"Artillery yog tus vajtswv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog," - I. V. Stalin ib zaug hais, hais txog ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog. Nrog rau cov lus no, nws tau sim hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov riam phom no thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Thiab qhov kev qhia no muaj tseeb, txij li qhov ua tau zoo ntawm artillery tsis tuaj yeem raug overestimated. Nws lub hwj chim tau tso cai rau cov tub rog Soviet los tsoo cov yeeb ncuab uas tsis muaj kev hlub tshua thiab coj txoj kev yeej loj heev uas xav tau los ze dua.
Ntxiv rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, cov phom loj ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, uas tau ua haujlwm nrog Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab USSR, yuav raug txiav txim siab, pib nrog rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab xaus nrog cov phom loj heev.
phom phom tiv thaiv
Raws li keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob tau qhia, rab phom teeb los ntawm thiab loj dhau los ua qhov siv tsis tau tawm tsam cov tsheb loj. Qhov tseeb yog tias lawv feem ntau tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo interwar thiab tsuas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog ntawm thawj lub tsheb armored. Tab sis ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, thev naus laus zis tau pib hloov kho sai sai. Tank armorua tuab tuab, ntau hom phom tig los ua kev cia siab tsis tu ncua.
Qhov pom ntawm cov cuab yeej hnyav deb tshaj qhov kev txhim kho ntawm cov phom tshiab tiam tshiab. Cov tub rog phom uas tau xa mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, ua rau lawv xav tsis thoob, tau sau tseg tias lawv cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm raug tsis raug ntaus lub tank lawm. Lub artillery tsis muaj hwj chim ua dab tsi. Lub plhaub tsuas yog thaws tawm ntawm lub hub ntawm lub tsheb armored yam tsis ua rau lawv raug mob.
Tseem tua phom tua phom tua phom luv luv, yog li cov neeg tua phom yuav tsum cia cov yeeb ncuab tuaj ze heev los ntaus nws kom paub meej. Thaum kawg, Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II no tau raug tshem tawm mus rau keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab tau pib siv los ua kev txhawb nqa hluav taws rau kev nce qib infantry.
Teb phom loj
Qhov pib nrawm, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ya dav hlau ntawm thaj tsam phom loj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau ob qho tib si kev npaj kev tawm tsam thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Phom phom cuam tshuam qhov kev txav dawb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab tuaj yeem rhuav tshem tag nrho cov kab xa khoom. Thaum lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov phom loj (koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab hauv kab lus) feem ntau tau cawm lawv cov tub rog thiab pab kom yeej. Piv txwv li, thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Fabkis xyoo 1940, lub teb chaws Yelemees siv nws 105-mm leFH 18 phom.yeej nyob rau hauv artillery duels nrog yeeb ncuab roj teeb.
Cov phom phom, uas tau ua haujlwm nrog Tub Rog Liab, tau sawv cev los ntawm 76, 2-millimeter cannon xyoo 1942. Nws muaj lub siab ncaj ncees pib tshaj tawm ntawm qhov projectile, uas ua rau nws yooj yim rau kev tawg los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm German armored tsheb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov phom Soviet ntawm chav kawm no muaj ntau yam txaus los tua cov hom phiaj los ntawm qhov chaw zoo rau lawv. Txiav txim rau koj tus kheej: qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov projectile tuaj yeem ya tau ntau dua 12 km! Qhov no tso cai rau cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet los ntawm kev tiv thaiv nyob deb los tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm kev nce qib.
Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, ntau ntau cov phom ntawm xyoo 1942 tau tsim dua li lwm yam riam phom ntawm tib hom. Kuj ceeb tias, qee qhov ntawm nws cov ntawv luam tseem ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog Lavxias.
Txiv neej
Tej zaum qhov siv tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab siv tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txhawb nqa tub rog yog mortars. Lawv zoo kawg nkaus ua ke xws li cov khoom xws li ntau yam thiab lub zog hluav taws xob, yog li lawv siv tau tuaj yeem tig qhov dej ntws ntawm tag nrho cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam.
Cov tub rog German feem ntau siv 80mm Granatwerfer-34. Cov riam phom no tau txais lub koob npe nrov ntawm cov phooj ywg rau nws qhov kev kub ceev thiab qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tua. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov kev tua hluav taws yog 2400 m.
Cov Tub Rog Liab tau siv 120 hli M1938, uas tau nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 1939, los muab kev pabcuam tua hluav taws rau nws cov tub rog. Nws yog thawj zaug ntawm mortars nrog xws li caliber,uas tau puas tau tsim thiab siv hauv ntiaj teb kev xyaum. Thaum cov tub rog German tau ntsib cov riam phom no hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv txaus siab rau nws lub zog, tom qab ntawd lawv muab ib daim ntawv luam rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab xaiv nws ua Granatwerfer-42. M1932 hnyav 285 kg thiab yog hom mortar hnyav tshaj plaws uas cov tub rog yuav tsum nqa nrog lawv. Ua li no, nws yog disassembled rau hauv ob peb qhov chaw, los yog rub rau ntawm ib lub laub tshwj xeeb. Nws qhov kev tua hluav taws yog 400 m tsawg dua li ntawm German Granatwerfer-34.
tus kheej-propelled units
Nyob rau hauv thawj lub limtiam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nws tau pom tseeb tias cov tub rog tseem ceeb xav tau kev txhawb nqa hluav taws uas ntseeg tau. Cov tub rog German tau khiav mus rau hauv ib qho kev khuam siab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm zoo-fortified txoj hauj lwm thiab ib tug loj concentration ntawm yeeb ncuab pab tub rog. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau txiav txim siab ntxiv dag zog rau lawv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nrog rau Vespe tus kheej-tsav 105-mm artillery mounted ntawm PzKpfw II tank chassis. Lwm yam riam phom zoo sib xws - "Hummel" - yog ib feem ntawm lub cev muaj zog thiab lub tank faib txij li xyoo 1942.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tub Rog Liab tau ua tub rog nrog rab phom tus kheej SU-76 nrog rab phom 76.2 hli. Nws tau nruab rau ntawm lub chassis hloov kho ntawm T-70 lub teeb tank. Thaum pib, SU-76 yuav tsum tau siv los ua lub tank rhuav tshem, tab sis thaum nws siv nws pom tau tias nws muaj hluav taws xob tsawg dhau rau qhov no.
Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1943, cov tub rog Soviet tau txais lub tshuab tshiab - ISU-152. Nws tau nruab nrog 152.4 hli howitzer thiab tau npaj ob qho tib si los rhuav tshem cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiabmobile artillery, thiab txhawb infantry nrog hluav taws. Ua ntej, rab phom tau nruab rau ntawm KV-1 tank chassis, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm IS. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, riam phom no tau ua pov thawj tias nws ua tau zoo heev uas nws tseem ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog Soviet, nrog rau Warsaw Pact lub teb chaws mus txog rau 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.
Soviet hnyav artillery
hom phom no yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm ua yeeb ncuab thoob plaws Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. Qhov hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm cov phom loj tshaj plaws, uas tau ua haujlwm nrog Red Army, yog M1931 B-4 howitzer nrog lub caliber ntawm 203 hli. Thaum cov tub rog Soviet pib maj mam ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm German invaders ntawm lawv thaj chaw thiab kev ua tsov rog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tau zoo li qub, cov phom loj loj yog, raws li lawv hais, nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw.
Tab sis cov neeg tsim khoom ib txwm nrhiav kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Lawv txoj hauj lwm yog los tsim ib tug riam phom nyob rau hauv uas, raws li tau zoo raws li ua tau, xws li cov yam ntxwv xws li ib tug me me pawg, ib tug zoo firing ntau thiab cov hnyav tshaj projectiles yuav sib koom ua ke. Thiab xws li riam phom raug tsim. Lawv tau los ua 152-millimeter howitzer ML-20. Ib me ntsis tom qab, ib rab phom M1943 uas niaj hnub siv nrog tib lub caliber, tab sis nrog lub thoob hnyav dua thiab lub tsheb loj loj, nkag mus rau kev pabcuam nrog cov tub rog Soviet.
Cov tuam txhab tiv thaiv ntawm Soviet Union tom qab ntawd tsim cov khoom loj ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas tau tua cov yeeb ncuab loj heev. Artillery tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau German txoj haujlwm thiab yog li thwarted yeeb ncuab tawm tsam cov phiaj xwm. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yuav yog kev ua haujlwm"Hurricane", uas tau ua tiav hauv xyoo 1942. Nws qhov tshwm sim yog qhov thaiv ntawm 6th German tub rog nyob ze Stalingrad. Rau nws qhov kev siv, ntau tshaj 13 txhiab phom ntawm ntau hom tau siv. Artillery npaj ntawm lub hwj chim uas tsis tau pom dua ua ntej qhov kev tawm tsam no. Nws yog nws uas tau pab txhawb rau kev nce qib sai ntawm cov tub rog Soviet tank thiab infantry.
German hnyav riam phom
Raws li Treaty of Versailles, tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees raug txwv tsis pub muaj phom nrog lub caliber ntawm 150 mm lossis ntau dua. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub tuam txhab Krupp, uas tab tom tsim cov phom tshiab, yuav tsum tsim kom muaj qhov hnyav hnyav li casitzer sFH 18 nrog 149.1 mm chim, muaj cov yeeb nkab, lub breech thiab casing.
Thaum pib ua tsov ua rog, German hnyav howitzer tsiv nrog kev pab ntawm nees traction. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, nws cov kev hloov kho tshiab twb tau rub lub tsheb laij teb ib nrab, uas ua rau nws muaj ntau lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Cov tub rog German tau ua tiav siv nws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, sFH 18 howitzers tau nruab rau ntawm lub tank chassis. Yog li, Hummel self-propelled artillery mount tig tawm.
Soviet Katyushas
Missile troops thiab artillery yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog hauv av. Kev siv cov cuaj luaj thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob yog feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev ua phem loj nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Cov foob pob hluav taws muaj zog npog thaj chaw loj nrog lawv cov hluav taws, uas tau them nyiaj rau qee qhov tsis raug ntawm cov nophom tsis tau coj. Piv nrog rau cov pa plhaub, tus nqi ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws tau tsawg dua, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv tau tsim sai heev. Lwm qhov zoo dua yog lawv cov txheeb ze yooj yim ntawm kev siv.
Soviet rocket artillery siv 132 mm M-13 plhaub thaum ua tsov rog. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1930s thiab los ntawm lub sij hawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees tawm tsam USSR, lawv nyob rau hauv tsawg heev. Cov foob pob hluav taws no tej zaum yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub plhaub uas siv thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Maj mam, lawv cov khoom tsim tau tsim, thiab thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1941, M-13 tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam Nazis.
Kuv yuav tsum hais tias cov tub rog foob pob hluav taws thiab cov phom loj ntawm Tub Rog Liab tau plam cov neeg German rau hauv qhov kev poob siab tiag tiag, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub hwj chim uas tsis tau muaj dua los thiab ua rau muaj kev tuag ntawm riam phom tshiab. BM-13-16 launchers tau muab tso rau hauv cov tsheb thauj khoom thiab muaj kev sib tw rau 16 lub voj voog. Tom qab ntawd, cov missile systems yuav hu ua "Katyusha". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau hloov kho ntau zaus thiab tau ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog Soviet kom txog rau thaum 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm foob pob hluav taws, cov lus qhia "Artillery yog tus vajtswv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog" tau pib lees paub tias muaj tseeb.
German foob pob hluav taws xob
Ib hom riam phom tshiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xa cov khoom tawg tau tawg mus rau qhov ntev thiab luv. Yog li, cov phiaj xwm luv luv tau tsom mus rau lawv lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm cov hom phiaj nyob rau ntawm kab pem hauv ntej, thaum cov cuaj luaj ntev tau tawm tsam cov hom phiaj tom qab cov yeeb ncuab kab.
UCov Germans kuj muaj lawv tus kheej foob pob hluav taws. "Wurframen-40" - ib tug German foob pob ua ntxaij launcher, uas nyob rau hauv lub Sd. Kfz.251 ib nrab-tracked tsheb. Lub missile yog tsom rau lub hom phiaj los ntawm tig lub tshuab nws tus kheej. Qee lub sij hawm cov tshuab no tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ua phom loj.
Feem ntau, cov neeg German siv lub foob pob hluav taws Nebelwerfer-41, uas muaj cov qauv honeycomb. Nws muaj rau lub tubular qhia thiab tau mounted rau ib tug ob-wheeled carriage. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua, riam phom no yog heev txaus ntshai tsis yog rau cov yeeb ncuab, tab sis kuj rau lawv tus kheej cov neeg coob vim lub nozzle nplaim taws khiav tawm ntawm cov kav dej.
Qhov hnyav ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws uas siv hluav taws xob muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau lawv qhov ntau. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog uas nws cov phom loj tuaj yeem ntaus cov hom phiaj nyob deb tom qab cov yeeb ncuab kab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tub rog. Lub foob pob hluav taws German hnyav tsuas yog siv tau rau qhov hluav taws kub tsis ncaj thaum nws tsim nyog los rhuav tshem cov khoom muaj zog, xws li bunkers, armored tsheb lossis ntau yam kev tiv thaiv.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias kev tua phom German yog qhov qis dua nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm Katyusha foob pob hluav taws vim qhov hnyav hnyav ntawm lub plhaub.
phom hnyav heev
Artillery ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Nazi cov tub rog. Qhov no yog qhov xav tsis thoob vim tias nws yuav luag yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tshuab ua tub rog fascist, thiab rau qee qhov laj thawj cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub nyiam tsom mus rau kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm Luftwaffe (air force).
Txawm tias thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, German engineers txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsheb loj loj armored tshiab - tus qauv ntawm lub tank loj, piv nrog rau lwm yam khoom siv tub rog yuav zoo li dwarfed. Project P1500 "Dab" tsis muaj sijhawm los siv. Nws tsuas yog paub tias lub tank yuav tsum hnyav 1.5 tons. Nws tau npaj tseg tias nws yuav ua riam phom 80-cm Gustav los ntawm lub tuam txhab Krupp. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias nws cov neeg tsim khoom ib txwm xav loj, thiab cov phom loj tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov riam phom no tau nkag mus rau kev pabcuam nrog Nazi cov tub rog thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm lub nroog Sevastopol. Lub phom tsuas yog 48 txhaj tshuaj, tom qab ntawd nws lub thoob tau ploj mus.
K-12 cov phom tsheb ciav hlau tau ua haujlwm nrog 701st artillery roj teeb nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Askiv Channel. Raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, lawv lub plhaub, thiab lawv hnyav 107.5 kg, ntaus ntau lub hom phiaj nyob rau sab qab teb Askiv. Cov phom loj no muaj lawv tus kheej T-zoo li cov kab khiav, tsim nyog rau kev teeb tsa thiab tsom.
Statistics
Raws li tau sau tseg ua ntej, cov tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws uas koom nrog kev ua phem ntawm 1939-1945 tau los tuav cov phom uas siv tsis tau lossis ib nrab niaj hnub. Tag nrho lawv cov kev ua tsis tau zoo tau tshwm sim los ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Artillery urgently xav tau tsis yog tsuas yog yuav tsum tau hloov kho, tab sis kuj yuav tsum tau nce nws cov naj npawb.
Los ntawm 1941 txog 1944, Lub teb chaws Yelemees tsim ntau tshaj 102,000 phom ntawm ntau yam calibers thiab txog li 70,000 mortars. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm lub USSR, cov Germans twb muaj txog 47 txhiab artillery pieces, thiab qhov no yog tsis tau mus rau hauv tus account lub phom phom. Yog tias peb coj Tebchaws Meskas ua piv txwv, tom qab ntawd tib lub sijhawm lawv tsim tau txog 150 txhiab phom. Great Britain tau tswj kom tsim tau 70 txhiab riam phom ntawm chav kawm no xwb. Tab sis tus tuav ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg no yog lub Soviet Union: thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog xyoo, ntau tshaj 480 txhiab phom thiab txog 350 txhiab mortars raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm no. Ua ntej no, lub USSR twb muaj 67 txhiab barrels nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam. Daim duab no tsis suav nrog 50 hli mortars, naval artillery thiab anti-aircraft phom.
Lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, cov phom loj ntawm cov teb chaws sib ntaus sib tua tau hloov pauv zoo heev. Tsis tu ncua, txawm tias niaj hnub los yog cov phom tshiab tag nrho tuaj rau hauv kev pabcuam nrog cov tub rog. Anti-tank thiab self-propelled artillery tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sai heev (cov duab ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd qhia tau hais tias nws lub hwj chim). Raws li cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov kev poob hauv av tau suav nrog kev siv cov mortars thaum sib ntaus sib tua.
