Johnson Samuel: biography, nta ntawm creativity, nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Samuel Johnson yog tus neeg thuam Askiv, tus sau keeb kwm, sau ntawv, kws sau paj huam thiab sau phau ntawv sau. suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov duab loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Lwm qhov laj thawj rau qhov muaj koob meej uas Samuel Johnson nyiam niaj hnub no yog tus kws sau ntawv cov lus.

Short biography

Johnson Samuel yug rau lub Cuaj Hlis 18, 1709 hauv lub xeev lub nroog Lichfield, hauv lub nroog Staffordshire, hauv tsev neeg ntawm Michael Johnson, uas tau koom nrog muag phau ntawv thiab sau ntawv, thiab Sarah. Leej txiv (nrog rau tom qab nws tus tub) tau ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab, tab sis nws tau hwm: thaum Xamuyee yug los, nws twb tau ua tub ceev xwm. Johnson Samuel yog menyuam yaus mob thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj sia nyob. Xyoo 1711, thaum muaj hnub nyoog ob xyoos, nws yuav luag dig muag, qee qhov lag ntseg, raug mob scrofula thiab tuberculosis, thiab raug coj mus rau poj huab tais Anne, kom nws kho tus neeg mob nrog nws kov. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho tau zoo kawg nkaus, tsis tau tshwm sim.

Nyob rau xyoo 1716, rhiab, clumsy, thiab dhau nws lub xyoo, Johnson nkag mus rau Lichfield Grammar School. Nws tau coj los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv tab sis siab phem John Hunter, uas ntaus nws cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim, nws hais tias, kom cawm lawv dim ntawm lub gallows. Tom qab ntawd, Xamuyee txawm hais tias yog nws tsis raug ntaus, nws yuav tsis ua dabtsi li. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Hunter txoj kev coj, nws kawmLatin thiab Greek thiab pib sau paj huam. Xyoo 1725, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 16 xyoo, lub xeev Johnson tau nyob rau lub hlis nrog nws tus kwv tij Cornelius Ford, tus kws qhia ntawv qub thiab ua siab ntev ntawm Cambridge. Nyob ntawd nws thawj zaug kawm txog lub neej ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev sau ntawv hauv lub tebchaws.

Txoj Kev

Xyoo 1726 nws tawm tsev kawm ntawv thiab mus ua haujlwm hauv nws txiv lub khw muag ntawv. Nws yog ib qho yuam kev. Samuel Johnson lub neej nyob rau ob xyoos tom ntej no tsis zoo siab, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tseem kawm lus Askiv thiab cov ntawv sau qub heev thiab tsis txaus ntseeg.

Nyob rau xyoo 1728, nrog ib qho qub txeeg qub teg ntawm plaub caug phaus tshuav rau nws niam tom qab kev tuag ntawm ib tug txheeb ze, nws tau npaj txhij txog nkag mus hauv Pembroke College, Oxford. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem muab zaub mov txaus rau nws tus kheej, raws li qhov tseeb, ntau xyoo tom ntej. Ntawm no, cov cim ntawm melancholy pib tshwm, uas yuav haunt nws mus rau tag nrho nws lub neej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau mob siab rau nws txoj kev kawm thiab xyoo 1789, kev nyuaj siab heev thiab txom nyem heev kom nws kawm ntawv ntxiv, nws tawm hauv Oxford yam tsis muaj daim diploma.

thawj phau ntawv

Johnson cov lus txhais ntawm Pope tus Mexiyas los ntawm Latin thaum nws kawm tau luam tawm xyoo 1731, tab sis thaum ntawd cov neeg pluag, hauv nuj nqis, kev nyuaj siab, ib nrab qhov muag tsis pom kev thiab lag ntseg, ntiab tawm ntawm scrofula thiab kab mob me, Xamuyees ntshai rau nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws txiv, kuj poob nyiaj, tuag rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo.

Hauv xyoo 1732, Johnson tau nrhiav haujlwm ua tus saib xyuas ntawm Market Bosworth High School. Thaum mus xyuas Birmingham nws ntsib Henry Porter thiab nws tus poj niam Elizabeth. Xyoo tom ntej, thaum pw hauv txaj rau lwm qhov txuas ntxiv mus rau cov phooj ywg tshiab, Xamuyee tau sau ib tsab ntawv luv luv rau xyoo pua 17th ntawm Fab Kis Fab Kis ntawm A Voyage to Abyssinia. Portuguese Jesuit. Nws yog nws thawj phau ntawv luam tawm, thiab Johnson tau txais tsib guineas rau nws.

Kev txij nkawm

Hauv 1735, thaum muaj hnub nyoog nees nkaum tsib, Johnson tau sib yuav tus poj ntsuam 46 xyoo Elizabeth Porter. Nrog nws tus poj niam tus nqi zog ntawm £ 700, Samuel nrhiav tau ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ntiag tug ze Lichfield. Ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm yog David Garrick, uas tau los ua tus neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm thiab ib tus phooj ywg ze ntawm Johnson. Los ntawm 1737, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau poob lawm, thiab Xamuyee txiav txim siab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev sau ntawv, tawm mus rau London, nrog Garrick.

Creativity

Xyoo 1738, nyob hauv kev txom nyem heev hauv London, Johnson tau pib sau ntawv rau Edward Cave's The Gentleman's Magazine. Nyob ntawd nws tau luam tawm London, ib qho kev coj ua ntawm Juvenal's satire ntawm kev poob ntawm Ancient Rome, uas nws tau txais kaum guineas. Nws kuj tau ntsib Richard Savage, lwm tus kws sau paj huam txom nyem ntawm lub koob npe nrov.

Nruab nrab ntawm 1740 thiab 1743 nws tau hloov kho cov kev sib cav sib ceg rau Cov Poj Niam Phau Ntawv Magazine. Ntau xyoo tom qab, nws tau qhuas txog nws qhov kev ncaj ncees.

In 1744 RichardSavage tuag hauv tsev kaw neeg Bristol. Johnson tau sau Savage's Life, zoo kawg nkaus rau nws qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm qhov muaj zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm tus phooj ywg tus cwj pwm. Txoj hauj lwm yog thawj prose ntawm tus kws sau ntawv kom nyiam cov neeg nyeem.

Hauv xyoo 1745, "Variious Observations on the Tragedy of Macbeth" tau luam tawm. Xyoo tom ntej nws tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog ib pab pawg tshaj tawm thiab tau ua txoj haujlwm zoo ntawm kev sau phau ntawv txhais lus Askiv zoo ib yam li luam tawm hauv Fab Kis los ntawm plaub caug tus tswv cuab ntawm Fab Kis Academy. Nws tau tig nrog nws "Cov Ntawv Qhia Phau Ntawv Qhia" rau Earl ntawm Chesterfield, tab sis nws tau dhau los ua tus neeg saib xyuas nruab nrab. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no yog Johnson lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "tus neeg saib xyuas": "Nws yog ib tug uas pab, pab thiab tiv thaiv. Nws feem ntau yog ib tug neeg thuam uas khav theeb txhawb kev sib pauv rau kev hais lus thuam."

Xyoo 1748, nrog rau 6 tus pab, Johnson tau tsiv mus rau hauv ib lub tsev loj hauv Fleet Street thiab pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev sau phau ntawv txhais lus. Nyob rau hauv 1749, nws melancholic Lub Vanity of Human Desires tau tshwm sim, thiab Garrick ua rau Jonson qhov xwm txheej Irene hauv Drury Lane.

Nruab nrab ntawm 1750 thiab 1752, nws tau tsim ntau tshaj li ob puas Rambler sau ntawv hauv ob lub lis piam. Nyob rau hauv 1752 nws tus poj niam tuag. Ob xyoos tom qab Johnson rov qab mus rau Oxford qhov chaw nws ntsib Thomas Wharton, yav tom ntej Poet Laureate. Xyoo tom qab, nrog kev pab los ntawm Wharton, Samuel thaum kawg tau txais nws daim ntawv kawm tiav qib siab hauv Oxford. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws phau ntawv txhais lus Askiv zoo kawg nkaus tau ua tiav thiab luam tawm, thiab txawm tias nws tseem txom nyem heev, nws lub koob npe nrov thaum kawg tau tsim. Thaum lub sijhawm no nwsntsib hluas Joshua Reynolds, Bennett Langton thiab Topham Beauclerk.

Nyob rau xyoo 1756 Johnson Samuel tau sau "Cov Lus Pom Zoo rau Kev Tshaj Tawm Tshiab ntawm Shakespeare", uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tshwm sim txog 1765. Nws kuj tseem txuas ntxiv nws cov haujlwm ua tus sau xov xwm, tus kws sau ntawv thiab sau ua ntej. Thaum nws raug ntes vim muaj nuj nqis, kev tso cai tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Samuel Richardson. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1758 thiab 1760 nws tau sau cov ntawv sau hu ua "Lazy". Nyob rau hauv 1759, nws niam Sarah tuag, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug npau suav phem, nws sau cov lus qhuab qhia ncaj ncees "Rasselas" them rau qhov nws hais tias yog ib lub ntees tuag.

Retired

Nyob rau xyoo 1762, tom qab kev nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm George III, Samuel Johnson, uas nws phau ntawv tsis tau coj nws cov nyiaj tau los ntau, rau nws txaus siab tau txais nyiaj laus ntawm 300 phaus ib xyoos. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev teem caij ntawm lub tsev nce siab tsis meej pem nws ntau dua, rau nws yog ib tus neeg koom nrog Tory tog thiab, nco ntsoov txog kev tsim txom ntawm Whigs, txhais lo lus " nyiaj laus" hauv nws phau ntawv txhais lus li "kev them nyiaj rau cov tub qhe rau kev ntxeev siab rau lawv. lub teb chaws." Thawj thawj zaug hauv nws lub neej nws tsis raug yuam kom skimp ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, thiab txawm hais tias nws qhov tsos tseem ceeb thiab tsis pom kev, nws tau los ua ib tus tsov ntxhuav nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub zej zog siab. Thaum ob peb tug poj niam hluas tau ntsib nws ntawm kev sau ntawv soiree thiab qhia qhov xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov txawv ntawm nws daim duab, zoo li nws yog qee yam dab los ntawm cov suab puam ntawm Africa, Johnson tau hais rau lawv tias nws tau yoog thiab tuaj yeem mob stroke.

Xyoo 1763 nws thawj zaug ntsib James Boswell. Txawm tias nws keeb kwm Scottish (Johnsonntxub cov Scots - yog li nws lub npe nrov txhais: "Oats yog cov nplej uas nyob rau hauv Askiv noj los ntawm nees, thiab nyob rau hauv Scotland los ntawm tib neeg"), lawv tau zoo nrog ib leeg. Xyoo 1764 "Literary Club" tau tsim, nrog Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Garrick, Boswell thiab Johnson ua tswv cuab.

Samuel hauv 1765, nyob rau hauv nws qhov kev kho, luam tawm cov yeeb yam ntawm Shakespeare nrog cov lus qhia zoo kawg thiab kev pom zoo, thiab tau txais tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb ntawm Kev Cai Lij Choj los ntawm Trinity College, Dublin. Nws kuj tau ntsib cov neeg nplua nuj Henry thiab Esther Trail, uas nws yuav siv sijhawm ntau rau kaum rau xyoo tom ntej (hais lus ntau, tab sis ua me ntsis kos duab). Johnson ib zaug hais tias, "Tsuas yog cov neeg ruam sau tsis muaj dab tsi."

Xyoo 1769 Boswell, tau dhau los ua kws lij choj hauv Edinburgh, sib yuav, thiab tseem nyob hauv Scotland txog xyoo 1772. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1770 thiab 1775 Johnson tau tsim ntau yam kev mob siab rau tab sis cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm nom tswv. Thaum lub Yim Hli Ntuj xyoo 1773, txawm tias nws ib txwm saib tsis taus Scotland, Xamuyee tau mus ncig nrog Boswell mus rau Hebrides. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1774 Johnson thiab Txoj Kev Taug Kev mus rau Wales. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Oliver Goldsmith, yog ib tug ntawm ob peb contemporaries uas nws ua siab loj qhuas, tuag, thiab tus sau tau poob loj.

Samuel Johnson ntawm kev hlub tshua

Tom qab ntawd nws thiaj sau phau ntawv "Patriot", uas nws thuam qhov nws pom tias yog kev hlub tsis tseeb. Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 7, 1775, nws nto moo hais tias kev hlub tshua yog qhov chaw kawgneeg vwm. Contrary to popular kev ntseeg, qhov no tsis yog hais txog kev hlub tshua, tab sis rau kev siv tsis tseeb ntawm lo lus los ntawm John Stewart, Earl of Bute, thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa thiab cov yeeb ncuab, uas ua si ntawm nws cov keeb kwm tsis yog lus Askiv. Johnson tawm tsam nws tus kheej tshaj tawm txoj kev hlub neeg feem ntau, tab sis muaj nuj nqis "tseeb" kev hlub.

Kev Theej Txhoj

Xyoo 1775 nws tau luam tawm nws Txoj Kev Mus Rau Sab Hnub Poob Isles ntawm Scotland. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Johnson tau txais ib tug honorary degree los ntawm Oxford University thiab kuj mus xyuas Fabkis (uas nws pom phem tshaj Scotland) nrog rau txoj kev. Samuel reacted hnyav rau American Revolution, characterizing lub rebellious colonists raws li ib tug "raug txim haiv neeg". Xyoo 1776 nws tau mus nrog Boswell mus rau Oxford, Ashbourne thiab Lichfield, qhov chaw uas nws tau sawv ntawm lub taub hau los nag hauv khw square pem hauv ntej ntawm nws txiv lub khw muag ntawv, theej rau "kev ua txhaum cai ntawm filial piety" ua 50 xyoo dhau los. Niaj hnub no nws nyob hauv Samuel Johnson Tsev khaws puav pheej.

xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej

Xyoo 1778, nws ntsib Fanny Burney 24 xyoo, uas sai sai no tau los ua tus sau Evelina ua tiav. Xyoo tom qab, David Garrick, ib tug tub kawm ntawv qub ntawm Johnson thiab ib tug phooj ywg zoo, tau tuag, thiab Xamuyee tau tshee hnyo dua. Nyob rau hauv 1781, tom qab luam tawm lub neej ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Askiv, Henry Trail tuag. Xamuyee nplij nws tus poj ntsuam thiab npaj yuav yuav nws. Xyoo 1783, txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv pib tsis zoo thiab nws raug mob stroke. Xyoo tom ntej, tom qab rov zoo li qub, nws tau tawg nrog Mrs. Txoj kev thaum nws tshaj tawm tias nws xav yuav Gabriel Piozzi.

Dr. Samuel Johnson, muaj mob gout, mob hawb pob, te thiab o, pom tias kev ntshai ntawm kev tuag pib los ntawm nws, tab sis ntsib nws ua siab loj, thaum nws ntsib txhua yam kev nyuaj hauv nws lub neej. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 13, nws tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 75 xyoos. faus hauv Westminster Abbey thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 20.