Txhua theem ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ua siab ntev thiab kev txeeb chaw txawv teb chaws. Lub nroog thaum ub yog fortresses, lub garrison uas muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov phab ntsa siab. Feem ntau qhov kev ntes ntawm xws li ib tug fortification txhais tau hais tias ib tug tag nrho yeej nyob rau hauv tsov rog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntev ntawm lub nroog tau nrog los ntawm kev poob hnyav ntawm ob sab.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim cov cuab yeej cuab tam tsim los rhuav tshem "kev tiv thaiv" hnyav. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Alexander lub Great, thawj hais txog "ballistae" tshwm sim - cov cuab yeej muaj peev xwm ntawm pov pob zeb raws ib tug hinged trajectory. Qhov tshwj xeeb no tso cai rau cov khoom siv, uas yog hom catapult, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tus yeeb ncuab zais tom qab lub fortress phab ntsa.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub ntsiab lus ballista tau siv rau kev tsim lub mortar, ib rab phom uas tua ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 45 degrees. Tus successor rau xws li ib tug riam phom yog mortar. Ib daim duab ntawm lub cuab yeej, nws hom, kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau nthuav tawm hauv kev tshuaj xyuas. Nws kuj piav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm hom riam phom no.
Definition
Mortar yog riam phom uas tsim los tua hluav taws ntawm lub kaum sab xis siab, nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawmswb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv vaj tse thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev sib txuas lus muaj zog. Ua ib hom mortar, nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov tsis muaj lub tsheb thauj mus los thiab cov khoom siv rov qab - cov khoom no tau hloov los ntawm lub phaj uas tau nruab rau hauv av lossis cov tsheb armored. Lub mortar raug rho tawm haujlwm nrog cov mos txwv feathered, nyob rau hauv lub shank uas ib tug propellant nqi txuas.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Thawj zaug, riam phom uas tau tua ib qho projectile-mine, firing nyob rau hauv ib tug steep trajectory, tau siv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog Nyiv nyob rau hauv 1904-1905, thaum lub sij hawm tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog ntawm Port Arthur.. Tus tsim ntawm "cov cuab yeej rau kev tua nyob ze" yog tus tub ceev xwm thiab engineer Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato.
Lub hauv paus ntawm rab phom yog 75-mm howitzer nrog lub thoob truncated, yoog rau kev tua nkoj mines. Tom qab ntawd, tus tshiab "miracle phom", uas qhov tseeb ua pov thawj nws zoo heev combat zoo, hu ua "mortar". Qhov kev sib tw ntawm rab phom yog nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub chim, nrog rau qhov loj ntawm tus nqi, thiab nyob ntawm 50 mus rau 400 meters.
Russian kev paub txog kev siv cov tshuaj khib nyiab tau ua tib zoo kawm los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij txawv teb chaws. Cov cuab yeej siv dav siv thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1914-1918. Nyob rau hauv 1915, mortars nrog ib tug calibre ntawm 47 thiab 58 hli tau muab tso rau hauv kev pab cuam nrog rau cov tub rog ntawm Tsarist Russia, nrog ib tug firing range ntawm 400 thiab 520 meters, raws li zoo raws li. Tus tsim ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog tus thawj coj ntawm artillery E. A. Likhonin.
Muaj cuab yeej
Yuav kom nkag siab tias qhov hluav taws kub hnyiab li cas, koj yuav tsum xav txog nwskev tsim kho. Cov phom muaj peb yam tseem ceeb:
- Barrel. Lub caij nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yeeb nkab teev cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub projectile. Sab saum toj ntawm ib feem yog nruab nrog lub tswb (a) tsim kom yooj yim thauj khoom. Hauv qab ntawm lub thoob yog ib tug breech nrog ib tug firing pin nias rau hauv nws (c), uas pierces lub primer ntawm lub projectile (kuv).
- Base phaj. Cov khoom muaj hinged txuas nrog lub thoob. Ua haujlwm nres rau rab phom thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm, hloov lub zog rov qab mus rau saum npoo (hauv av, chassis, thiab lwm yam).
- Fry. Ib qho khoom txhawb nqa lub thoob thaum tua. Nws folds rau hauv txoj hauj lwm stowed nrog kev pab ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav lyre (c).
Txoj cai ntawm kev nqis tes ua thiab ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj khib
Txoj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub mortar muab rau lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug striker mounted nyob rau hauv qis ib feem ntawm lub chim. Phom nqi - kuv - yog pub los ntawm muzzle. Cov mos txwv swb rau ntawm qhov chaw du, thiab nws cov primer, nyob rau hauv tus Tsov tus tw seem, "pierces" ntawm lub sting ntawm tus ntaus, uas yog vim li cas txhaj tshuaj tshwm sim. Hom striker no hu ua nyuaj, nws yooj yim heev hauv kev tsim thiab tuaj yeem muab qhov hluav taws kub siab.
Cov mos txwv ntawm rab phom - kuv lub cev - muaj lub cev poob qis, nruab nrog lub taub hau tawg, nrog rau qhov chaw ruaj khov. Nws muaj lub fuse, nrog rau lub ntsiab (propellant) thiab cov nqi ntxiv, vim yog kev siv uas qhov pib ceev thiab ntau yam ntawm qhov projectile raug tswj.
Tshooj tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawmtus kheej rau txhua hom phom. Xav txog ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li kev suav.
Firing table. Mortar 120mm SAO 2S9
| hom nqi | Ntau tus nqi (g) |
pib airspeed mines (m/sec) |
Kev sib tw (m) elevation angle 450 |
Kev sib tw (m) elevation angle 850 |
| 1main | 100 | 120 | 1350 | 450 |
| 2 lub ntsiab + 1 ntxiv | 170 | 160 | 2300 | 800 |
| 3 main+2 sub | 240 | 190 | 3300 | 1150 |
| 4 lub ntsiab + 3 ntxiv | 310 | 220 | 4200 | 1400 |
| 5 lub ntsiab + 4 ntxiv | 380 | 250 | 4950 | 1650 |
| 6 lub ntsiab + 5 ntxiv | 450 | 275 | 5750 | 1900 |
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xaus: qhov ntau ntawm qhov projectile nyob ntawm qhov tsis tsuas yog nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm tus nqi hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm rab phom. Nco ntsoov tias qhov pib tshaj tawm ntawm cov mos txwv thiab qhov kev ncua deb nws tuaj yeem taug kev kuj tseem cuam tshuam txog qhov ntev ntawm lub mortar chim.
Muaj. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm rab phom, lawv lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj
Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog txuas nrog kev txav ntawm riam phom, muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv cov kev siv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej txoj hauj lwm, kev tawm tsam ntawm riam phom thiab lawv lub peev xwm.zais. Lub mortar ua tau raws li cov cai no. Raws li riam phom nrog hinged trajectory ntawm hluav taws, nws muab:
- Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhib ntawm thaj av, nrog rau hauv trenches, trench, gorges thiab ravines, qab phab ntsa ntsug thiab qhov siab.
- Nruab cov ntxaij vab tshaus pa taws los pab txhawb kev rov ua haujlwm dua ntawm lawv cov chav.
- Tseeb thaj tsam kom "dawb" yeeb ncuab.
Tactical thiab technical parameters muaj los ntawm mortar
- Kev tua hluav taws. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab siab tshaj plaws davhlau deb ntawm qhov projectile raug rho tawm los ntawm rab phom. Piv txwv li, qhov siab tshaj plaws firing ntau ntawm Lavxias teb sab 420-mm self-propelled mortar 2B1 "Oka" yog 45,000 meters.
- Lub kaum ntse ntse. Qhov kev ntsuas no tau hloov kho los ntawm kev hloov kho qhov kev txhawb nqa bipod (ob-legged) ntawm rab phom. Txoj kev taw qhia ntsug ntawm lub mortar txawv ntawm 45 txog 85 degrees, thiab kab rov tav - 360.
- Lub sijhawm coj mus rau txoj haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua. Ib tug yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab ceev ntawm kev npaj cov phom rau kev tua. Piv txwv li, lub hauv paus mortar 2B14-1 "Tray" yog coj mus rau tag nrho kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv 30 vib nas this.
- Qhov hluav taws kub siab tshaj plaws. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm txhaj tshuaj uas rab phom tua ib feeb. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov hluav taws kub rau lub teeb mortars yog kwv yees li 30 rds / min.
- Cov mos txwv ntau. Qhia qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile uas lub mortar tuaj yeem tua tau. 120-Piv txwv li, rab phom Fabkis ua RT61 (F1) mm, muaj peev xwm tua tau 15 kg mos txwv.
- Mass of the gun in firing position. suav nrog qhov hnyav ntawm txhua qhov chaw (stem tube, bipod thiab puag phaj) hauv daim ntawv sib dhos. Rau cov phom self-propelled, qhov ntsuas no kuj suav nrog qhov loj ntawm lub chassis. Piv txwv li, lub mortar hnyav hnyav ntawm Asmeskas tub rog M-30, nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, hnyav 305 kg, thiab tus kheej-propelled foob pob ua ntxaij launcher BM-21 Grad, tsim nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, muaj ib tug loj ntawm 13700 kg.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm mortar
- Tus nqi hluav taws kub siab. Cov cuab yeej yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev yooj yim reloading, uas tso cai rau koj tua phom nrog kev siv zog loj. Tus nqi hluav taws kub ntawm qee hom mortars niaj hnub no yog mus txog 170-190 rounds ib feeb.
- High hwj chim ntau hom mos txwv. Fragmentation, high-explosive, pawg, incendiary, pa taws thiab teeb - cov no tsuas yog ib co ntawm cov hom phiaj uas ib tug mortar yuav tua tau. Kev tua phom yog tswj los ntawm kev hloov lub zog ntawm tus nqi uas thawb lub mine tawm ntawm lub thoob.
- Ib yam yooj yim. Qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim cov mortars feem ntau, muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv cov disassembly thiab yooj yim ntawm kev thauj mus los ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txav tau cov phom hla cov av ntxhib, txuas ntxiv txhawb nqa lawv cov chav nrog hluav taws. Qee cov qauv siv tau los tua hluav taws ntawm lub cev tsheb.
- Kev npaj kev sib ntaus sib tua tas li. Mortars yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev kub ceev ntawm kev coj mus rau lub xeev "ua haujlwm", vim qhov yooj yim ntawm kev sib dhos.
- Txoj kev taug kev deb. Cov phom muaj peev xwm ntaus lub hom phiaj kaw,tiv thaiv los ntawm lub tiaj tus artillery thiab tshuab-phom hluav taws. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lub mortar muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws "saum toj" ntawm nws cov units.
Kev faib tawm
Cia peb saib sai sai ntawm hom phom, nqa Lavxias mortars ua lub hauv paus. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm USSR, hom riam phom no tau muab faib raws li nram no:
- tuam txhab phom (calibre 55–65 mm).
- Batallion (80–85 mm).
- Regimental (105-125mm).
- Sib faib (loj-caliber thiab dav hlau).
Mortars yog qhov txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm lub thoob li rab phom du thiab phom phom. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los them lawv - los ntawm muzzle thiab breech. Qib ntawm automation ntawm reloading kuj txawv. Muaj phom tsis siv neeg, piv txwv li, 2B9M "Vasilek" - mortar, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no.
Tseem muaj cov mortars tus kheej - mounted ntawm lub log lossis taug qab chassis.
Txhim kho cov cuab yeej
Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov mortars yog Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob 1939-1945. Tsuas yog kev lag luam ntawm USSR tau tsim ntau dua 345,000 phom zoo li no! Lawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco qab lub npe nrov "Katyusha" BM-13 - thawj Guards dav hlau mortar. Qhov kev tua phom no yog los ntawm 4350 txog 5500 m.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov mortars ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, uas tau ua haujlwm nrog cov teb chaws koom nrog kev ua tsov rog, tau ua ke hauv lub rooj no.
| Nyob ntawm mortars | Caliber of guns (mm) | Mass nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tua(kg) | Kuv qhov hnyav (kg) | Cannon firing range (m) |
| Tuam Txhab pab tub rog | 50-65 | 9-20 | 0, 8-1, 5 | 420-1800 |
| Battalion | 80-85 | 50-65 | 3, 0-4, 5 | 2400-3700 |
| Regimental | 105-120 | 170-280 | 9-17 | 3700-6200 |
| Kev faib tawm | 160 | 1170 | 40, 5 | 5500 |
Modern guns
Hnub no lub mortars, ua tsaug rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov tub rog-kev lag luam technologies, tau dhau los ua ultra-modern rifle complexes. Peb yuav tsis piav qhia txog txhua qhov zoo ntawm cov phom loj ntawm lub xyoo pua XXI, tab sis xav txog ib qho qauv xwb. Thiab los ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv peb yuav pom tias kev nce qib tau nce mus deb npaum li cas.
Nyob ntawm kev ua tub rog-kev nthuav qhia MILEX-2011, muaj nyob rau hauv Minsk, Lavxias teb sab engineers nthuav tawm ib lub mortar uas ntsiag to 2B25, hu ua "Gall". Lub peculiarity ntawm cov khoom no yog hais tias nws muaj feem ntau covert sib ntaus sib tua siv. Thaum cov mortar raug rho tawm haujlwm, cov hmoov av tau "xauv" hauv cov mos txwv, thiab rab phom tsis tawm cov pa taws, suab lossis kev poob siab.
"Gall" ntaus lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1000-1300 m nrog qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 15 rds / min. Qhov hnyav ntawm mortar tsis tshaj 15 kg, thiab qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile tsuas yog 1.9 kg. 2B25 yog tsim los txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb thiab tsis muaj qhov sib piv hauv ntiaj teb.
Zoo kawg
Kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuab navigation thiab kev tswj xyuas computerhluav taws muab lub mortar rau hauv ib rab phom precision. Txawm li cas los xij, nws khaws nws cov khoom tseem ceeb - kev yooj yim thiab yooj yim, pheej yig mos mos mos, hinged firing trajectory thiab tsis xav tau kev cob qhia mus sij hawm ntev ntawm "cov neeg ua haujlwm tu". Lub mortar tseem yog ib hom riam phom uas ntseeg tau tshaj plaws uas tsis xav tau kev pab tshwj xeeb thiab ntau tus neeg tua phom loj.
