"Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers": piav qhia ntawm qhov project, lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj

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"Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers": piav qhia ntawm qhov project, lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj
"Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers": piav qhia ntawm qhov project, lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj

Video: "Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers": piav qhia ntawm qhov project, lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj

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"Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers mus rau Central Asia", "Palace of Soviets", "Manned flight to Mars"… Tag nrho cov no yog qhov loj thiab tsis txaus ntseeg hauv lawv cov phiaj xwm loj ntawm USSR, uas tsis tau ua tiav. Tab sis lawv puas yog utopian? Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv kom meej lub Soviet project "Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers". Leej twg, thaum twg thiab vim li cas thiaj xav txog qhov kev lom zem thoob ntiaj teb no?

Txoj kev hloov pauv hauv dej channel

Ib qho channel hu ua qhov qis, nqaim thiab elongated nyem daim ntawv, nrog rau cov dej thiab lwm yam khoom sediments ntws. Cov dej ntws tuaj yeem hloov lawv cov duab thiab kev coj ua. Ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si ib txwm muaj (raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm sab nraud lossis hauv qab yaig), thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm anthropogenic.

tig ntawm Siberian Rivers keeb kwm
tig ntawm Siberian Rivers keeb kwm

Txiv neej yog ib qho kev hloov kho cov qauv ntawm lub ntuj hydrographic network ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim kho cov kwj dej thiab cov kwj dej, kev hloov ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov ntws mus rau lwm tus dej. Kuj tseem muaj kev xyaum ntawm kev ncaj qha channelnyob rau hauv tej ntu ntawm txoj kev dej (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv densely populated thiab industrial cheeb tsam). Kev tsis ncaj, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab dej ntws tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev rhuav tshem hav zoov loj, nrog rau kev tsim cov pas dej loj.

Thawj cov kwj dej cuav tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov li 6 xyoo txhiab BC. e. hauv Mesopotamia. Thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm lub 3rd thiab 2nd millennia, tim lyiv teb chaws thaum ub twb tsim ib tug dav branched network ntawm kwj dej kwj dej, lub xeev uas tau ncaj qha saib xyuas los ntawm lub hwj chim loj tshaj.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, kev tsim kho loj ntawm cov qauv hydraulic pib nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, ua ib feem ntawm "Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature." Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1945 mus rau 1965, tag nrho cov network ntawm lub ntsiab kwj dej nrog ib tug tag nrho ntev ntawm ntau tshaj 2 txhiab kilometers tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv yog:

  • Karakum Canal (1445 km).
  • North Crimean Canal (405 km).
  • The White Sea-B altic Canal (227 km).
  • Moscow Canal (128 km).

Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov zoo

Ntev ua ntej lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov cov dej Siberian mus rau hauv USSR, lub npe hu ua Great Plan for the transformation of nature was saws in the 40s lig. Nws tau tsim los ntawm kev pib ntawm Yauxej Stalin nws tus kheej, yog li ntawd, nws kuj tau mus rau hauv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub npe "Stalin". Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev saws me nyuam yog kev tshaib kev nqhis loj ntawm xyoo 1946-1947.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev npaj no yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev kub ntxhov, cua qhuav thiab cua daj cua dub los ntawm kev tsim cov pas dej thiab cog cov hav zoov tiv thaiv cog qoob loo. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no muaj kev txhawj xeeb rau yav qab teb cheeb tsam ntawm Great Av ntawm Soviets - lub Volga cheeb tsam, Ukraine, Western Kazakhstan. Raws li ib feem ntawmQhov kev pab cuam tau muab rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm hav zoov txoj siv sia nrog qhov ntev ntawm 5300 km. Ntau tus ntawm lawv, txawm tias qhov kev hloov pauv zuj zus, ua lawv txoj haujlwm ncaj qha hnub no.

tig ntawm tus dej Siberian ntawm lub USSR
tig ntawm tus dej Siberian ntawm lub USSR

Ntxiv rau kev cog qoob loo, ob peb lub tswv yim hydrological tau suav nrog hauv txoj kev npaj. Tshwj xeeb, ob qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm USSR Council of Ministers ntawm xyoo 1950:

  1. "Nyob rau txoj kev hloov mus rau qhov tshiab irrigation system kom ua tau zoo dua ntawm irrigated av."
  2. "Ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Main Turkmen Canal Amu Darya - Krasnovodsk"

"Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers": luv luv txog qhov project

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv cov dej sab qaum teb Siberian mus rau thaj tsam yav qab teb qhuav tshwm sim thawj zaug thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Txawm li cas los xij, Academy of Sciences ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tam sim ntawd tsis lees paub, yog li tsis muaj kev sib tham ntxiv txog qhov teeb meem no. Lub tswv yim tau rov kho dua nyob rau hauv Soviet tsoom fwv.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev mloog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet yog tus dej puv nkaus Ob. Los ntawm kev tsim cov kwj dej loj loj, nws tau npaj los hloov nws cov dej mus rau thaj tsam arid ntawm Central Asian koom pheej. Yuav ua li cas nws yuav tsum tau saib, saib daim ntawv qhia hauv qab no. Ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nyem, cov dej yuav tsum tau nce siab nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau lub twj tso kua mis muaj zog.

tig ntawm Siberian Rivers qhov project
tig ntawm Siberian Rivers qhov project

Cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tau txhawj xeeb tam sim ntawd, tshaj tawm tias yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj loj los ntawm kev tig tus dej Siberian. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv cov xwm, tsis muaj analogues rau qhov project no nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij,pom zoo nyob rau hauv 1984, lub tswv yim grandiose tseem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv. Thiab ob xyoos tom qab, qhov project tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho thiab irrevocably. Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, nws twb nco ntsoov tas li, tab sis nws yeej tsis mus dhau lo lus.

Project history

"Nature is unfair!" quaj quaj rau Soviet cov neeg npau suav-cov tswv yim ntawm xyoo 1960. Lawv hais tias "Saib daim duab qhia ntawm peb Niam Txiv," lawv thov. - Muaj pes tsawg tus dej nqa lawv cov dej mus rau qhov chaw tuag ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Arctic. Lawv nqa lawv kom tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tig mus rau hauv dej khov! Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv cov suab puam loj ntawm cov tebchaws yav qab teb, qhov xav tau ntawm cov dej tshiab yog qhov zoo heev. Cov neeg txhawb siab ntseeg ruaj khov tias ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov yuam kev thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov xwm txheej.

reversal ntawm Siberian dej ntws
reversal ntawm Siberian dej ntws

Tus neeg tshaj xov xwm Ukrainian Yakov Demchenko tau xav txog tig tus dej Siberian mus rau sab qab teb xyoo 1868. Xyoo 1948, tus kws paub txog thaj chaw zoo Vladimir Obruchev tau sau ntawv rau Stalin txog tib lub tswv yim. Tab sis Joseph Vissarionovich tsis txaus siab rau nws. Qhov teeb meem no tau tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-60s, thaum tus nqi ntawm cov dej hauv Kazakhstan thiab Uzbekistan tsoo lub Soviet treasury noticeably.

Nyob rau xyoo 1968, lub rooj sib tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm CPSU tau qhia rau Academy of Sciences, Lub Xeev Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Npaj thiab ntau lub koom haum los txhim kho kom meej txog ib txoj kev npaj rau tig tus dej Siberian thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov dej hauv nruab nrab. dej thiaj li tswj tau txoj cai ntawm Caspian thiab Aral Seas.

Kev thuam ntawm qhov project

Dab tsi yog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev tig ntawm tus dej Siberian? Daim duab hauv qab no qhia txog daim duab qhia chaw ntawm North Crimean Canal, qhov dej loj loj thiab cov dej ntws tawm hauv xyoo 1971.xyoo rau kev muab dej ntawm thaj chaw arid ntawm Crimea thiab Kherson cheeb tsam. Ntawm nws lub hauv paus, qhov no yog qhov project zoo sib xws. Tom qab kev tshaj tawm ntawm North Crimean Canal, raws li koj paub, tsis muaj dab tsi txaus ntshai tshwm sim.

tig ntawm Siberian Rivers daim ntawv qhia
tig ntawm Siberian Rivers daim ntawv qhia

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg nyob ib puag ncig tau suab lub suab ceeb toom cuam tshuam nrog cov phiaj xwm tshiab ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet. Tom qab tag nrho, lub scale ntawm tej yaam num yog incomparable. Yog li, raws li kws tshawb fawb Alexei Yablokov, kev thim rov qab ntawm cov dej Siberian yuav ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo:

  • Kev nce siab hauv cov dej hauv av raws tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm kwj dej yav tom ntej.
  • Dej nyab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib txuas lus nyob ib sab ntawm tus kwj dej.
  • Dej nyab ntau thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb thiab hav zoov.
  • Kev nce ntsev hauv hiav txwv Arctic.
  • Kev hloov pauv huab cua hauv cheeb tsam tseem ceeb.
  • Hloov pauv hauv qhov tuab thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm permafrost ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis paub tseeb.
  • Kev ua txhaum ntawm hom tsiaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm fauna thiab flora nyob rau thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm tus kwj dej tam sim ntawd.
  • Kev tuag ntawm qee hom ntses lag luam hauv Ob lub phiab.

Lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov project

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tig ntawm Siberian dej ntws yog hloov pauv cov dej ntws ntawm Ob thiab Irtysh mus rau thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm USSR. Qhov project yog tsim los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb los ntawm Ministry of Water Resources. Txhawm rau hloov dej mus rau Hiav Txwv Aral, nws tau npaj los tsim kom muaj tag nrho cov kwj dej thiab cov pas dej.

Muaj peb txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau txoj haujlwm no:

  1. Pumping dej tshiab rau Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan thiab Turkmenistan los irrigate hauv zos teb.
  2. Kev muab dej rau cov nroog me thiab chaw nyob hauv Chelyabinsk, Omsk thiab Kurgan cheeb tsam ntawm Russia.
  3. Kev nqis tes ua kom muaj peev xwm taug kev raws Kara Hiav Txwv-Caspian Hiav Txwv dej txoj kev.

project work

Feem ntau, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm ntau dua 150 lub koom haum sib txawv tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov phiaj xwm ntxaws rau kev tig tus dej Siberian mus rau sab qab teb. Ntawm lawv: 112 lub koom haum tshawb fawb, 48 qhov kev tsim thiab kev soj ntsuam, 32 lub koomhaum pabcuam, nrog rau cov haujlwm ntawm cuaj lub koomhaum koom pheej.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project tau siv sijhawm yuav luag nees nkaum xyoo. Lub sijhawm no, kaum daim duab duab thiab daim duab qhia tau tsim, tsib lub kaum pob nrog ntau yam ntaub ntawv tau npaj. Tag nrho cov kwv yees ntawm qhov project, raws li kev xam ntawm lub xeev Planning Committee ntawm lub USSR, yog kwv yees ntawm 32.8 billion Soviet rubles. Thiab nws yog ib qho loj heev thaum lub sijhawm! Lub caij no, nws tau xav tias cov nyiaj faib yuav them rau hauv xya xyoo.

Xyoo 1976, thawj txoj haujlwm tau pib. Thiab lawv txuas ntxiv mus yuav luag kaum xyoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1986, tam sim ntawd tom qab Mikhail Gorbachev los rau lub hwj chim, tag nrho cov kev ua ub no los ua qhov project tau nres. Nws tsis yog qhov tseeb tias qhov tseeb yog qhov kev txiav txim siab rau kev tso tseg ntawm txoj kev npaj loj no: qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov nyiaj lossis kev ntshai ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis tau tshwm sim. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias nws yog lub Plaub Hlis 1986 uas muaj kev puas tsuaj Chernobyl tshwm sim, uas tseem tuaj yeem tso nws qhov hnyav rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem no.

Unrealized plan

Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm qhov project, obCov theem sib law liag:

  • theem ib: kev tsim kho ntawm Siberia-Central Asia kwj dej.
  • Theem ob: kev siv ntawm Anti-Irtysh program.

Txoj kev npaj taug kev kwj dej "Siberia - Central Asia" yog los ua txoj hauv kev dej txuas rau Ob tus dej phwj nrog Hiav Txwv Aral. Nov yog cov kev txwv ntawm qhov tsis ua tiav channel:

  • Length - 2550 km.
  • Qhov tob - 15 meters.
  • Dav - ntawm 130 txog 300 meters.
  • Peev Xwm - 1150 m3/s.

Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm theem ob ntawm txoj haujlwm hu ua "Anti-Irtysh"? Nws tau npaj los hloov cov chav kawm ntawm Irtysh (qhov chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm Ob), coj nws cov dej rov qab los ntawm Turgai trough nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Amu Darya thiab Syr Darya, cov hlab ntsha tseem ceeb ntawm Central Asia. Yuav kom ua tau li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim ib qho chaw hydroelectric, tsim kaum lub chaw tso dej thiab ib lub reservoir.

Project prospects

Lub tswv yim ntawm tig tus dej Siberian tau rov qab los tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau lobbied los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan thiab, poob nthav, tus kav nroog Moscow Yury Luzhkov. Thaum kawg txawm sau tau ib phau ntawv hu ua "Dej thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb". Tshaj tawm nws hauv Astana hauv xyoo 2009, nws tau hais tawm hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm txoj haujlwm ua tau los hloov dej Siberian mus rau Central Asia. Los ntawm txoj kev, theoretically, qhov no yuav daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm qhuav sai heev Aral Hiav txwv, lub contours uas yog nqaim txhua txhua xyoo.

tig ntawm tus dej Siberian mus rau sab qab teb
tig ntawm tus dej Siberian mus rau sab qab teb

Hauv xyoo 2010, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev tig mus rau Dmitry Medvedev nrog kev pib.rov xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov project thoob ntiaj teb Soviet. Ntawm no yog nws cov lus hais ncaj qha: "Yav tom ntej, Dmitry Anatolyevich, qhov teeb meem no yuav dhau los ua qhov loj heev, tsim nyog los muab dej haus rau tag nrho Central Asian cheeb tsam." Tom qab ntawd Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb tias Russia yeej ib txwm npaj los tham txog ntau yam kev xaiv los daws qhov teeb meem dej nyab, suav nrog qee cov tswv yim qub.

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias niaj hnub kwv yees ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov project nrog tag nrho cov kev tsim kho vaj tse tsim nyog muaj txog li 40 billion dollars.

Tig Dej Dej: lwm qhov haujlwm

Nws xav paub tias Soviet Union tsis yog ib qho ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab sim hloov cov dej ntws hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Yog li, ib txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas ib ncig ntawm tib lub xyoo. Nws tau hu ua Central Arizona Canal. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem yog los muab dej rau cov xeev yav qab teb ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Qhov project tau nquag ua haujlwm hauv 60s, tab sis tom qab ntawd tso tseg.

Kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tsis muaj dej thiab Tuam Tshoj. Tshwj xeeb, cov cheeb tsam qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Hauv qhov no, Suav cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov phiaj xwm loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej kom hloov ib feem ntawm qhov ntws ntawm tus dej Yangtze mus rau sab qaum teb. Thiab peb twb tau pib siv nws. Los ntawm 2050, Suav yuav tsum tsim peb kwj dej 300 km ntev txhua. Txawm lawv yuav coj tau lawv txoj hau kev los, lub sij hawm yuav qhia.

tig ntawm tus dej Siberian mus rau Central Asia
tig ntawm tus dej Siberian mus rau Central Asia

Nyob hauv kaw

"Tig ntawm Siberian Rivers" tau dhau los ua ib qho haujlwm siab tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Soviet. Ntau yam rau kuv tu siab (los yog kev zoo siab), nwsthiab tsis tau muab coj los siv. Leej twg paub, tej zaum nws yeej tsis tsim nyog nkag mus rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm niam qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag? Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis paub tias yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim nyog qhov kev ua haujlwm loj no tuaj yeem ua rau.

Pom zoo: