Poland muaj Gothic fortress loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm tib lub npe thiab muaj ib tug zoo nkauj nplua nuj keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws sawv cev rau lub qub nroog qub ntawm Teutonic Order. Lub tsev fuabtais zoo kawg nkaus no hu ua Malbork thiab tau teev tseg los ntawm UNESCO.
Lub tsev loj loj no hu ua dab tsi: Malbork lossis Marienburg? Puas yog hauv tebchaws Poland lossis lub tebchaws Yelemes? Dab tsi tuaj yeem pom hauv nws thiab hauv nws ib puag ncig? Kab lus muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub nroog thiab nws qhov chaw nyiam tshaj plaws.
Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm luv luv
Lwm yam txawv ntawm lub npe, German, Marienburg, tau daig rau Malbork, txij li lub tsev fuabtais qub tau ua haujlwm raws li lub peev ntawm German (Teutonic) Order.
Malbork yog lub tsev fuabtais uas nws keeb kwm pib xya xyoo dhau los, thaum tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Poland Konrad ntawm Mazowiecki tig mus rau Teutonic Knights kev pab. Lawv yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv cov Polish los ntawm raids ntawm Prussian pagan pab pawg neeg.av thiab yuam cov yeeb ncuab ua kev cai raus dej. Tus Pope tau muab koob hmoov rau qhov kev tawm tsam no tawm tsam Prussia, nrog rau qhov uas nws tau tshaj tawm tsab cai ("Golden Bull"), muab kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txiav txim rau cov tub rog hauv B altic.
Txawm hais tias thaj av tau kov yeej los ntawm Teutons tuaj nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub zwm txwv ntawm Pope, cov tub rog xav tias lawv tus kheej muaj tus tswv nyob hauv cov chaw no. Lawv tau tswj hwm tag nrho cov ntug dej hiav txwv B altic, nyob hauv thaj chaw uas lawv tau kov yeej, thiab ua phem rau txhua qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm paganism. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg uas muaj keeb kwm ntev (Prussians) yuav luag tag nrho. Nyob rau thaj av uas tau kov yeej ntawm Poland, cov tub rog tau tsim lawv lub fortresses ciam teb.
Lub Teutons hauv 1274 tau tso lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev fuabtais piav qhia. Tom qab ntawd nws tau hu ua Marienburg hauv kev hwm ntawm Virgin Mary. Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos xwb, ib lub tsev 4-storey nrog ntau barracks npaj rau knights tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub slopes ntawm tus dej Nogat, thiab txij li thaum 1280 ib tug knights 'convention tau nyob rau hauv nws.
Ua ntej peb piav qhia ntau ntxiv txog Malbork Tsev fuabtais, cia peb qhia luv luv txog lub nroog uas qhov chaw keeb kwm zoo no nyob.
Lub Nroog Malbork
Nov yog ib lub zos qub me me nyob rau sab qaum teb teb chaws Poland, nyob rau hauv lub delta ntawm tus dej. Wisla. Nws nyob 130 km ntawm lub nroog Torun thiab 70 km ntawm lub nroog Gdansk, nyob ze ciam teb nrog rau cheeb tsam Kaliningrad. Nws lub npe German yog Marienburg. Lub nroog Malbork paub feem ntau vim yog lub tsev fuabtais keeb kwm nto moo Marienburg.
Txawm li cas los xijlub xeev ntawm lub nroog thiab nws qhov me me, nws nyiam ntau tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi ntawm no vim nws cov keeb kwm nplua nuj centuries-laus keeb kwm thiab qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm chivalry. Lub nroog nws tus kheej yog cozy thiab txaus nyiam. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem nyob ib hmos, lossis tsuas yog nres los ntawm ib hnub mus taug kev ncig thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress thiab saib Malbork Castle, uas nyob ze rau hauv plawv nroog. Muaj qhov chaw nres tsheb zoo nyob ze lub tsev fuabtais, tsis deb ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm pib qhov chaw muag daim pib mus xyuas lub fortress.
Fortress Museum
Nyob rau xyoo 1454-1466, kev ua tsov rog kaum peb xyoos ntev tau ua haujlwm ntawm Teutons thiab Poles. Poland yeej nws, vim nws tau xa rov qab ib feem ntawm nws cov av uas tau ntes yav dhau los, ua tsaug uas nws tau nkag mus rau B altic. Marienburg Tsev fuabtais raug muag rau Casimir IV Jagiellon (Polish huab tais) hauv 1457 rau kub (665 kg), thiab txij li thaum ntawd huab tais txoj kev tswj hwm tau nyob ntawm no.
Cov Prussians uas tau los ua hwj chim xyoo 1772 tau hloov lub tsev fuabtais mus rau hauv ib lub tsev rau tub rog. Lub fortress tau zoo nkauj puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv 1945 (ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov 7 centuries dhau los). Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, tag nrho lub tsev tau rov ua dua. Niaj hnub no, Malbork Tsev fuabtais hauv tebchaws Poland yog phab ntsa cib loj nrog cov duab taw qhia pom hauv cov dej ntawm tus dej Nogat.
Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau qhib rau hauv thaj chaw fortress, nthuav qhia cov khoom lag luam nplua nuj ntawm armor, riam phom thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm amber. Craft fairs feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais,concerts thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo siab ua yeeb yam ua rau kev ntes ntawm Malbork.
Kev piav qhia
Malbork yog lub tsev loj tshaj plaws uas tus txiv neej ua cib. Nws occupies ib cheeb tsam ntawm 21 hectares. Nws cov yees tau tsim thiab tsim nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb kom yooj yim rau kev tua phom.
Lub complex no suav hais tias yog cov khoom nyiam tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv lub nroog rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj xyuas. Nws lub cim grandeur amazes kiag li txhua leej txhua tus. Lub complex loj ntawm Malbork muaj 3 lub tsev fuabtais: Middle, Upper thiab Lower. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Upper, uas yog lub tsev teev ntuj uas cov hauj sam nyob. Surrounded los ntawm kev tiv thaiv phab ntsa ntawm txhua sab, lub tsev fuabtais yog nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Cov kwj dej tob tau khawb nyob ze.
Cov khoom uas ntxim nyiam ntawm thaj chaw yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Anna (faus ntawm tus tswv zoo) thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Virgin Mary. Qhov nruab nrab Malbork Tsev fuabtais tau ua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab Upper. Nws yog ib zaug ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm Teutonic Order, qhov twg cov tub rog los ntawm thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe tuaj sib sau. Niaj hnub no, nws muaj chaw ua haujlwm rau cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Poland thiab cov thawj coj.
Kuj impresses nrog nws cov kev zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb Lub tsev loj, uas muaj ib tug zoo kawg nkaus openwork architecture, nrog zoo nkauj arched vaults. Kuj tseem muaj tsev kho mob rau cov neeg laus thiab cov neeg mob uas muaj mob. Lub ntsuas phoo qis (lossis Pre-lock) yog npaj rau tsev neeg xav tau.
Nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov ArmoryKev ua tsov ua rog wagons thiab cannons yog nyob rau hauv cov pawg ntseeg. Lub tsev fuabtais kuj muaj qhov chaw tsim khoom, forges, brewery thiab ruaj khov.
Xov xwm qhia txog tib neeg lub neej yav dhau los
Malbork Tsev fuabtais yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam nthuav nthuav nthuav qhia. Cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas tuaj ntawm no ntawm kev mus ncig tuaj yeem pom ob lub fortress tsev lawv tus kheej thiab cov chav ua yeeb yam nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj. Feem ntau tag nrho cov thawj coj ntawm ib pab pawg ncig xyuas yuav siv sijhawm plaub teev. Cov neeg ncig tebchaws tau qhia txog keeb kwm nplua nuj ntawm Malbork Castle.
Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom ua ntej yuav ua li cas cov npib thaum ub tau tsim nyob rau hnub ntawd. Cov neeg ncig teb chaw pom ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv medieval khaub ncaws minting npib ua ntej lawv ob lub qhov muag. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem yuav khoom plig zoo rau me ntsis nyiaj - hnab nyiaj npib.
Cov chav tsev (chambers) ntawm Grand Masters kuj nthuav tawm qhov kev xav tsis thoob pom: lub pob hluav taws uas tau muab tso rau hauv phab ntsa, ya mus rau hauv tsev fuabtais thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov (cov tub rog pawg sab laj tau ntsib ntawm no thaum lub sijhawm ntawd). Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog tias yog cov tub ntxhais ntaus pob (lub tsev fuabtais nyob ntawm nws), qhov tshwm sim yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj. Cov kev xav tsis nco qab kuj tau ua los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj: "Nrog Hluav Taws thiab Ntaj", "Lub Teeb thiab Suab", "Lub Deposition ntawm Malbork". Qhov kawg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Yuav mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej?
Nws yooj yim mus rau Malbork Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv tebchaws Poland. Los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau ntawm lub nroog Malbork, nws yuav siv sijhawm li 15 feeb taug kev mus rau nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv txhua lub kiosk raws txoj kev, koj tuaj yeem tau txais ib phau ntawv dawb nrog txhua cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, thiab koj tuaj yeem yuav cov lus qhia yooj yim Lavxias teb sab. Malbork, uas yuav pab koj taug kev ncig lub tsev fuabtais ntawm koj tus kheej, tsis muaj kev qhia. Ntau tus siv lub sijhawm zoo no vim tias, raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, kev ncig xyuas pab pawg txheej txheem yuav siv sijhawm li 4 teev.
Daim pib raug muag ze ntawm qhov nkag mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej complex. Txhua tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj yeem mus rau Malbork Castle (Poland). Tus nqi pib yog kwv yees li 10 euros. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias muaj daim pib tshwj xeeb rau tsev neeg, uas pheej yig dua yog tias muab cais rau txhua tus tswv cuab.
Lub tsev fuabtais qhib rau txhua xyoo: txij lub Kaum Hli 1 txog Lub Plaub Hlis 30 thaum 9 teev sawv ntxov txog 3 teev tsaus ntuj, txij lub Tsib Hlis 1 txog Lub Cuaj Hli 30 nws qhib thaum 9 teev sawv ntxov txog 5 teev tsaus ntuj. Lub sijhawm ncig xyuas qee zaum hloov. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev tshuaj ntsuam hauv Lavxias tsis muaj nyob ntawm no.
Ntxhais lus tseeb
Nws yog qhov xav paub tias tib Teutons, vim qhov tseeb tias lawv yog cov kws tshaj lij ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm Niam Mab Liab, tau ua raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev mloog lus thiab kev coj dawb huv, raws li txoj cai, txawm hais tias qee zaum lawv tau hla cov kev txwv no.
Yuav ua li cas lub tsev fuabtais xav tau ib tug ua noj ua haus nyob rau hauv lub chav ua noj, ces cov knights tig mus rau Pope rau kev tso cai. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, muab lub mus-ua ntej, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub mob uas lawv coj ib tug poj niam tsis muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 60 xyoo mus rau hauv lub fortress. Cov neeg German, ntawm kev xav, ntiav 3 tus kws ua zaub mov, txhua tus muaj hnub nyoog 20 xyoo.
Malbork - dab tsev fuabtais
Ntau cov lus dab neeg muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub tsev fuabtais. Nws ntseeg hais tias tus dab ntawm ib tug poj niam nyob rau hauv lub monastery. Raws li kev sib tham, qhov no yog tus ntsuj plig ntawm tus ntxhais huab tais Polish. Nws xav cawm nws tus txiv, uas raug ntes los ntawm cov tub rog. Hnav khaub ncaws zoo li ib tug txiv plig, nws tau nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais, tab sis tus poj niam uas tsis saib xyuas tau raug nthuav tawm sai sai, thiab raws li kev rau txim, nws tau raug ntsaum ciaj sia.
Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tus dab tu siab mus rau tom tsev fuabtais nrhiav tus hlub. Nws ntseeg hais tias tus uas pom dab ntxwg nyoog tus ntxhais huabtais tuaj yeem ua kev zoo siab hauv kev hlub. Txhob ntshai nws.
Zoo kawg
Txawm hais tias nws nyuaj rau xav txog saib qhov chaw loj ntawm lub tsev fuabtais tam sim no, nws tau siv ntau dua. Keeb kwm tsis tseg Malbork, vim nws qhov loj me yuav luag halved.
