MTO yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam ntawm yuav luag txhua lub koom haum. Cov ntawv luv luv yog "cov khoom siv thiab kev txhawb nqa". Nov yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tsab xov xwm. Ntxiv rau qhov txhais, peb yuav txiav txim siab txog cov haujlwm, cov ntaub ntawv, lub koom haum ntawm kev xa khoom, kev tswj hwm, kos duab cov phiaj xwm thiab lwm yam teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm lub ncauj lus.
Definition
Logistics yog ib hom kev lag luam uas muab rau lub koom haum, raws li, nrog rau cov khoom siv thiab kev pabcuam.
Thiab cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxiv. Logistics - ib tug system rau kev siv thiab ncig ntawm taag, ua hauj lwm peev ntawm ib lub koom haum (raws li raw khoom, tshuab, semi-tiav khoom, thiab lwm yam), txhais tau tias ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Ntxiv rau lawv cov kev faib tawm ntxiv los ntawm cov chaw ua lag luam, cov chaw ua haujlwm, kev siv hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm MTO yog muab cov khoom siv thiab kev pabcuam rau kev tsim khoom hauv cov ntawv pom zoo, hauvqhov chaw nyob.
Functions
Logistics ua haujlwm poob rau hauv ob pawg: thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam. Xav txog lawv.
Cov haujlwm ua lag luam ntawm MTO, dhau los, rov muab faib ua ob pawg. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog ncaj qha mus yuav los yog xauj ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv. Cov haujlwm pabcuam MTO muaj raws li hauv qab no:
- Kev lag luam. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev xaiv ntawm ib tus neeg muag khoom tshwj xeeb, kev lees paub ntawm kev ntseeg siab ntawm tus khub no.
- Txoj Cai. Kev txhawb nqa kev cai lij choj rau kev yuav khoom / xauj ntawm cov peev txheej, kev tiv thaiv ntau yam ntawm cov khoom muaj cai, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa rau kev sib tham ua lag luam. Ua kev cog lus thiab saib xyuas lawv qhov kev ua tiav.
Institutional Logistics Technology Functions:
- daws teeb meem ntsig txog kev xa khoom thiab kev khaws cia.
- Unpacking, harvesting, conservation of resources.
- Kev kho ua ntej ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab lwm yam kev pab.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm chav haujlwm
Kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev ua ub no yog kev ua tiav ntawm cov haujlwm ua ntu zus thiab sib cuam tshuam:
- Npaj lub koom haum xav tau kev pab. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ob qhov ntsuas ntawm kev tsim khoom yog coj los ua lub hauv paus - peev tsim tau thiab siv cov khoom siv. Cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim siab cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws uas xav tau rau ib lub voj voog ntau lawm lossis ib qho kev tso tawm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam / kev pabcuam.
- haujlwm yuav khoom. MTO ua haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab kev yuav khoom raws li kev lag luam raws li cov kev xav tau. Kuj tseem tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xaus lus cog lus, tshuaj xyuas "yuam kev" ntawm kev tsim khoom.
- Khaws cov ntaub ntawv thiab khaws cov khoom raw. Lub koom haum warehouse. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam tsev muaj lub luag haujlwm los tsim cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia rau kev khaws cia thiab siv cov khoom lag luam.
- Kev sau nyiaj rau cov peev txheej sau tseg. Kev tswj hwm nruj tshaj lawv qhov kev tshaj tawm rau cov chav tsev.
MTO Forms
Logistics chaw tuaj yeem sib txawv. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tuam txhab lossis cov tuam txhab.
Cia peb xav txog cov hom kev lag luam feem ntau ntawm lub koom haum logistics:
- Muab cov khoom lag luam ib nrab tiav, cov khoom tiav lossis cov kev pabcuam kev lag luam los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha nyiaj txiag.
- Kev lag luam wholesale hauv qee yam txhais tau tias tsim khoom, khoom muag. Ua los ntawm warehouses, procurement bases, khw chains.
- Kev qiv, kev pauv pauv ua haujlwm thaum tsis muaj peev txheej, nyiaj txiag, nqis peev.
- Recycling ntau lawm pov tseg lossis siv lwm qhov chaw.
- Leasing yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb kev nyiaj txiag, los ntawm kev ua lag luam mus ntev hauv kev tsim kho tshiab thiab rov tsim cov khoom siv. Tsim cov khoom siv ruaj khov thiab thev naus laus zis, txhawb nqance kev sib tw, zoo dua ntawm cov khoom tsim.
- Kev yuav khoom raw thiab cov peev txheej los ntawm kev sib pauv khoom tshwj xeeb. Lub koom haum ntawm kev yuav khoom ntshuam raws li kev cog lus koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws.
- Kev loj hlob ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam (piv txwv: kev tsim cov ntim khoom, tshem tawm cov khoom siv raw). Kev nqis tes ua ntawm kev faib cov peev txheej hauv nruab nrab ntxiv.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntawv MTO
Cov txheej txheem logistics tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg.
1. Kev thauj mus los (direct). Cov khoom raug xa mus rau cov neeg siv khoom los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov khoom muag los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom raug xa mus rau cov khw muag khoom. Raws li, tsis muaj cov neeg nruab nrab ntawm no, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm "muas-muag" yog kev sib txuas ncaj qha rau kev lag luam.
Lub sijhawm zoo: kev nrawm nrawm ntawm cov txheej txheem xa khoom, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab. Tag nrho cov no txhais ua qhov tseeb ntxiv: qhov txo qis hauv cov nqi thauj mus los. Daim ntawv no ntawm MTO lub koom haum yog tsim nyog nrog kev koom tes tas li, nrog ntau cov peev txheej raug muag.
2. Lub tsev khaws khoom. Kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab cuam ntawm kev faib khoom, nruab nrab cov chaw cia khoom thiab cov complexes. Yooj yim rau cov rooj plaub no thaum cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv raw tau siv me me. Thaum pib, cov peev txheej tau yuav ntawm no ntawm cov nqi muag khoom, tom qab ntawd lawv raug xa mus rau cov tsev khaws khoom, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau cov neeg siv khoom kawg. Ntau lawmCov khoom muag pib poob qis thiab cov khoom lag luam nce ntxiv.
Lub tuam txhab tau txais lub sijhawm los import cov peev txheej ntawm lub sijhawm yooj yim, raws li qhov xav tau "tam sim no". Qhov no muab sijhawm rau cov neeg nruab nrab los npaj cov khoom thauj mus los ua ntej txhawm rau xa nws ntawm thawj qhov kev thov ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Tab sis rau qhov yooj yim li no, cov nqi tau them los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom lawv tus kheej - lub npe hu ua warehouse margins tau qhia. Nrog rau txhua qhov zoo, daim ntawv no ntawm MTO lub koom haum tseem ua rau cov nqi tsim khoom tag nrho.
Lub koom haum
Kev tswj hwm kev yuav khoom yog lub koom haum ntawm ob txoj haujlwm: kev yuav khoom thiab kev tswj xyuas khoom. Cia peb saib qhov no kom ntev.
Kev yuav khoom:
- Kev tswj hwm ntawm qee yam haujlwm.
- Kev koom tes ntawm kev yuav cov khoom siv raw khoom tsim nyog, khoom siv. Qhov no yog kev tswj xyuas cov khoom siv, kev yuav khoom thiab kev muab kev pabcuam.
- kev pab tswv yim tswj kev muag khoom.
Tam sim no tus txheej txheem thib ob. Kev tswj cov khoom siv yog cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- Kev tswj cov khoom muag.
- Kev tswj hwm tus kheej cov khoom.
- Tswj kev faib cov peev txheej hauv tib lub koom haum.
Forms of management organization
Kev tswj cov khoom - xaiv ib qho ntawm peb daim ntawv thov kev xa khoom:
- Txoj kev ncaj ncees. Rhiav, departments ntawm lub enterprise lawv tus kheej export raw khoom lawv xav tau los ntawmntau lawm warehouses. Lub tuam txhab tsheb tau siv. Daim ntawv no tsim nyog rau cov tuam txhab lag luam uas ua cov khoom lag luam ib leeg lossis me me.
- Centralized. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov lag luam uas twb tau tsom mus rau ntau lawm. Warehouses, raws li lub sijhawm teem ua ntej, hloov mus rau cov khw muag khoom ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv uas xav tau. Xws li ib lub koom haum muab lub sijhawm los npaj ua ntej rau kev xa khoom, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los siv kev thauj mus los, pab pawg ua haujlwm pabcuam ncaj qha rau kev xa cov khoom siv raw rau cov khw. Lub hauv paus kev xa khoom ntawm cov peev txheej, ntxiv rau, ua kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev suav nyiaj thiab kev tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv raw, khoom siv, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom loj mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
- Nco. Nrog rau daim ntawv no, muaj kev sib koom ntawm ob qho tib si centralized thiab decentralized daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd, qee qhov kev pabcuam tau muab rau qee qhov kev cob qhia raws li lub sijhawm teem tseg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov khoom sib txawv tau raug coj tawm ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom los ntawm lub koom haum subdivisions lawv tus kheej, siv cov tsheb ua haujlwm.
kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm
Lub lag luam yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kev pabcuam, chav haujlwm ntawm cov khoom txhawb nqa. Muaj peb txoj kev tswj hwm tseem ceeb:
- Functional. Txhua qhov kev faib ua nws txoj haujlwm nruj me ntsis. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog ib txwm muaj rau cov lag luam koom nrog kev tsim khoom me me lossis ib qho khoom,muaj ntau yam me me thiab ntim khoom me me.
- Raws li cov khoom lag luam. Ntawm no, cais subdivisions ntawm MTO tab tom ua tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm kev muab cov khoom siv raw. Cov kev tswj hwm zoo li no feem ntau raug rau huab hwm coj, kev tsim khoom loj, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm ntau yam khoom, cov khoom lag luam loj ntawm cov khoom siv raw.
- sib tov. Qee tus kws tshaj lij ntawm lub tuam tsev yog tibneeg hu tauj coob nrog cov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv sab nraud. Lwm cov neeg ua haujlwm koom nrog hauv kev txav mus los ntawm cov khoom siv raw, khoom siv thiab lwm yam khoom siv tsim nyog.
Flaws hauv lub koom haum logistics
Yog tias qhov kev pab cuam logistics tsim tsis raug, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm tag nrho cov lag luam. Piv txwv li:
- Underproduction. Qhov no ua rau txo qis ntawm cov txiaj ntsig.
- Nyob rau hauv cov nqi systematic vim downtime (vim tsis muaj peev xwm rau ntau lawm).
- Tshaj tawm cov khoom tsis raug.
- Txo kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom lag luam.
- Poob vim kev lwj ntawm cov khoom nyoos tsis lees paub vim muaj cov khoom lag luam ntau.
MTO plan
MTO kev npaj tau txais lub hauv paus rau kev txiav txim siab txog kev yuav khoom raw. Nov yog cov theem hauv qab no:
- tshawb nrhiav kev lag luam. Qhov no yog kev sau, tshuaj xyuas, ua thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev muab, lawv qhov ntau, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog thiab cov khoom siv raw. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov nqi ntawm lawv cov khoom xa tuaj.
- Xam txog kev lag luam xav tau rau cov nocov peev txheej raws li MTO tshuav nyiaj li cas. Ob qho tib si sab nraud thiab sab hauv ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug raug suav nrog.
- Purchasing plan.
- Tshaj tawm ntawm kev yuav khoom.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm MTO
Cov hauv qab no suav tias yog kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm rau kev cob qhia logistical:
- Tau txais, nrog rau kev suav nyiaj rau ntau cov ntawv ceeb toom rau cov khoom xa tawm (ntau dua rau cov tuam txhab hauv nruab nrab).
- Los ntawm MTO, lub koom haum xaj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv raw los ntawm cov neeg muab khoom, xaus kev sib cog lus nrog lawv, thiab saib xyuas lawv qhov kev siv.
- Specification ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis. Hauv lwm lo lus, txiav txim siab qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv raw, cov ntaub ntawv raws li qhov tshwj xeeb nomenclature-nqi tag. Nyob ntawd, tag nrho cov peev txheej raug faib los ntawm hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, profiles thiab lwm yam ntxwv.
- Kev lees paub ntau thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog.
- txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cov khoom ntawm lub khw, ntau lawm units.
- Tswj kev xa khoom thiab khoom siv rau kev cob qhia.
Kev txhawb nqa logistics yog ob qho tib si ntawm kev muab khoom ntawm lub koom haum nrog cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom tsim nyog, thiab kev npaj ntawm kev txav sab hauv ntawm cov peev txheej los ntawm cov khw. Kev vam meej ntawm tag nrho cov lag luam feem ntau nyob ntawm nws lub koom haum muaj peev xwm, kev xaiv ntawm daim ntawv xav tau ntawm kev tswj cov khoom siv.
