Prague Astronomical Clock: keeb kwm thiab kev kho kom zoo nkauj sculptural

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Prague Astronomical Clock (Orloj) yog lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntauwd ntsia hauv Prague ntawm Old Town Square. Lawv nyob rau sab qab teb phab ntsa ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm lub qub nroog Hall. Los ntawm lub hnub nyoog, lub astronomical moos no nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb no. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv yog cov laus tshaj plaws, tab sis tseem ua haujlwm.

Au, qhov zoo npaum li cas ntawm Prague chimes! Orloi muaj peb yam yooj yim muab tso rau hauv vertically ntawm tus pej thuam. Cov tswv tau nruab nws lub hauv paus nrog lub hnub qub hu, uas qhia tau hais tias Babylonian, Old Bohemian, niaj hnub (Central Europe) thiab lub sij hawm sidereal, lub sij hawm ntawm hnub poob thiab hnub tuaj, theem ntawm lub hli, txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ntuj ceeb tsheej ntawm cov hnub qub. hauv lub voj voog zodiac.

Ntawm ob sab ntawm lub hnub qub moos muaj cov duab txav txhua teev. Ntawm lawv, tus pej thuam ntawm Tuag, ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tib neeg skeleton, sawv tawm tshaj plaws. Saum toj no, nyob rau sab xis thiab sab laug ntawm lub hauv paus sculptures ntawm tus tim tswv, muaj ob lub qhov rais nyob rau hauv uas txhua txhua teev,Thaum lub moos chiming tau hnov, cov pej thuam ntawm 12 tus tubtxib tshwm nyob rau hauv lem. Saum toj roob hauv pes tus mlom ntawm ib tug Khelunpee, ib tug qaib golden crows thaum cov thwj tim ua tiav lawv cov txheej txheem.

Nyob rau hauv lub hnub qub hu muaj ib daim ntawv qhia hnub, uas koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lub hli ntawm lub xyoo, hnub so, hnub ntawm lub limtiam, nrog rau cov hnub so tsis sib xws ntawm cov ntseeg. Cov duab puab kuj muab tso rau sab xis thiab sab laug ntawm nws.

Txoj Cai

Prague chimes tau muab tso rau ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm Lub Nroog Qub. Xyoo 1338, John ntawm Luxembourg tau tso cai rau cov pej xeem ntawm Lub Nroog Qub kom muaj cai muaj lub nroog tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd, rau kev xav tau hauv nroog, ib lub tsev ntiag tug tau yuav los ntawm cov tub lag luam Volfin los ntawm Kamene. Ua ntej, lub tsev tau tsim kho dua tshiab raws li kev xav tau ntawm Lub Nroog Council, thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo 1364 nws tau nruab nrog ntauwd. Lub moos tau teeb tsa rau ntawm nws, uas tau hais thawj zaug hauv 1402. Txawm li cas los xij, vim kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua, lawv yuav tsum tau hloov sai sai, vim tias Orla tau tsim.

Yog li, peb txuas ntxiv kawm Prague Astronomical Clock. Lub astronomical dial thiab mechanical moos yog qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm Orloi, ua nyob rau hauv 1410. Cov ntsiab lus no tau tsim los ntawm watchmaker Mikulas los ntawm Kadan raws li qhov project ntawm astronomer thiab lej Jan Shindel. Lub astronomical dial muaj ib tug sculptural tsim, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub Rhiav ntawm nto moo Czech sculptor thiab architect Petr Parler. Orloi tau hais thawj zaug hauv ib daim ntawv sau hnub tim 9 Lub Kaum Hli, 1410. Hauv nws, Mikulas los ntawm Kadani yog tus cwj pwm lieminent thiab lees paub watchmaker uas tsim lub astrolabe chimes rau qhov chaw qub ntawm Prague.

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, Lub Nroog Council thiab tus thawj coj hais lus thuam tus kws ua haujlwm Albert (tus qub tub ceev xwm) rau kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua ntawm lub moos dhau los thiab qhuas Mikolash rau kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem hais ntxiv tias yog khoom plig rau nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws tshaj lij tau txais ib lub tsev ntawm lub nroog Havel Gate, 3,000 Prague groszy ib zaug thiab nyiaj pub dawb txhua xyoo ntawm 600 groszy.

Keeb kwm yuam kev

Lwm cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog Orloi tau tshwm sim xyoo 1490. Nws yog thaum ntawd tus saib xyuas Jan Ruže los ntawm Prague, lub npe hu ua tus tswv Ganush, kho lub cuab yeej, ntxiv thawj tus pej thuam txav ntawm Kev Tuag thiab tus hu qis dua nrog daim ntawv qhia hnub. Cov kev txhim kho zoo kawg li no thiab 80 xyoo ntawm kev tsis lees paub ntawm thawj tus tsim tau cuam tshuam qhov tseeb tias nws yog tus tswv Ganush uas tau suav tias yog tus tsim Orloi rau 450 xyoo tom ntej. Cov keeb kwm kev ua yuam kev txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov lus dab neeg, raws li ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Prague Council tau hais kom tus kws tshwj xeeb Hanush mus rau qhov muag tsis pom kev kom nws tsis tuaj yeem rov ua nws txoj haujlwm nyob qhov twg. Cov ntaub ntawv no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg txawj ntse ua tsaug rau tus kws sau ntawv Jirasek Alois, uas tau ntxiv rau nws Czech Old Tales (1894).

Jan Rouge tej zaum muaj ib tug tub uas pab nws tau ntau xyoo. Nws yog nws uas ua raws Orloi mus txog 1530. Lub watchmaker no tau muab piv rau Jakub Cech, tus tsim ntawm thawj portable Czech saib. Yakub tsis muaj menyuam kawm ntawv, thiab Orloi raug tso tseg yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas zoo.

Hauv 1552 Prague Astronomical ClockJan Taborsky tau raug xaiv los ua haujlwm. Nws kho thiab txhim kho cov khoom, thiab sau nws phau ntawv qhia kev paub. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no uas Jan Taborsky thawj zaug tsis raug npe Jan Rouge ua tus tsim ntawm chimes. Qhov yuam kev tshwm sim vim kev txhais tsis raug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Xyoo 1962, nws raug kho los ntawm Czech astronomer thiab historian Zdeněk Gorski, uas kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb.

Saving Orloy

Nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tom ntej no, Prague Astronomical Clock tau nres ntau zaus vim tsis muaj tus kws tshaj lij thiab tau kho ob peb zaug. Nyob rau hauv 1629 thiab 1659, lub moos tau kho, thaum lub sij hawm uas nws ntaus mechanism tau tsiv los ntawm tus pej thuam, thiab ntoo "tus khub" tau ntxiv rau daim duab ntawm Tuag. Thaum lub sij hawm kho dua tshiab no, lub kaw lus tshwj xeeb zais ntawm kev txav lub hli tau tsim, qhia nws cov theem.

Rau ntau xyoo lub Prague Astronomical Clock sawv ntsug tsis muaj zog. Prague nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII tsis tau xyuam xim rau lawv cov mob tseem ceeb. Thaum xyoo 1787 cov craftsmen tau rov tsim kho lub nroog, Orloi txawm xav muab pov tseg. Lub moos tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm kev tuag los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Prague Clementinum: lub taub hau ntawm kev soj ntsuam, xibfwb Strnad Antonin, tau txais nyiaj pab rau kev kho thiab, ua ke nrog tus saib xyuas Simon Landsperger, los ntawm 1791 kho nws me ntsis. Qhov tseeb, nws tsuas yog tswj kom pib lub moos, thiab lub hnub qub tseem raug puas tsuaj.

Tsiv cov mlom ntawm cov thwj tim tau ntxiv rau tib lub sijhawm. Orloi tau kho dua tshiab hauv 1865-1866: txhua qhov ntawm nws cov txheej txheem yogkho, nrog rau lub astrolabe, ib tug pej thuam ntawm ib tug qaib ntxiv. Nws paub tias lub sijhawm ntawd tus kws kos duab Manes Josef tau pleev xim rau daim ntawv qhia hnub qis. Thiab txhawm rau tswj qhov tseeb ntawm chav kawm, cov kws tshaj lij tau teeb tsa Bozek Romuald's chronometer.

Kev puas tsuaj

Ntau tus kws ua haujlwm tsim lub moos Prague Astronomical. Czech koom pheej txaus siab rau qhov kev ua yeeb yam no. Nws paub tias thaum kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, kev puas tsuaj loj tau ua rau lub moos. Hauv Prague xyoo 1945, lub Tsib Hlis 5, kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Nazi tau tshwm sim. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau mus rau txhua qhov chaw hauv nroog, thaiv kev thaiv. Cov kev sib cav tsis sib haum xeeb tshwj xeeb tau pom nyob hauv qhov chaw, ze ntawm lub tsev ntawm Czech Xov tooj cua, raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab. Cov neeg ntxeev siab, siv lub xov tooj cua xa xov tooj cua nyob ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm Lub Nroog Qub, tau xa lus thov rau cov neeg Czech.

Nyob hauv Prague yog ib feem ntawm German pab pawg tub rog "Center". Nws yog lawv cov uas sim tsoo qhov kev tawm tsam thiab cuam tshuam cov xov tooj cua tshaj tawm. Cov tub rog German tau tua lub tsev ntawm Old Town Hall los ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nrog cov foob pob hluav taws, vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 8, 1945. Tom qab ntawd Orloi raug hluav taws kub hnyiab heev: lub hnub qub disk poob, thiab daim ntawv teev npe hu thiab cov duab ntoo ntawm cov thwj tim hlawv.

Nyob zoo

Nws paub tias thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, 1948, lub suab nrov tau rov tsim kho tag nrho: cov kwv tij Jindrich thiab Rudolf Wiesecki tau kho qhov tawg thiab khoov ntawm lub moos thiab sib sau ua ke dua, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntoo tau muab cov duab tshiab ntawm lub moos. cov tubtxib. Kev kho me me kawg ntawm Orloi tau ua hauv xyoo 2005. Hnub no nws3/4 ntawm kev tsim muaj cov khoom qub.

Astronomical dial

Vim li cas coob leej thiaj xav pom Prague moos? Cov cim qhia hnub qub tau piav qhia ntawm qhov txuj ci no ua rau txhua tus nyiam. Lub Orloi dial yog lub astrolabe siv los ntawm lub kaw lus saib. Orloi reproduces lub Ptolemaic geocentric qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no: nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog lub ntiaj teb, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hli thiab lub hnub revolve.

Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no txav mus raws cov xim tsis muaj zog ntawm lub hnub qub disk uas piav txog lub ntuj thiab lub ntiaj teb: lub nplhaib sab nrauv thiab lub zodiacal, taw tes nrog cov cim ntawm lub hli thiab lub hnub thiab ob peb teev tes nrog lub kub. tes thiab lub hnub qub thaum kawg. Tsis zoo li cov watches zoo tib yam, tsis muaj ib teev tes.

Daim ntawv qhia hnub

Dab tsi ntxiv yog Prague Astronomical Clock nto moo rau? Orloj lub moos yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Jan Rouge (tus tswv Ganush) hauv 1490. Nws yog lub npe hu tias chimes thaum xub thawj muaj tsuas yog ib tug astronomical dial. Thawj daim ntawv qhia hnub disc, hmoov tsis, tsis tau khaws cia. Nws cov qauv tam sim no tau tsim los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv K. J. Erben los ntawm Prague thaum lub sijhawm kho dua ntawm 1865-1866, raws li cov ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm 1659, uas yog raws li cov duab kos thaum ub. Xyoo 1865-1866, daim ntawv qhia hnub tau pleev xim los ntawm tus kws kos duab Josef Manes. Yog vim li cas nws thiaj li hu ua Manes dial.

Sculptural kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm chimes

Peb twb paub tias Prague Astronomical Clock hu li cas. Orloi yog lawv lub npe nruab nrab. Sculptures decorating nws tau tsim rau ob peb centuries. Raws nraimyog li ntawd lawv tsis muaj ib lub hom phiaj muaj tswv yim. Nws ntseeg tau tias lub pob zeb carved ornament uas adorns lub hnub qub disk thiab cov duab puab ntawm ib tug tim tswv nyob rau sab sauv ntawm Orloi tau ua los ntawm kev cob qhia ntawm Peter Parler. Lwm yam scenery tuaj tom qab.

Txij lub sijhawm lub moos cov mlom tau tsim kho dua tshiab, qee zaum rov tsim dua, uas tshem tawm lawv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, niaj hnub no nws nyuaj heev los piav qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm cov chimes.

Supernatural powers

Cov neeg muaj kev xav hauv nruab nrab ntseeg tias lub zog supernatural tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau txhua tus qauv. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau dai nws hauv tsev nrog ntau yam kev ruaj ntseg cov ntsiab lus. Txij li thaum Orloi nyob rau ntawm lub façade ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj (nws tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub tuam tsev qhov chaw), qhov xav tau rau amulets nce. Yog li ntawd, sab sauv ntawm lub Prague masterpiece yog guarded los ntawm ib tug qaib, basilisks thiab ib tug tim tswv.

Nyob rau ntawm lub ru tsev sloping muaj mythical creatures - ob basilisks uas yuav tig tau tag nrho cov muaj sia nyob rau hauv pob zeb nrog ib saib. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj ob tis, ib tug noog tus beak, ib tug swept Tail thiab ib tug nab lub cev. Nws yog paub tias basilisk tau koob meej vim lub npe ntawm tus huab tais nab. Tus qaib gilded, lub cim qub ntawm kev ceev faj thiab kev ua siab loj, ntsib lub hnub thiab hnub tshiab, tau muab tso rau hauv qab lub ru tsev ntawm chimes. Kev ntseeg hais tias yog nrog thawj lub suab ntawm tus noog no uas tus dab phem uas kav hmo ntuj ploj mus.

Lub hauv paus pej thuam saum lub moos yog tus pej thuam ntawm tus tim tswv nrog tis. Vajtswv tus tub txib tuav ib tug fluttering ribbon nrogib cov lus uas tsis nyeem tau niaj hnub no. Tus tubtxib saum ntuj suav hais tias yog tus mlom qub tshaj plaws uas tsis tshua muaj neeg thiab yog ib tus neeg tawv ncauj tawm tsam cov rog tsaus. Nws so ntawm lub cornice, nyob rau hauv uas yog muab tso rau ib tug kiag li unidentifiable pob zeb band. Ib txhia hais tias qhov no yog ib tug stylization ntawm ib tug nab, lwm tus - ib tug scroll nrog ib tug tsis paub ntawv nyeem. Ntawm ob sab ntawm daim duab ntawm tus tim tswv, muaj ob lub qhov rais uas cov mlom ntawm 12 tus tubtxib tshwm ib teev.

Peb cia siab tias koj txaus siab rau peb tsab xov xwm ntawm Prague Astronomical Clock thiab muaj lub siab xav pom qhov txuj ci no nrog koj tus kheej ob lub qhov muag.