Phom "Breda": tshuaj xyuas cov qauv, tshuaj xyuas

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:07

Lub tuam txhab ntawm engineer Ernesto Breda tau nto moo thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. Cov neeg txawj ntse Breda thawj zaug tau tsim cov khoom siv ntau yam (xws li locomotives, tsheb ua liaj ua teb, phom loj) hauv Milan. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, Ernesto tau tsim cov phom tshuab No. 30, 31 thiab No. 37 ua ke nrog Fiat. Cov riam phom no tau siv rau hauv cov tub rog Italian thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II.

Tom qab ib ntus, Breda lub tuam txhab pib tsim cov tsheb laij teb txhua lub log, tsheb tub rog. Cov tsheb ntawm lub tuam txhab no muaj ib tug feature - txhua tsav log yog nruab nrog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib tsav. Qhov no ua kom lawv cov kav ntev thiab muaj sia nyob.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, export ntawm semi-automatic txhaj tshuaj pib.

Kev paub cov neeg siv kev xav

Ntawm cov yam ntxwv dav dav, cov kws tshaj lij qhia:

• Yooj yim ntawm kev ua txhua yam haujlwm (loading, reloading, hloov cartridges). Cov neeg siv tau thov tias txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm ib sab tes.
• Qhov zoo tshaj plaws layout. Qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis tsim nyog rau kev tswj hwm ua rau tua phom"Breda" yooj yim thiab nyab xeeb siv.
• Kev ua haujlwm ceev nrawm vim tsis muaj cov khoom tsis tsim nyog ntawm lub cev.

Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ntseeg tau, qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau sau tseg. Ntawm ib qho Breda semi-automatic (yog tias ntsuas phoo tau teeb tsa), kev txhaj tshuaj tshwm sim los yog raug mob yuav tsis tshwm sim. Xws li lub kaw lus muaj ntau qhov txav tsawg dua, yog li nws pom tau tias ntseeg tau.

Cov pob tw yog ua los ntawm kev drilling. Yog li ntawd, cov channel profile yog yuav luag zoo tagnrho (nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub pob tw, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev kos duab los yog dov nrog tom qab vuam). Ua tsaug rau kev siv cryo-kev kho mob hauv lub muzzle, qhov kev ntxhov siab nyob hauv qhov tsis pom zoo.

Durability yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm tus txais: rau qhov no, ib feem ntawm cov yeeb nkab steel yog thawj zaug crushed rau hauv cov duab uas xav tau, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov raug txiav (los ntawm laser). Kuj tseem muaj hlau nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub rooj sib tham thiab lub qhov rais qhov rooj pub rau hauv lub receiver (feem ntau riam phom tsis muaj qhov no).

rab phom Breda Xanthos yog tus thawj coj hauv kev nyab xeeb. Thaum lub shutter qhib, ib qho khawm nias yuav ua tsis tau. Cov riam phom kuj raug coj mus rau hauv lub xeev kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv ob peb vib nas this, rau qhov no nws txaus tsuas yog rov qab lub kaw rau nws qhov qub.

Limited Edition "Delirium"

Lub tuam txhab paub zoo txuas ntxiv tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb rau nws cov riam phom. Ib tug txawv feature yog daim ntawv thov ntawm engraving siv sputtering nrog precious hlau. Lub tuam txhab hom yog ua los ntawm kub, thiab qhov chawntau lawm (Ltalis) - los ntawm nyiaj. Txawm tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov txwv ib tsab phom phom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, uas yog chrome plating thiab zoo engraving.

Cov phom phom Breda Xanthos Kub tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov txwv - 150 daim. Txhua rab phom tuaj nrog daim ntawv pov thawj tshwj xeeb uas lees paub kev siv cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig thiab lawv qhov hnyav nominal hauv kev tsim.

Lub pob tw ntawm riam phom kuj txawv, vim nws yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo walnut thiab kho nrog roj tshwj xeeb.

Rau connoisseurs ntawm "Breda" muaj lub sijhawm los xaiv qhov ntev ntawm lub thoob - los ntawm 61 txog 76 cm. Qhov hnyav ntawm riam phom yog 2 kg 900.

Tam sim no Xanthos yog lub tshuab thev naus laus zis tshaj plaws inertial ntawm kev ua lag luam.

Kev piav qhia thiab yam ntxwv ntawm rab phom

Cov kev tswj hwm tau teeb tsa hauv qhov kev txiav txim no: ntawm sab laug - khawm kev nyab xeeb, sab xis - lub kaw lus ko taw thiab khawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus neeg tiv thaiv. Qhov tsis muaj qhov yuam kev ntawm ib daim cartridge rau lub feeder yog ib qho ntawm cov phom Breda Xanthos. Kev tshuaj xyuas tus tswv txog qhov riam phom no tsuas yog qhov zoo, vim tias tag nrho cov kev tswj hwm muaj lub kaw lus kaw, khawm fuse thiab tus contactor. Kev nyab xeeb yog lav los ntawm qhov tsis siv neeg swb nres. Thaum qhib lub qhov rooj, tsis hais seb muaj cov cartridges nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm, rab phom cia li thaiv qhov kev txhaj tshuaj.

Qhov kev nruj ntawm tus txais tau nce ntxiv vim qhov tseeb tias tus neeg tiv thaiv lub cev yog qhov sib nrug ntawm lub qhov rais feeder.

Nyob rau hauv Xanthos, cov ntawv xov xwm raj yog soldered rautxais lub thawv. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, tsis muaj kev poob siab tshwm sim thaum txhaj tshuaj.

Main specifications:

• tag nrho ntev: 1280mm.
• Barrel length: 760 mm.
• Caliber: 12 mm.
• Chamber length: 76 mm.
• Magazine type: tubular underbarrel.
• Tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tshwm sim: 1.
• Nyhav: 3kg 300g

Lub Breda rab phom tua tsiaj, raws li cov neeg siv, tsis ua rau tsis yooj yim thaum muab cov ntawv xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau rau tog feeder txhua lub sij hawm, vim hais tias thaum lub cartridge muab tso rau hauv nws lub hauv paus, tus contactor yog nyem tawm, thiab lub feeder nce, uas clears txoj kev mus rau lub magazine.

Kev nplij siab hauv kev tua kuj tau lees paub los ntawm kev muaj lub damper. Nws yog ua los ntawm polyurethane thiab nyob rau hauv lub receiver. Cov cuab yeej no siv rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub bolt ncej nyob rau hauv lub rearmost txoj hauj lwm, uas yooj yim rau kev tua.

Yos Hav Zoov ntawm ib lub tuam txhab paub zoo

Cov phom Breda Chiron nrov heev ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Cov qauv no yog pheej yig dua nyob rau hauv nqe qeb, tab sis tib lub sij hawm kuj txhim khu kev qha thiab technically zoo xav tawm.

Cov pob tw yog tsim los ntawm qhov tob tob. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev tsim khoom no, nws tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov profile zoo kawg nkaus thiab tsis txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab ntxiv. Cov phom muaj qib siab ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab kav ntev.

Tsuas muaj ob txoj haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tua hluav taws: siv lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj ko taw thiab lub pob nyem chambering.

rab phom muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws"Breda I-Fest". Cov qauv no sawv tawm rau nws qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb, kev ntseeg tau thiab ruaj khov. Lub sijhawm them lossis rov ua haujlwm yuav siv sijhawm ob peb feeb xwb rau cov neeg siv paub txog.

Qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov teeb meem kuj tsis tso cov neeg nyiam mus yos hav zoov tsis txaus ntseeg: kev tsim riam phom siv cov ntxoov ntxoo classic, ua siab ntev thiab ceev. Txhua tus qauv ntawm lub tuam txhab Italian rab phom yog ib qho kev tsim tshwj xeeb.

rab phom Breda Antares tsis tso tseg yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas. Tib rab phom phom chambered hauv 12 ntsuas chambered rau 76 hli puag ncig. Lub casing yog ua los ntawm cov hlau tshwj xeeb, uas suav nrog nickel, chromium thiab molybdenum. Ib txheej ntawm cov impurities no muab kev hnav tsis kam ntawm lub tshuab.

Cov thoob yog ua los ntawm chrome-vanadium hlau. Cov khoom zoo li no muaj kev tiv thaiv siab rau kev puas tsuaj thaum txhaj tshuaj. Lub receiver thiab txav qhov chaw yog hardened thiab kuj plated nrog chrome. Txhua lub thoob tau nruab nrog lub qhov cua nkag.

Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Brad qauv

Cov kiv cua ntawm kev yos hav zoov heev qhia txog cov phom ntawm "Brad Grizzly". Qhov no muaj zog inertia semi-automatic phom yog tsim los siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo. "Grizzly" yog haum rau ntau hom kev yos hav zoov: mus kom ze, ambush thiab tsav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cuab yeej muaj zog tuaj yeem tua cov mos txwv qauv - 70 mm. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj zog 76mm thiab muaj zog heev 89mm mos txwv yuav siv tau.

Rau lub khw tsis tu ncua uastsim los rau 4 + 1 cartridge, nws muaj peev xwm nruab ib qho txuas txuas ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub peev xwm nrog qhov txuas ntxiv mus txog 9 + 1 mos txwv. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom ntev yog 3 kg 300 g. Txawm tias muaj qhov hnyav li no, riam phom tsis ua rau tsis yooj yim rau kev siv, vim tias nws tau faib thiab sib npaug ntawm qhov ntev.

Lub Breda Echo tus kheej-loading tsis siv neeg phom phom yog paub txog nws txoj kev yooj yim, kev ntseeg tau thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo. Cov riam phom muaj ib tug classic yooj yim tsim thiab yog nruab nrog ib tug inertial reloading system. Lub thoob qhov ntev ntawm 610 txog 760 hli, thiab qhov hnyav tsis tshaj 3 kg. Muaj nyob rau hauv 12/70, 12/76 thiab 20/76mm.

rab phom tau ntim nrog ob lub mos txwv thiab cov phom tua hauv lub caliber. Cov qauv no yog tsim rau cov neeg yos hav zoov pib, vim nws muaj ntau yam zoo, lightness thiab yooj yim aiming. Ntawm qhov tsis txaus, qhov loj rov qab thaum tua sawv tawm.

Siv "Echo" nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua hom kev yos hav zoov, vim tias qhov tseeb yog khaws cia ntawm qhov deb txog li 100 meters. Rau kev khiav mus yos hav zoov, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv Breda 20-gauge. Cov riam phom tiv taus ya raws thiab plua plav.

Kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov pib tshiab thiab cov neeg yos hav zoov paub txog

rab phom Breda tau txais kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov. Hauv Is Taws Nem, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm txhua yam riam phom. Hauv qab no yog qee qhov ntawm lawv:

• Cov neeg siv ntseeg siab hauv kev tsim khoom zoo ntawm pob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj txhaj tshuaj, undershot cartridges tshwm sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tshwm sim no ploj mus thiab rab phom ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no cuam tshuam txog Delirium Echo T-9 series. Cov tswv nco txog qhov ntom ntomscree: thaum txhaj tshuaj, qhov scree ntawm qhov cuam tshuam yog txawm thiab tsis muaj qhov muag plooj.
• Nrov ntawm cov kws tshaj lij yog Breda Iffirst tus qauv phom phom. Kev tshuaj xyuas tus tswv feem ntau yog qhov zoo, thiab kev saib xyuas yog them rau lub thoob thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev tua. Cov hlab txais, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus drilling, muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws geometry ntawm longitudinal thiab hla ntu ntawm lub bore. Tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab sab hauv. Cov chokes loj. Cov kev ntsuas no ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov hlab choke nrog lub chamber. Qhov me ntsis roughness ntawm lub thoob txo cov deformation ntawm txhaj tshuaj. Cov phom ntawm cov koob no tau yoog rau ntau hom mos txwv. Kev txhaj tshuaj ib txwm nyob ruaj khov.
• Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tua nrog rab phom Breda kuj yooj yim. Cov neeg saib xyuas kev tshuaj xyuas qhia cov hauv qab no: qhov tseeb thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua feem ntau nyob ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm riam phom. Kev ua raws li kev saib xyuas (kev tu, lubrication) thiab cov kev cai cia yuav ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev tua thiab siv tau. Yog tias tsis ua haujlwm txij nkawm, yuav muaj hluav taws xob tsis zoo thiab lub qhov rooj yuav kaw.

Italian Breda phom

phom Italian yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau cov kws tshaj lij. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov phom ntawm "Bred Ifirst" tag nrho cov niaj hnub tiam sis nyob rau hauv gunsmithing yog embodied. Lub tuam txhab Italian tau tsim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ib tus neeg ntawm cov phom, vim tias qhov zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov phom tau ua tiav.

Kev tsim tshwj xeeb yog lub cim ntawm lub tuam txhab. Ntxiv nrog rau cov kev daws teeb meem tsim qauv zoo nkauj, phom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev nyab xeeb.

"Deliriums" ntawm txhua qhov yog ergonomic, vim tias koj tuaj yeem nqa riam phom los tiv thaiv kev npaj hauv ob peb feeb. Cov phom phom zoo tagnrho rau kev cob qhia kev ua si nawv thiab yos hav zoov.

Lub tuam txhab Italian tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov cav tov rau nkoj, locomotives, nrog rau cov khoom siv hlau. Tab sis cov phom Breda tsim nyog txhua tus neeg mloog. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm riam phom muaj koob npe (qee tus qauv yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev txiav txim) yog qhov zoo. Qhov ntau ntawm lub tuam txhab suav nrog ntau yam khoom siv rau kev yos hav zoov: semi-automatic, kab rov tav, sab flints.

Tag nrho cov sab flints yog tsim los nrog ib txoj kab ntsug ntawm lub pob tw thiab ib qho khoom xaiv (ib qho khoom siv uas tso cai rau koj hloov cov kab ke ntawm cov pob tw). Cov phom yog nruab nrog tsuas yog ib qho taw qhia, tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb tsis siv neeg, ejectors thiab ib lub xauv xauv.

Semi-automatics yog ua los ntawm kev hloov cov thoob. Lub shutter tuaj yeem yooj yim disassembled, thiab lub thawv xauv yog ua los ntawm alloy. Cov qauv yooj yim ntawm rab phom no ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm rollback ntawm lub tog raj kheej txav tau los ntawm cov khoom noj thaum tua.

Ob sab flints thiab semi-autos hnyav txog 3500 g, chim ntev li ntawm 600 txog 750 hli. Txhua rab phom muaj qhov sib txawv: tus qauv, maj mam engraved, deluxe thiab ntxiv deluxe.

phom khaws cov lus qhia

Ua ntej yuav riam phom, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo mloog cov lus nug hauv qab no:

• Yim yos hav zoov. Tom qab txiav txim siab txog txoj hauj lwm ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem nqa rab phom raws li kev sib twspecifications.
• Lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm tus neeg yos hav zoov (qhov siab, qhov hnyav).
• Environmental parameters (humidity, temperature, season).

Raws li cov lus teb tau txais, qhov tsim nyog tsis raug txiav txim siab, thiab tom qab ntawd ua thiab hom phom.

Piv txwv li, thaum yos hav zoov ducks thaum lub caij hloov pauv, rab phom Breda Thawj zaug yuav tsim nyog. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus du-bore inertial semiautomatic ntaus ntawv lees paub qhov no. Cov phom ntawm hom no muaj kev tiv thaiv dej noo, thiab nws yog qhov ntsuas no tseem ceeb thaum tua hluav taws hauv hav zoov thiab hav dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, "Breda First" muaj qhov hnyav me me, yog li cov neeg yos hav zoov nrog kev tsim me me yuav yooj yim txav nrog cov cuab yeej hla kev deb.

Kev xaiv nyuaj rau cov neeg yos hav zoov sab laug. Vim qhov chaw tsis yooj yim ntawm lub txaj thiab lub fuse, qhov zoo ntawm kev ntaus yog deteriorating. Yog li ntawd, tus neeg tua neeg yuav tsum xaiv cov riam phom nrog cov khoom lag luam kho tau. Cov yam ntxwv no muaj los ntawm cov khoom siv semi-automatic, xws li, piv txwv li, rab phom Breda I-Fest. Kev tshuaj xyuas txog cov riam phom no feem ntau yog qhov zoo. Cov neeg yos hav zoov uas muaj kev paub piav qhia tias kev tua ntawm sab laug xub pwg nrog rab phom sab xis yog qhov tsis zoo, tsis xis nyob thiab txaus ntshai. Nrog rau qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm tab, lub pob tw ntawm rab phom nkag mus rau sab laug pectoral leeg, qhov no yog qhov txaus ntshai. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis tau kho cov Tshuag, sab laug cheekbone poob rau hauv lub tshuab ntawm crest.

Tsis tas li, thaum xaiv rab phom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm hloov qhov chaw thiab kho. Tag nrho "Breds" yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev sib dhos thiab haum ntawm qhov chaw.

ntsuas kev nyab xeeb raunrog Breda phom

Ua ntej yuav riam phom ntawm txhua yam, koj yuav tsum tau txais kev tso cai los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los kawm txog cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm kev siv thiab kev ceev faj thaum siv. Cov kev cai ntawm kev coj nrog phom kuj tseem siv tau rau cov phom Breda. Ob tus pib thiab amateur yuav tsum:

1. Paub cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm riam phom, siv lawv tsuas yog hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub kaw lus, txhais thiab kev nyab xeeb mechanism raug kuaj.
2. Chaw lub tshuab ua ntej yuav tua.
3. Ua kom muaj riam phom ua ntej tua.
4. Tsis txhob taw tes rau tib neeg lossis tsiaj, txawm tias rab phom thauj khoom.
5. Ua tib zoo xyuas lub thoob thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev thaiv thiab xeb.
6. Thauj riam phom tshwj xeeb lossis rooj plaub, them tshwj xeeb rau kev kho.
7. Thaum tua, coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam thiab trajectory ntawm lub davhlau, qhov kev puas tsuaj nyob ntawm seb hom cartridges.
8. Nqa koj rab phom rov qab (tshwj tsis yog huab cua phem).
9. Tom qab ntog, dhau los ntawm swamps thiab thickets, lub tshuab yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas qhov kev puas tsuaj thiab txhaws.
10. Cia tsuas yog muab tshem tawm thiab tawm hauv qhov tshwj xeeb uas muaj kev nyab xeeb.

Qhov kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw nrog cov av noo thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Mounting ntawm cov txheej txheem raug txwv. Ua ntej muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw nyab xeebib rab phom yuav tsum raug tshuaj xyuas kom puas thiab ntxuav. Thaum kawg ntawm cov xwm txheej, rab phom muab tso rau hauv ib rooj plaub lossis rooj plaub.

Nco ntsoov tias kev nkag mus rau riam phom tsuas yog txwv. Kev siv los ntawm cov neeg thib peb tuaj yeem ua rau raug txim txhaum cai.

Txoj cai coj nrog riam phom hauv kev txav

Thaum thauj cov phom Breda thiab sib ntaus sib tua, koj yuav tsum:

1. Tshawb xyuas cov khoom siv thiab kev npaj siv thauj, khaub ncaws, thiab lwm yam.
2. Ua cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev tua.
3. Tsis txhob taug txoj kev tshwj xeeb yog huab cua phem.
4. Thaum hla cov fords thiab cov pas dej khov, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb (tsawg kawg 5 meters ntawm tus neeg nyob rau pem hauv ntej).
5. Saib qhov chaw txiav txim los ntawm pawg thawj coj.
6. Kev yos hav zoov tsis tau ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis pom kev (hauv huab cua, daus hnyav, thaum tsaus ntuj).

Thaum siv phom, suav nrog rab phom Breda, thaum yos hav zoov, nws raug txwv nruj:

1. Tawm ntawm qhov hluav taws kub (tsuas yog muab kev pab thawj zaug rau tus neeg raug tsim txom).
2. Yuav txhaj tshuaj rau lwm lub hom phiaj (kom tsim suab nrov, kom pom qhov tsis pom tseeb ntawm lub hom phiaj, thiab lwm yam).
3. Tawm koj txoj haujlwm, koj yuav tsum tshem koj rab phom.
4. Hluav taws kub ntawm lub kaum sab xis (tsawg dua 45◦).
5. Txawm li cas los xij ntawm pem hauv ntej (txawm tias tsis muaj qhov cim ntawm lub neej).
6. Hluav taws kubyam khoom uas hla hauv qab tus lej uas nyob ib sab.

Ua ntej tawm mus rau ib pab pawg neeg yos hav zoov (kev tawm dag zog), txhua tus neeg koom yuav tsum tau ua cov lus qhia txog kev nyab xeeb thiab paub meej tias kev paub nrog kos npe. Tus kws qhia ntawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm pab pawg, thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv thaj chaw tua hluav taws.

Tsis txhob tso tseg qhov kev kuaj mob hlwb txhua xyoo thiab sau npe daim ntawv tso cai nqa phom.