Karasuk kab lis kev cai: piav qhia thiab keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:07

Kab lis kev cai Karasuk yog lub npe muab rau ib pawg ntawm Bronze Age cov zej zog uas muaj hnub nyoog li ntawm 1500 txog 800 BC. BC e. Nws hloov Andronovo kab lis kev cai, los ntawm sab hnub tuaj ceg uas nws keeb kwm.

Kab lis kev cai Karasuk archaeological stretched ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Aral Hiav Txwv lossis Volga nyob rau sab hnub poob mus rau sab saud ntawm Yenisei River. Cov seem ntawm cov kab lis kev cai no muaj tsawg thiab feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom pom hauv faus.

Lub sijhawm ntawm kab lis kev cai no predates Scythian kab lis kev cai, uas thaum lub sij hawm hlau muaj nyob ntawm 800 txog 200 BC. e. thiab hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws uas ua tim khawv rau kev txuas ntxiv.

Karasuk archaeological kab lis kev cai, uas, tom qab nws tau koom ua ke rau hauv lub tswv yim kawg, yog qhov xav tau los ntawm ob Indo-Iranians thiab Turkologists, nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv Indo-European dominating. Feem ntau, nws yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kurgan kab lis kev cai ntawm Eurasian.steppes.

yam ntxwv dav dav

Kev txiav txim siab luv luv ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai, peb tuaj yeem nco qab cov hauv qab no. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st BC. e. kev sib raug zoo ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Minusinsk steppes thiab txoj kev ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob tau hloov. Qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem taug qab hauv cov monuments ntawm qhov hu ua Karasuk hom, muaj npe tom qab tus dej. Karasuk ze lub zos Bateni hauv Minusinsk Territory.

Kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai los ntawm yav dhau los Afanasiev kab lis kev cai tau pom meej hauv kev tsim lub mound thiab hauv cov pobzeb pobzeb ntawm lub qhov ntxa, txawm hais tias lawv txawv, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib lub laj kab ua los ntawm pob zeb slabs vertically nyob rau hauv av.

Lub qhov ntxa qauv ntawm Karasuk hom, raws li txoj cai, suav nrog ib qho kev faus nrog tib hom khoom muag xws li hauv Andronovo qhov chaw. Hom Karasuk, txawm li cas los xij, sawv tawm rau nws qhov kev ua kom tiav thiab cov txheej txheem. Hom yog cov hlab ntsha kheej kheej nrog lub convex hauv qab ntawm qib siab ntawm craftsmanship. Lawv nto yog glossy, qee zaum pleev xim rau thiab tag nrho nrog geometric ornament, ib txwm nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub nkoj. Ntau hom thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm Karasuk-type ships qhia meej meej rau cov txuj ci txawv tshaj plaw ntawm cov craftsmen. Cov craftsmanship ntawm cov tooj liab kuj qhia txog qhov xwm ntawm craftsmanship, ua qauv qhia los ntawm ntau hom thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm lawv cov dej num thiab kev tsim khoom. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob ntawm ntau hom riam. Kev kos duab ntawm kev ua haujlwm bronze kuj tau piav qhia ntawm cov tsiaj figurines, feem ntau adorning lawv tes.

Kev txhim kho

Nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai, ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam yog kev siv tsiaj txhu tsis yog rau kev tsim cov nqaij, tab sis kuj rau cov mis nyuj. Yaj tau los ua tus xa khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov nqaij. Cov faus tsuas muaj lawv cov pob txha xwb, hos tej nyuj tej zaum yuav tsis raug tua. Cov yaj, uas nws qhov kev loj hlob tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, ib txhij dhau los ua tsiaj txhu, raws li kev pom ntawm lawv cov duab kos hauv pob zeb, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov duab ntawm lub hnub.

Daim duab ntawm tus poj huab tais (tag nrho lossis bust) kuj pom ntawm pob zeb monuments. Nkoj rau mis nyuj nyuj, ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj udders, tau pom nyob rau hauv lub Minusinsk steppe. Tag nrho cov khoom siv ua liaj ua teb siv mis nyuj tau koom nrog poj niam.

Kev nplua nuj ntawm cov nqaij thiab cov khoom siv mis nyuj, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tag nrho muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov pej xeem kev loj hlob thiab nws qhov ntom ntom. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm ntau thiab compact Karasuk xeem toj ntxas, nyob rau hauv uas archaeologists yuav raug txheeb xyuas tus kheej cov qauv sib raug rau cov tsev neeg. Kev loj hlob ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm tsev neeg yawg suab thiab nws cov khoom muaj feem xyuam nrog cov tsos ntawm tamga kos npe - kos npe ntawm cov cuab yeej.

Tswv Ntuj

Karasuk kab lis kev cai npog thaj chaw ntawm Minusinsk steppe. Hauv nruab nrab Kazakhstan (lub zos Dyndybai hauv cheeb tsam Karaganda), ib qho kev faus neeg tau tshawb xyuas hauv Karasuk, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb hauv zos. Qhov ze tshaj plaws rau Minusinsk Karasuk yogCov chaw zoo sib xws nyob rau sab saud ntawm Ob thiab Tomsk nrog cov lus hais hauv zos sib txawv, uas ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb los txheeb xyuas cov chaw no raws li kev sib txawv (Tomsk thiab Upper Ob) ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai.

Qhov kev sib cais ntawm thaj chaw Karasuk los ntawm qhov uas yav dhau los tau nyob los ntawm Andronovo kab lis kev cai yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau sab hnub tuaj. Cov khoom ntawm Karasuk hom muaj nyob rau sab hnub poob tsis deb tshaj Tomsk, thiab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb - nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Tyva, nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm tus dej. Selenga thiab hauv Suav teb.

Kev tsim thiab kev cuam tshuam

Nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev kawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv los piav qhia cov laj thawj ntawm kev poob ntawm Andronov Union thiab sab hnub tuaj "kev taw qhia" ntawm Karasuk. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nthuav qhia cov laj thawj hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm no. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias kev sib txuas ntawm South Siberia thiab Central Asia, uas tau pib ua kom pom tseeb hauv xyoo pua 3 BC, tsis tshwm sim los ntawm lub sijhawm, thiab lawv tau ua ntej los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm thawj tus neeg paub (tej zaum los ntawm kev sib pauv), tseem. hauv 1000 BC. Kev sib cais ntawm pawg neeg Andronovo, cim los ntawm Karasuk theem, yog txuam nrog kev tsim ntawm Scythian kab lis kev cai mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm Minusinsk thaj chaw thiab Hunnic kab lis kev cai nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ob peb puas xyoo tom qab. Rau qee qhov, thaj chaw ntawm Minusinsk cheeb tsam, vim nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nws cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev lag luam, yog ib qho chaw nruab nrab, thaum lub npe hu ua Minusinsk barrow, lossis, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, Tagar kab lis kev cai, tsim.. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias, txawm hais tias hlau tau ruaj khov nws tus kheej li ib qho tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Altai thiab Jeti-Su, bronze nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Minusinsk yog tseem.tseem nyob. Cov Minusins tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Western Scythian kab lis kev cai, thiab tsuas yog nrog lawv cov kev koom nrog hauv lub xeev Great Hunnic lawv tau rov ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ua ke nrog Huns hauv cov txheej txheem keeb kwm ntawm thaj chaw no.

khoom siv Archaeological

Karasuk lub ntxa yog fenced nrog ib lub laj kab ntawm cov slabs teem rau saum npoo ntawm cov av thiab muab tso rau hauv av nyob rau hauv ib tug ntsug txoj hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Minusinsk, cov laj kab zeb no feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, nco txog cov ntawv qub los ntawm Afanasyevo thiab Andronovo.

Cov duab plaub me me feem ntau pom nyob ib ncig ntawm cov loj dua. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov laj kab no, nyob rau hauv ib tug qis embankment, feem ntau yog ib tug trapezoidal qhov uas them nrog Devonian sandstone slabs.

Lub cev pob txha feem ntau nyob ntawm nws nraub qaum lossis tig mus rau sab laug, lub taub hau nyob ntawm qhov dav ntawm lub trapezium.

Cov lus nug ntawm lub ntxa hais tias: cov neeg tuag tau muab khaub ncaws thiab zaub mov, uas lawv xav tau "ntawm txoj kev". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj tsev neeg lossis tub rog riam phom. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm ib tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb: ob peb rab riam pom hauv qhov ntxa tsis nyob ze ntawm cov neeg tuag, tab sis nyob ze lawv txhua tus muaj cov lauj kaub thiab cov pob txha tsiaj. Feem ntau, cov riam no tau siv los ua cov cuab yeej, thiab tsis yog riam phom. Cov neeg tuag tau muab tsis tau tsuas yog nrog nqaij, txiav txim los ntawm cov tsiaj cov pob txha, tab sis kuj nrog zaub mov hauv lauj kaub.

Ntawm qhov pom ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai ntawm Southern Siberia kuj muaj ib yam khoom zoo li tus quab. Nws yog dab tsi raunpaj, tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej. Qhov no yog qhov lawv hu nws: "ib yam khoom ntawm lub hom phiaj tsis paub (PNN) ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai."

Ntau lub nkoj tseem ceeb tau pom nyob hauv qhov ntxa. Lawv cov duab yog txawv kiag li ntawm Andronov. Lawv tsis muaj lub tiaj tiaj. Txawm nyob qhov twg hauv daim ntawv ntawm Karasuk pom, cov hlab ntsha nrog ib puag ncig hauv qab tau pom. Yeej, lawv yog kheej kheej, qee zaum tsis xwm yeem nyob rau hauv cov duab nrog lub caj pas ncaj ntawm nruab nrab qhov siab. Qee lub sij hawm nws nthuav me ntsis, xws li hauv Andron cov hlab ntsha.

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov puag ncig hauv qab ntawm cov hlab ntsha ceramic yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai ntawm Siberia.

Lub hauv paus ntawm neckline sawv tawm kom meej meej, qee zaum nws muaj cov cim zoo nkauj. Raws li rau cov ornament, ntawm ib sab, muaj cov hlab ntsha uas muaj cov txheej txheem qub, zoo li prong-zoo li decorations. Qee lub sij hawm qhov saum npoo yuav raug kho yooj yim nrog cov nyom nyom. Ib qho ntawm cov qauv qub qub yog "pine" lossis "herringbone". Cov ornaments yog paub los ntawm Afanasiev era. Muaj lwm cov hlab ntsha: nrog daim duab peb sab, rhombuses thiab transverse kab txaij.

Txoj kev tsim khoom yog tshiab kiag li: cov hlab ntsha yog xuas tes ua thiab zoo li cov av nplaum nrog cov xuab zeb ntau. Sab nraum grey-xim av, tab sis nyob rau hauv tsaus nrog ib tug bluish tint. Lawv nyias-walled, thiab lawv qhov zoo yog ntau dua li cov qoob loo yav dhau los. Tej zaum ob sab ntawm cov hlab ntsha tau flattened nrog rauj.

jewelry

Dhau li ntawm cov tais diav, hauvCov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov khoom hlau ntawm cov khaub ncaws kuj pom nyob rau hauv qhov ntxa ntawm Karasuk kab lis kev cai. Ntawm lawv yog cov pendants nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob txhais ceg ua los ntawm bronze, uas yuav tsum tau braided. Rings tau hnav ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm cov ntiv tes. Lawv tau qhib los yog sib tshooj, nrog ob sab luam ntawv. Lawv tau pom tsis yog hauv qhov ntxa xwb, tab sis kuj feem ntau ntawm cov random nrhiav.

Muaj peb hom bracelets: ua los ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kauv los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm dav los yog nqaim ribbons. Ribbon sawv daws feem ntau yog ribbed, dav cov qauv kuj tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov dots lossis rosettes.

Cov raj tooj liab me yog ib feem ntawm cov caj dab thiab cov hlaws dai. Lawv muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv graves. Qee zaum lawv yog cylindrical, qee zaum conical, du lossis ribbed. Cov hlaws dai yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv.

Muaj cam khwb cia tooj liab hlaws ntawm biconical lossis chim zoo thiab los ntawm cov hlau tiaj tus. Kuj tseem muaj niam-ntawm-pob zeb hlaws, thiab qee zaum hlaws hlaws. Hauv ib rooj plaub tsuas yog ib daim ntawm carnelian pom.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub hauv siab kho kom zoo nkauj feem ntau hnav. Lawv muaj ib daim tawv nrog me me tawv pluaj uas me bronze clasps nyob. Lwm hom kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub mis yog ib puag ncig tooj liab disc nrog cov hlua zoo sib xws nrog clasps.

riam phom thiab cuab yeej

Cov qauv riam pom nyob rau hauv qhov ntxa tsis muaj cov neeg ua ntej hauv Andronovo excavations. Lawv tsis txawv kiag li ntawm Tagar riam, tab sis muaj tsawg heev zoo li. Tsis tas li ntawd, Karasuk riam muaj qhov khoov duav. Ntawm lawv yogib pawg ntawm rab riam uas tuav thiab hniav tsim ib lub kaum sab xis. Lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov riam no yog lub hau-zoo li tus kov, qee zaum kuj yog lub taub hau ntawm tus tsiaj. Cov pab pawg thib ob muaj cov riam rov qab nkhaus. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb pom cov duab no zoo li S-shaped.

khaub ncaws thiab khoom noj

Hais txog cov khaub ncaws hauv Karasuk kab lis kev cai, ob peb cov ntaub tau khaws cia kom muab piv nrog lwm haiv neeg. Tab sis tsawg kawg yog peb qhov xwm txheej, cov ntaub npuag tau pom. Nyob rau hauv ob ntawm lawv, lub weave yog yooj yim, nyob rau hauv peb - ntau complex, thiaj li hu ua kab pheeb ces kaum.

Cov khoom tawv tawv kuj tau khaws cia, tshwj xeeb rau riam phom thiab cuab yeej.

Khoom plig rau cov neeg tuag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov tseem ceeb heev. Tab sis txij li kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tsis tau ua tiav, tsis muaj qhov tseeb txog nws qhov xwm txheej.

Tsiaj pob txha tsuas pom nyob ib sab ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis nyob hauv txhua qhov ntxa: tawm ntawm 290 tus neeg mob, lawv pom tsuas yog hauv 63 (22%).

Housing

Kev paub txog Karasuk kev cog lus yog qhov txwv. Hmoov tsis zoo, thaj chaw nyob tsis zoo tsuas yog pom nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw: nyob ze ntawm lub zos ntawm Anash thiab Bateni (lub thiaj li hu ua "arches"). Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, txheej kab lis kev cai yog nyias nyias. Muaj cov cuab yeej pob zeb, cov xub xub thiab scrapers. Cov pob zeb calcined kuj tau pom, pw hauv ib lub voj voog, pom tau tias, cov no yog qhov seem ntawm qhov cub.

Karasuk duab puab

Cov no yog cov poj niam. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj lub ntsej muag amazing.muaj tiag. Qee lub sij hawm muaj nyuj los yog mos lwj horns los yog tsiaj pob ntseg ntawm lub taub hau. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, lub ntsej muag yog stylized heev. Ib txhia ntawm lawv hla cov kab transverse uas tsim cov ornaments. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hauv pliaj muaj ib daim duab ntawm lub qhov muag thib peb.