Omar Khayyam: biography. Omar Khayyam: nthuav qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:06

Omar Khayyam, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm no, yug hauv Nishapur lub Tsib Hlis 18, 1048. Nishapur nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Iran, nyob rau hauv lub xeev kab lis kev cai ntawm Khorasan. Lub nroog no yog qhov chaw uas muaj coob tus neeg los ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm Iran thiab txawm tias los ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sib ze tuaj rau kev ncaj ncees. Tsis tas li ntawd, Nishapur yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd hauv Iran. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 11th, madrasahs tau ua haujlwm hauv nroog - cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab nruab nrab. Omar Khayyam kuj kawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv.

Biography hauv Lavxias suav nrog kev txhais cov npe kom raug. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum cov neeg nyeem xav tau cov ntawv Askiv zoo ib yam, piv txwv li, thaum lawv xav nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ua lus Askiv. Txhais li cas: "Omar Khayyam: biography"? "Omar Khayyam: biography" yog lawm.

Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txaus txog lawv, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub neej ntawm ntau tus neeg nto moo thaum ub. Biography ntawm Omar Khayyam nyob rau hauv nws thaum yau thiab cov hluas yog cim los ntawm lub fact tias nws nyob rau hauv Nishapur. Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tsev neeg. Lub npe menyuam yaus Khayyam, raws li koj paub, txhais tau tias "tus tswv tsev pheeb suab", "lub tsev pheeb suab". Qhov no tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los ua qhov kev xav tias nws txiv yog tus sawv cev ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua. Tsev neeg, txawm li cas los xij, muaj txoj hauv kev txaus los muab lawv tus tub kawm ntawv zoo.

Kev cob qhia cim nws cov ntawv keeb kwm ntxiv. Omar Khayyam thawj zaug kawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Nishapur Madrasah, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau paub tias yog lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab uas tau cob qhia cov thawj coj loj rau kev ua haujlwm hauv pej xeem. Tom qab ntawd, Omar txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm hauv Samarkand thiab Balkh.

Knowledge gained by Khayyam

Nws tau paub ntau yam txuj ci thiab kev paub tseeb: geometry, lej, astronomy, physics. Omar kuj tau kawm tshwj xeeb txog keeb kwm, Quran kev tshawb fawb, theosophy, lub tswv yim thiab cov kev qhuab qhia ntawm philological, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws paub Arabic ntawv nyeem, paub lus Arabic, thiab kuj paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txheeb xyuas. Omar tau txawj siv tshuaj thiab astrology, thiab kawm suab paj nruag theory.

Khayyam paub Kaulees zoo kawg nkaus ntawm lub siab, txhais tau ib nqes. Yog li ntawd, txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tau tig mus rau Omar rau cov lus qhia. Nws cov tswv yim, txawm li cas los xij, tsis haum rau Islam hauv kev xav ntawm orthodox.

First discoveries in lej

Thawjdiscoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lej cim nws ntxiv biography. Omar Khayyam ua qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev kawm. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos, nws ua nws thawj qhov kev tshawb pom hauv lej. Nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, nws luam tawm ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm no science, uas coj nws lub koob meej ntawm ib tug zoo kws tshawb fawb. Patronizing rulers pib patronize nws.

Lub neej ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Khakan Shams al-Mulk

Cov thawj coj ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th sib tw nrog ib leeg hauv kev zoo nkauj ntawm lawv cov retinue. Lawv ua phem rau cov neeg txawj ntse. Cov neeg muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws tsuas yog thov cov kws sau paj huam thiab cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo rau lub tsev hais plaub. Txoj hmoo no tsis tau tseg Omar thiab. Kev pabcuam hauv tsev hais plaub kuj tau cim los ntawm nws phau ntawv keeb kwm.

Omar Khayyam thawj zaug ua nws cov haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Prince Khakan Shams al-Mulk, hauv Bukhor. Raws li cov keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, tus kav ntawm Bukhara ncig Omar nrog kev hwm thiab txawm muab nws tso rau ntawm lub zwm txwv ntawm nws.

Caw rau Isfahan

Tam sim no, lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm Great Seljuks tau loj hlob thiab tsim nws tus kheej. Tugulbek, tus kav Seljuk, tau kov yeej Baghdad xyoo 1055. Nws tshaj tawm nws tus kheej tus tswv ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tshiab, sultan. Lub caliph poob hwj chim, thiab qhov no tau cim lub sijhawm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, hu ua Eastern Renaissance.

Cov xwm txheej no cuam tshuam txoj hmoo ntawm Omar Khayyam. Nws biography txuas ntxiv nrog lub sijhawm tshiab. Omar Khayyam nyob rau hauv 1074 raug caw mus rau lub tsev hais plaub muaj koob muaj npe mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Isfahan. Sultan Malik Shah kav lub sijhawm no. Xyoo no tau cim los ntawm qhov pib ntawm 20-xyoo lub sijhawm ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb, uas, raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau ua tiav, tau dhau los ua qhov ci ntsa iab. ATLub sijhawm ntawd, lub nroog Isfahan yog lub nroog Seljuk lub nroog uas nthuav tawm ntawm Hiav Txwv Mediterranean mus rau ciam teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj.

Lub neej ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Malik Shah

Omar tau los ua tus neeg koom tes zoo ntawm tus poj Sultan. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Nizam al-Mulk txawm muab nws los tswj Nishapur thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig. Omar tau hais tias nws tsis paub yuav ua li cas txwv thiab txiav txim, uas yog tsim nyog los tswj tib neeg. Ces tus Sultan tau xaiv nws cov nyiaj hli ntawm 10 txhiab dinars ib xyoo (ntau npaum li cas) kom Khayyam tuaj yeem koom nrog kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej.

Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas

Khayyam raug caw los tswj lub palace observatory. Lub Sultan tau sau cov kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub tsev hais plaub thiab faib nyiaj ntau rau kev yuav khoom kim heev. Omar tau ua haujlwm los tsim daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th nyob rau hauv Central Asia thiab Iran, 2 systems ib txhij muaj: hnub ci thiab lunar daim ntawv qhia hnub. Ob leeg ua tsis zoo tag nrho. Thaum lub Peb Hlis 1079, qhov teeb meem tau daws. Daim ntawv qhia hnub qhia los ntawm Khayyam yog 7 vib nas this muaj tseeb dua li daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian tam sim no (tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 16th)!

Omar Khayyam ua kev soj ntsuam hnub qub nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm, astronomy tau sib txuas nrog astrology, uas nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tswv yim tsim nyog. Thiab Omar yog ib feem ntawm lub retinue ntawm Malik Shah ua nws tus kws pab tswv yim thiab astrologer. Nws lub koob meej ua tus hais lus zoo heev.

New achievements in lej

Ntawm lub tsev hais plaub hauv Isfahan, Omar Khayyam kuj kawm lej. Nyob rau hauv 1077 nws tsimGeometric ua haujlwm tau mob siab rau kev txhais cov haujlwm nyuaj ntawm Euclid. Thawj zaug, nws tau muab cov kev faib tawm tag nrho ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib npaug - cubic, square, linear (25 hom nyob rau hauv tag nrho), thiab kuj tau tsim ib txoj kev xav los daws qhov sib npaug cubic. Nws yog nws thawj zaug tsa cov lus nug ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm geometry thiab algebra.

Tau ntev, Khayyam cov phau ntawv tsis paub txog cov kws tshawb fawb nyob sab Europe uas tsim cov duab tsis-Euclidean thiab cov lej tshiab dua. Thiab lawv yuav tsum tau hla txoj kev nyuaj thiab ntev dua, uas twb tau ua los ntawm Khayyam 5-6 centuries ua ntej lawv.

philosophy

Khayyam kuj tau hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm lub tswv yim, kawm txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Avicenna. Nws tau txhais qee qhov ntawm nws cov ntawv sau los ntawm Arabic rau hauv Farsi, qhia txog kev tsim kho tshiab, txij li lub sijhawm ntawd lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm Arabic.

thawj philosophical treatise ntawm nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1080 ("Treatise on being and duty"). Khayyam tau hais tias nws yog ib tug neeg ua raws li Avicenna, thiab kuj tau qhia nws cov kev xav txog Islam los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm Eastern Aristotelianism. Omar, lees paub Vajtswv lub neej raws li lub hauv paus ua rau muaj sia nyob, sib cav hais tias qhov kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua yam yog txiav txim los ntawm cov cai ntawm qhov xwm txheej, qhov no tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txawj ntse los saum ntuj los. Cov kev xav no yog qhov tsis sib xws nrog Muslim dogmatics. Nyob rau hauv lub treatise, lawv tau piav qhia concisely thiab restrainedly, nyob rau hauv Aesopian lus ntawm allegories thiab omissions. Ntau qhov ua siab loj, qee zaum ua siab tawv tawv, tawm tsam cov kev xav ntawm Islam tau nthuav tawm hauv paj huam los ntawm Omar Khayyam.

Biography: Khayyam's paj huam

Poems nws sau tsuas rubaiyat, ie. quatrains uas 1st, 2nd, 4th los yog tag nrho plaub stanzas rhymed. Nws tsim lawv tag nrho nws lub neej. Khayyam yeej tsis sau lus qhuas rau cov thawj coj. Rubai tsis yog ib hom paj huam loj, thiab raws li tus kws sau paj huam Omar Khayyam tsis tau lees paub los ntawm nws cov neeg kawm. Thiab nws tus kheej tsis tau txuas ntau qhov tseem ceeb rau nws cov paj huam. Lawv sawv, feem ntau yuav tshwm sim, dhau mus.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Omar ntawm lub tsev hais plaub

Thaum kawg ntawm 1092, lub sijhawm 20-xyoo nyob ntsiag to ntawm nws lub neej ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Malik Shah tau xaus. Lub sijhawm no, Sultan tuag nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis meej. Thiab Nizam al-Mulk raug tua ib hlis ua ntej. Kev tuag ntawm ob tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm Khayyam yog ntaus nqi rau Ismailis, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev ntseeg thiab kev nom kev tswv txav tawm tsam Turkic nobility. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Malik Shah, lawv ntshai lub Isfahan nobility. Kev cem thiab tsis lees paub tau yug los ntawm kev ntshai ntawm kev tua neeg zais cia uas ua rau dej nyab lub nroog. Kev tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim pib, lub teb chaws Ottoman loj pib sib cais.

Txoj haujlwm ntawm Omar ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus poj ntsuam ntawm Malik Shah Turkan Khatun kuj tau shaken. Tus poj niam tsis ntseeg cov neeg nyob ze Nizam al-Mulk. Omar Khayyam tau ua haujlwm rau qee lub sijhawm ntawm lub chaw soj ntsuam, tab sis tsis tau txais ib qho kev saib xyuas lossis kev txhawb nqa yav dhau los. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau ua tus kws kho mob thiab kws qhia hnub qub ntawm Turkan Khatun.

How Khayyam's court job tas

Zaj dab neeg ntawm nws txoj haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub ua tsis tiav tau dhau los ua phau ntawv kawm niaj hnub no. Nws yog ntaus nqi rau 1097. Sanjar, tus tub yau ntawm Malik Shah, ib zaug tau mob khaub thuas, thiab Khayyam, uas kho nws, tsis ua raws li kev tsis ntseeg tias tus menyuam hnub nyoog 11 xyoos yuav rov zoo. Cov lus hais rau tus vizier tau hnov los ntawm tus tub qhe thiab dhau mus rau tus neeg muaj mob txais qub txeeg qub teg. Tom qab ntawd los ua ib tug sultan, uas kav lub xeev Seljuk los ntawm 1118 txog 1157, Sanjar harbored ib tug tsis nyiam Khayyam mus tas li ntawm nws lub neej.

Tom qab Malik Shah tuag, Isfahan poob nws txoj haujlwm ua qhov chaw tshawb fawb tseem ceeb thiab chaw nyob vaj ntxwv. Nws poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj thiab, thaum kawg, lub soj ntsuam tau raug kaw, thiab lub peev tau pauv mus rau lub nroog Merv (Khorosan). Omar tawm hauv lub tsev hais plaub mus ib txhis, rov qab mus rau Nishapur.

Lub neej hauv Nishapur

Nws nyob ntawm no mus txog thaum nws tuag, tsuas yog qee zaus tawm hauv nroog mus xyuas Balkh lossis Bukhora. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau ua kev mus ncig ntev mus rau cov tsev teev ntuj Muslim hauv Mecca. Khayyam qhia ntawm Nishapur Madrasah. Nws muaj ib lub voj voog me me ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Qee lub sij hawm nws tau txais cov kws tshawb fawb uas nrhiav kev sib ntsib nrog nws, koom nrog kev sib cav txog kev tshawb fawb.

Lub sijhawm kawg ntawm nws lub neej yog qhov nyuaj heev, txuas nrog kev nyuaj siab, nrog rau kev xav tau, uas tau tsim los ntawm kev kho siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo Nishapur, lub yeeb koob ntawm Omar ua ib tug astronomer thiab lej tau ntxiv rau lub yeeb koob ntawm ib tug tso tseg thiab ib tug freethinker. Kev npau taws ntawm kev mob siab rau ntawm Islam yog tshwm sim los ntawm nws txoj kev xav.

Kev tshawb fawb thiab philosophical cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Khayyam

Zaj dab neeg txog Omar Khayyam (luv luv) txwv tsis pub peb tham kom ntxaws txog nws tej hauj lwm. Peb tsuas yog nco ntsoov tias nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam scientific thiab philosophical yog me me. Tsis zoo liAvicenna, nws thawj thawj, Khayyam tsis tau tsim ib qho tseem ceeb philosophical system. Nws treatises tsuas yog qee cov lus nug ntawm lub tswv yim, txawm tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau sau nyob rau hauv teb rau qhov kev thov ntawm secular los yog txiv plig neeg. Tsuas yog 5 phau ntawv sau txog kev xav ntawm Omar tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Tag nrho cov no yog cov ntsiab lus, luv luv, qee zaum tsuas yog ob peb nplooj ntawv xwb.

Pilgrimage rau Mecca thiab lub zos lub neej

Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, kev sib cav nrog cov txiv plig tau ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev uas Khayyam raug yuam ua kev nyuaj thiab mus ncig ntev mus rau Mecca (thaum nws laus). Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, kev taug kev mus rau qhov chaw dawb huv qee zaum siv sijhawm ntau xyoo. Omar nyob rau qee lub sijhawm hauv Baghdad. Kev qhia ntawm Nizamiyeh cim nws phau ntawv keeb kwm.

Omar Khayyam, txog nws lub neej, hmoov tsis zoo, tsis paub ntau npaum li cas, thaum nws rov qab los tsev, nws pib nyob hauv ib lub zos ze Nishapur hauv ib lub tsev nyob ntsiag to. Raws li medieval biographers, nws tsis tau sib yuav thiab tsis muaj menyuam. Nws nyob hauv kev sib cais, nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis tu ncua vim kev ua xyem xyav thiab kev tsim txom.

Yuav ua li cas Omar Khayyam siv sijhawm kawg ntawm nws lub neej

Ib phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv hauv Lavxias ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, kws tshawb fawb thiab kws sau paj huam tau sau los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv. Txhua qhov chaw pom zoo tias lub xyoo ntawm nws txoj kev tuag tsis paub. Hnub kawg uas yuav tshwm sim yog 1123. Los ntawm ib lub hauv paus ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, ib zaj dab neeg tau los rau peb txog yuav ua li cas Khayyam siv sijhawm kawg ntawm nws lub neej. Kuv hnov zaj dab neeg no los ntawm nws tus kwv tij Abu-l-Hasan Beyhaki. Hnub no, Omar ua tib zoo kawm "Phau Ntawv Kho Mob" sau los ntawm Avicenna. Tau mus txog ntu "Sib tham thiabntau", Khayyam muab tus pas txhuam hniav rau nruab nrab ntawm cov ntawv thiab thov kom hu cov neeg ncaj ncees kom ua raws li lub siab nyiam, Omar tsis noj lossis haus tag nrho hnub ntawd. Khayyam hais tias, tig mus rau Vajtswv hais tias nws yog nws ntau npaum li sai tau, thiab paub tias nws yog txoj kev rau nws. Thiab nws tuag. Daim duab hauv qab no yog nws lub ntxa nyob rau hauv Nishapur.

Los ntawm lwm qhov chaw twg tuaj yeem kawm txog lub neej ntawm tus txiv neej zoo li Omar Khayyam? Phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm TSB (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) yuav haum koj yog tias tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog nws txaus. Koj tuaj yeem xa mus rau cov ntawv ntawm Khayyam cov phau ntawv, uas feem ntau muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm nws lub neej hauv cov lus qhia. Peb tau nthuav tawm tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog tus neeg zoo li Omar Khayyam. Biography, nws haiv neeg, dab neeg ntawm nws lub neej, paj huam thiab treatises - tag nrho cov no yog tseem txaus siab rau ntau tus neeg mus rau niaj hnub no. Qhov no hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov keeb kwm uas nws tau tso tseg, ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm Omar Khayyam.