyiaj. Lub tsev qiv ntawv tau txais 6,000 phau ntawv uas tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no. Feem ntau cov ntawv raug xa mus rau pem hauv ntej.
Xyoo 1945, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Lenin.
Nyob rau xyoo tom qab kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, lub koom haum nkag mus rau lub sijhawm kaj ntug. Lub tsev tshiab yuav tsum tau paub, muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, hloov kho thiab rov ua dua.
Twb ib xyoos tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau tuav lub rooj sab laj thoob ntiaj teb. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1947 nyob rau hauv lub State Library ntawm lub USSR. V. I. Lenin, lub conveyor rau kev xa cov phau ntawv tau tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, cov kev pabcuam ntawm kev luam cov phau ntawv pib muab rau cov neeg nyeem.
Nyob rau xyoo 1955, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau tswj hwm rov qab cov npe rau cov pej xeem txawv teb chaws.
Los ntawm 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau loj hlob thiab pib muaj 22 chav nyeem ntawv.
Xyoo 1983, nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia, qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Phau Ntawv tau qhib rau lub hauv paus ruaj khov, qhov twg cov neeg nyeem tuaj yeem paub txog keeb kwm ntawm kev luam ntawv thiab pom cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj khaws cia hauv museum's funds.
Present
Xyoo 1992 lub tsev qiv ntawv tau hloov npe, tam sim no nws hu ua Lavxias Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv. Lub npe no tau txais kev cawmdim hauvniaj hnub nim no. Txhua tus pej xeem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 14 xyoos tuaj yeem tau txais daim npav qiv ntawv.
Nyob rau xyoo 2017, lwm qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim rau lub tsev qiv ntawv. Tam sim no txhua qhov yuav tsum tau luam tawm cov ntawv luam tawm hauv tebchaws Russia tau txais ntawm no hauv daim ntawv hluav taws xob.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv muab kev nkag mus rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo ntawm nws txoj kev txhim kho, txhua tus tuaj yeem nyeem nws ntawm lub vev xaib raug cai ntawm RSL.
Russian National Library
Lub Tsev Qiv Tebchaws Lavxias nyob hauv St. Petersburg - lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tom qab Lavxias Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Xeev. Raws li xyoo 2017, nws nyob qib xya hauv cov npe ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm yog 1300 tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv 2001, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau txais nws charter, pom zoo los ntawm lub Decree ntawm tsoom fwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe thiab ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv 2014 lub National Library ntawm Russia ua kev zoo siab rau nws bicentenary. Nws nyob ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm Sadovaya Street thiab Nevsky Prospekt. Raws li lub tswv yim ntawm Empress Catherine II, lub tsev yuav tsum nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub capital.
Daim duab qhia lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia nyob rau sab qaum teb lub nroog.
Egor Sokolov los ua tus kws kes duab vajtse. Lub tsev loj ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv yog tag nrho cov tsev uas yuav tsum tau zoo li ib qho qauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj lub tsev ntawm Plekhanov lub tsev, lub qub tsev ntawm Catherine lub koom haum rau Noble Maidens, lub tsev ntawm Liteiny thiab Moskovsky zeem muag. Qhov kawglub tsev yog qhov tshiab tshaj plaws thiab muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm qhov nkag nrog lub colonnade.
