Sparkling damask steel yog yug
Los ntawm cov hlau mos, tawv steel.
Thiab ntaj los ua ib puas npaug zog, Thiab cov spirals ntawm cov hniav.
(Alexander Simonov, "Damask Sword")
Los ntawm ib zaj dab neeg
Txhua tus paub tias dab neeg dab neeg tsis yog dab neeg txaus siab rau cov menyuam yaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm kev txawj ntse uas nthuav tawm cov qauv kev txawj ntse nrog cov xwm txheej keeb kwm thiab epics.
Nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg hais txog cov neeg muaj zog thiab cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe, xws li lo lus "damask armor" feem ntau pom. Cov muaj zog tshaj thiab bravest heroes ua lawv feats nrog riam phom ua los ntawm damask hlau. Cov hlau no yog dab tsi? Vim li cas nws thiaj zoo? Vim li cas nws thiaj li muaj nqi heev? Thiab feem ntau, damask armor - yog dab tsi? Armor, ntaub thaiv npog, visor? Los yog tej zaum cov hlau no yog qhov kev txhim kho zais cia ntawm cov kws ua hlau uas tau poob rau hauv kev xav tsis thoob, kev sim los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, lossis khoom plig los ntawm saum toj?
Puas yog damask armor muaj nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm thiab nws puas muaj nuj nqis zoo li thaum ub? Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "bulat", lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab kev siv ntawm cov hlau no tau piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no. Peb yuav qhia tag nrho cov secrets ntawm ib tug tiag tiag zoo kawg nkaus hlau, uas nyob rau hauv qhov tseebua tau heev tiag.
riam phom ntawm tus phab ej nto moo
Damask armor yog lub npe qub rau riam phom melee. Thiab tsis yog txhua yam armor, raws li nws yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Kev sib piv: cov lus piv txwv ntawm lo lus "cov cuab yeej" hauv ob hom lus Polish (bron) thiab Czech (zbrane) txhais tau tias riam phom steel, xws li rab ntaj, ntaj, riam, dagger lossis saber.
Cov dab neeg nto moo zoo li tus phab ej Ilya Muromets thiab Dobrynya Nikitich, Vajntxwv Arthur thiab Svyatogor, muaj riam phom uas tsis tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov hlau damask, ua tsaug uas lawv tau suav tias yog cov tub rog uas tsis muaj zog. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "bulat" yog yooj yim - nws yog hardened steel.
Tsis paub los ntawm qhov chaw
Qhov zais cia ntawm lub qub damask hlau yog nyob rau yav dhau los deb, lossis zoo li xyoo 1421, thaum lub meteorite hlau poob rau lub ntiaj teb ze ntawm lub nroog Lavxias ntawm Yaroslavl. Ib daim hlau loj uas poob saum ntuj raug suav hais tias yog khoom plig los ntawm cov vajtswv thiab tsuas yog siv riam phom tshwj xeeb. Tsuas yog ob peb tus kws ntaus hlau tseem ceeb tau nkag mus rau cov hlau txawv teb chaws, thiab cov hniav hlau thiab cov riam tau raug tsim los rau cov tub rog xaiv.
Legendary uniqueness
Ntxawm forged los ntawm cov hlau zoo tib yam tsoo thiab khoov tom qab thawj 2-3 lub tshuab, tab sis damask sawv daws pab mus ib txhis. Lawv tuaj yeem txiav tau yooj yim los ntawm daim thaiv hlau los yog rub qhib tus yeeb ncuab cov saw xa ntawv. Nws kuj yog ib qho xav tsis thoob tias, txawm tias lawv lub zog zoo kawg nkaus, cov hniav damask tau zoo heev thiab khoov 90-120 degrees yam tsis tau poob lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees. Yog li ntawd, ib tug yooj yim edged riam phom ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua, yog hais tias tsis blunted, cestawg mus rau hauv tej daim zoo li tawg iav, thaum lub damask armor tseem zoo thiab ntse. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, rau ib rab ntaj damask lawv muab kub npaum li cov hniav hnyav, thiab nws hnyav heev!
Fairy Metal
Txawm hais tias lub meteorite loj thiab cov kws ntaus hlau tau siv nyiaj ntau heev, cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj zog. Bulat armor thaum kawg tau hloov mus ua riam phom legendary los ntawm yav dhau los, ua tsaug rau ntau qhov yeej tau yeej. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog riam phom txuj ci tseem ceeb tau dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj, txij thaum laus mus rau hluas.
Txij thaum ntawd los, ntau xyoo dhau mus, tab sis cov tub rog tub rog damask, tus nqi uas tsuas yog nce xyoo dhau los, tsis tau muab kev thaj yeeb rau tib neeg. Patterned hniav forged los ntawm hlau tau hu nyob rau hauv epics, myths xwb, thiab legends. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas damask steel thiab armor ua los ntawm nws tau hais nyob rau hauv fairy tales:
- nyob rau hauv phau ntawv hais txog Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko, ib tug ntawm cov knights, sparkling nrog damask armor, fights tawm tsam "tus yeeb ncuab foom";
- hauv "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Tsar S altan" sau los ntawm Pushkin, cov tub lag luam, ntxiv rau kub thiab nyiaj, coj damask hlau;
- tus tub neeg ua liaj ua teb Ivan kov yeej qhov tsis paub Miracle-Yudo, txiav nws lub taub hau nrog rab ntaj damask;
- nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg hais txog kev taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tramp Aladdin, cov neeg taug kev ntshai nrog tshuaj lom thiab damask hlau;
- kwv tij Ivanushka, uas haus dej los ntawm lub pas dej thiab hloov mus ua ib tug menyuam yaus, hu nws tus viv ncaus Alyonushka rau kev pab nrog cov lus: "Damask riam yog ntse, lawv xav tua kuv …";
- Finley tus neeg yos hav zoov hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm tib lub npe, tus neeg zoo nkauj ceeb toom tias lawv xav tua nws nrog lub ntsej muag ntsentaj;
- hauv phau ntawv "Tus Poj Niam Ntawm Lub Hav Zoov" yog tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb Velimir, nrhiav tus poj dab phem, txiav nws txoj kev hla cov ceg ntoo thiab cov ntoo nrog rab ntaj ua los ntawm cov hlau damask;
- tus neeg zoo thiab muaj zog Yeruslan Lazarevich txiav lub taub hau ntawm tus nab insidious nrog rab ntaj damask.
Ntxiv rau cov dab neeg qub thiab cov lus dab neeg, cov kab lus "damask armor" feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov paj huam niaj hnub thiab cov lus hais. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus yog invaluable nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, feem, ua tsaug rau niaj hnub sau ntawv, damask steel muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no. Nov yog cov neeg kawm tiav uas nws txoj kev siv zog khaws cia kev paub txog riam phom ultra-ntse:
- Viktor Prishchepenko ("Thiab riam phom hnyav").
- Andrey Shabelnikov ("Damask ntaj ntawm lub siab tawv Teuton").
- Sergey Semyonov ("Rib Gorynych").
- Ninel Koshkina ("Tus Duab Ntxoo puas paub nws qhov chaw?").
- Sergey Stepanov ("Fury of the Normans").
khoom muaj nqis los ntawm Is Nrias teb
thawj zaug tsim cov hlau tsis muaj zog tau tsim hauv Is Nrias teb. Tom qab ntawd cov lus zais ntawm kev tsim cov hlau muaj zog tau xau mus rau Iran thiab Central Asia. Muaj tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw, damask steel, cov yam ntxwv ntawm uas tshaj tag nrho cov wildest kev cia siab, yog hu ua txawv. Hauv Is Nrias teb nws yog "vuts", thiab hauv Asia thiab Iran - "frand", "taban", "khorasan".
Tus kws tshawb fawb Persian-encyclopedist Al Biruni, uas nyob hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab muaj kev paub hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tau sau tag nrho cov lus qhia txog damask hlau. Nws tau raug khaws cia rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv qub thaum ub txog niaj hnub no. Al Biruni sau tau tias:"Damask armor yog tau los ntawm melting ob yam khoom uas yaj unevenly thiab tsis sib tov ua ke kom txog rau thaum homogeneous. Qhov tshwm sim yog ob-xim hniav uas tsis tshua muaj nqi heev."
Damask armor tau yooj yim pom tau los ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv qauv qauv. Nws tau txais los ntawm cov crystallization ntawm carbons thiab yog ib hom kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom zoo li no. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub damask steel hniav yog incredibly ntse. Piv txwv li, lawv yooj yim txiav los ntawm ib lub phuam qhwv caj dab pov rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm daim ntaub nyias nyias.
Kev txawj ntse ntawm Damascus blacksmiths
Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov damask armor tau tsim nyob rau hauv Syrian Damascus. Round ingots ntawm damask hlau raug coj mus rau Syria los ntawm Is Nrias teb, thiab Damascus blacksmiths twb forging zoo kawg thiab zoo heev riam phom. Daggers, sabers thiab hniav raug nqi ntau dua kub thiab yog lub cim ntawm kev muaj nyiaj thiab kev vam meej.
Tus nqi ntawm Indian damask steel loj hlob exponentially. Thiab Syrian craftsmen, los ntawm combining ntau hom hlau thiab rov forging, tsim welded damask hlau, uas rau niaj hnub no hu ua Damascus steel thiab muaj nuj nqis heev.
Tom qab Syria raug ntes los ntawm ib tus thawj coj ntawm Khan Togluk - Tamerlane, nws tau coj tag nrho cov kws ntaus hlau tawm ntawm lub teb chaws uas kov yeej thiab nyob hauv Samarkand. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev poob cev qhev, cov tswv ua haujlwm phem heev. Thiab dhau sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm hlau tau poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj. Cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Syrian craftsmen nyob thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm ua damask hlau thiab armor los ntawm nws twb tsis nco qab lawm.
Tseem ua raws li cov tub luam qub txeeg qub teg
Muaj pov thawj tias hlau, zoo ib yam li cov hlau damask, tau ua hauv Nyij Pooj. Hniav coj los ntawm lub teb chaws no muaj qhov yooj yim thiab lub zog ib yam li riam phom ua los ntawm qhov chaw.
Nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm kev lag luam, oriental hlau, nrog rau sabers, daggers thiab riam ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj zog tau xaus rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, muaj pov thawj hais tias Lavxias teb sab blacksmiths yuav cov khoom no rau kev tsim riam phom kim heev.
Damask armor, tus nqi ntawm qhov txawv txav siab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas East pauv, tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau hauv tebchaws Askiv. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm cov lus ntawm Askiv Royal Academy, hnub tim 1795 thiab khaws cia rau hnub no. Lawv piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog kev yuav cov hniav hlau ingots rau kev tshawb fawb.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zais cia ntawm kev ua ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb hlau tau khaws cia tom qab xya lub foob. Thiab qhov no tsis yog xav tsis thoob: tom qab tag nrho, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg kuaj thiab soj ntsuam, yog li nws yog yooj yim tsis yooj yim sua kom muab tau cov mis rau zoo tagnrho damask hlau. Txhua yam tau ua tiav los ntawm qhov muag, thiab kwv yees proportions thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg tau khaws cia hauv kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Ob peb tus neeg paub paub tseeb tias yuav ua li cas damask armor tau ua kom raug. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "damask steel" txawm li cas los xij cuam tshuam nrog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm riam phom thiab coj cov tub rog kom txaus ntshai.
Txoj kev cuav
Xyoo tom qab, cov kws ntaus hlau ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau sim rov tsim dua yam tsawg kawg ntawm Damascus steel, tab sis ua tsis tiav. Lawv tsis muaj kev xaiv tab sis kawm yuav ua li cas ua qhov cuavhlau, riam phom los ntawm outwardly zoo li damask, tab sis nyob rau hauv lwm yam qualities yuav tsis muab piv nrog lub tseeb armor los ntawm myths xwb.
Nyob rau hauv lub 18-19th centuries, zus tau tej cov fake damask hlau yog dav nyob rau hauv ltalis, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Spain, Bulgaria thiab Fabkis. Riam phom los ntawm nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog German thiab Spanish, tau nrov heev vim lawv cov tsos zoo nkauj, sib txuas daim iav polishing thiab cov qauv zoo nkauj. Qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej dag damask tshuav ntau yam xav tau. Vim cov riam phom tau ua los ntawm cov pa roj carbon zoo tib yam.
Tshuaj los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm hnub nyoog
Ntau centuries dhau los ua ntej damask hlau tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, uas nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog yuav luag ib daim qauv ntawm Eastern qauv. Mining engineer, metallurgist tus kws tshawb fawb thiab ib nrab hnub Major General Pavel Petrovich Anosov yog tus kheej koom nrog hauv kev tsim tawm ntawm cov lus dab neeg ob xim hlau. Nws, ib tug txawj ntse Lavxias teb sab, ib tug patriot ntawm nws Motherland, uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv fairy tales txog heroes, paub tseeb hais tias damask armor yog ib tug indestructible riam phom.
Nws tag nrho pib xyoo 1828, thaum Lub Chaw Haujlwm Mining tau qhia tus thawj coj ntawm Zlatoust cog (chelyabinsk cheeb tsam) Anosov kom nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm cov hlau hnyav thiab tsim cov qauv rau cov hlau damask. Kev txhim kho thiab kev sim, kev ua tiav thiab kev ua tsis tiav txuas ntxiv rau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tus kws tshawb fawb tau siv lub tshuab tsom iav thawj zaug los kawm txog cov hlau, thiab tseem hloov cov gilding ntawm cov hniav nrog galvanization.
Anosov sib xyaw hlau ore thiab graphite, ua ke ntau hom hlau, cov hlau yaj hauv huab cua thiab hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev - hauv ib lo lus,tau sim.
Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1838, Pavel Petrovich tseem tau tswj hwm kom tau txais cov hlau - cam khwb cia hlau, tsis muaj kev ua tsis zoo rau cov qauv qub qub. Nyob rau hauv 1839, hlau ingots thiab cov khoom los ntawm nws mus rau ib tug exhibition nyob rau hauv St. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1841 Anosov sau ib qho ntawm nws cov hauj lwm loj tshaj plaws - "Ntawm Damascus", uas tau raug xaiv tsa rau Demidov nqi zog.
Ua tsaug rau tus txiv neej uas txawj ntse tshaj plaws no, damask armor, lub ntsiab lus uas tau hu ua cov lus dab neeg thaum ub, tau tso tseg ua npau suav tsis txaus ntseeg.
Anosov damask steel
Dab tsi yog lub damask steel recreated los ntawm Anosov? Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws cov khoom siv tshuaj, cov hlau no txawv ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce ntawm ntau cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab zoo sib xws hauv cov kev txwv rau cam khwb cia hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li tsis yog-malleable, brittle cam khwb cia hlau, damask steel yog softer thiab ntau pliable, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm incredibly nyuaj thiab muaj zog. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov khoom zoo siab damask hlau, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov tshuab tsim khoom. Txwv tsis pub, kev ua tsis raug tuaj yeem tig cov hlau muaj zog no rau hauv cov hlau zoo tib yam.
Tom qab Anosov txoj kev tuag, cov lus zais ntawm kev ua cov hlau damask zoo dua tau ploj lawm. Tej zaum nws tsuas yog muab zais los ntawm qhov muag prying, los yog tej zaum nws tshwm sim los ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis saib xyuas. Txawm li cas los xij, qee lub sijhawm tom qab, tus tsim khoom thiab metallurgist Dmitry Konstantinovich Chernov tau tsim tawm los tsim cov Anosov damask steel.
Nws tau ua ntau yam kev sim sib xyaw uas tsis tshua muaj sulfur hlau thiab graphite nyiaj sib txawvproportions. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Chernov tau txais cov qauv zoo nkauj hlau, tab sis pom tias tus qauv ploj mus thaum forged. Tus kws tshawb fawb tuaj txog qhov xaus tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov cuab yeej damask yog qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub sij hawm forging. Txawm hais tias nws tau sim, nws yeej tsis tau txais cov hlau nto moo.
Nws puas yog txhua yam ntawm molybdenum?
Nyob tsis ntev los no, thaum lub sij hawm excavations, ib tug hniav ua los ntawm Japanese damask steel, ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, tau pom. Cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm riam phom tau nthuav tawm ib qho ntawm cov lus zais ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm cov khoom siv no. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom molybdenum nyob rau hauv cov hlau, ib qho kev hloov pauv hloov ntawm cov hlau refractory uas tsis tshwm sim. Hauv kev lag luam riam phom niaj hnub no, molybdenum tau ntev tau siv los ua kev sib txuas ntxiv rau ntau hom hlau. Qhov no ua rau kom muaj zog thiab tawv ntawm riam phom.
Nws tsis zoo li cov neeg Nyij Pooj thaum ub paub txog molybdenum. Feem ntau, cov hlau ore los ntawm lawv ua riam phom muaj ntau ntawm cov tshuaj no.
Kev paub tsis meej
Hnub no, cov hlau niaj hnub no zoo dua rau cov hlau tsis muaj zog. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau siab tshaj plaws rau kev tsim riam phom edged.
Yog tias koj teem lub hom phiaj, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tus kws tshaj lij uas tuaj yeem tsim riam phom. Thaum kawg, hauv lub neej yeej ib txwm muaj chaw rau ib zaj dab neeg…
Tus qauv ntawm rab ntaj yeej ib txwm muaj, Nws tsis zoo ib yam li lwm tus, raws li tus neeg.
Tus tub rog rab ntaj yog ib tus phooj ywg thiabtij laug…Nws muaj qhov mob ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb paj huam.
(Alexander Simonov, "Damask Sword")
