Raws li koj paub, nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb txhua tus neeg yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb haiv neeg loj. Qhov no yog Caucasoid, Mongoloid thiab Negroid. Nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg loj no, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj cov haiv neeg uas muaj ib tug thib ob thiab thib peb kev txiav txim. Lawv cov npe sib raug rau thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas cov ceg ntoo sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ntawm cov neeg European. Lawv cov neeg sawv cev sib txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej hauv qee qhov kev coj cwj pwm anthropological. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg uas nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasians yog lub taub hau ntev, lub teeb-pigmented thiab siab. Hauv lawv cov neeg sawv cev, feem ntau tuaj yeem pom lub qhov ntswg nrog lub nraub qaum ncaj, muaj zog protruding ntawm lub ntsej muag. Southern Caucasians muaj qhov txawv txav. Lawv muaj feem ntau cov tawv nqaij xim xim, lub cev luv dua thiab lub taub hau feem ntau sib npaug.
Kev cais ntawm Caucasians
haiv neeg twg yog haiv neeg Slavic? Tsis muaj kev ntseeg ntawm no. Lawv yog cov sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg Caucasian. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog txhua qhov qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Slavs thaum xav txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leegCov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas ntau yam subtypes ntawm haiv neeg, uas tsim cov cheeb tsam compact heev. Lawv daim ntawv teev npe suav nrog cov pab pawg ntawm anthropological yam xws li:
- White Sea-B altic;
- Eastern European;
- Dnepro-Carpathian;
- Dinaric;
- Pontic.
Txhua pab pawg no, dhau los, muab faib ua ob peb pawg ntawm qis dua taxonomic qeb.
haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab
Cov neeg hauv paus txawm nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws yog los ntawm tsib pawg neeg medieval. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Russians, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub no. Cov ntaub ntawv craniometric ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Russia nyob rau yav dhau los tau txais ua tsaug rau cov seem uas pom nyob rau hauv lub faus mounds ntawm ntau thaj tsam.
Kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm peb lub tebchaws nyob rau yav dhau los tau nyob los ntawm Vyatichi. Lawv tau los ua ib pawg neeg uas ua rau cov pej xeem Lavxias nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Russia. Vyatichi nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Middle thiab Upper Oka mus rau Upper Volga cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, lawv muaj peev xwm tshem tau ib co haiv neeg mus rau sab hnub tuaj thiab tsim lub qub Lavxias teb sab nroog - Murom, Ryazan, Vladimir, thiab tom qab ntawd, ua ke nrog lub Krivichi, Moscow.
Los ntawm kev nthuav dav, lawv muaj peev xwm khaws lawv cov noob caj noob ces kom tsis txhob sib xyaw nrog lawv cov neeg nyob ze.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv khawb, Vyatichi muaj lub pob txha taub hau siab dolichocranial, thiab lawv lub ntsej muag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm leptorosopia, tus choj siab ntawm lub qhov ntswg thiab cov lus qhia tau zoo. Sculptural portraits ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm nopawg neeg ua tim khawv rau lawv haiv neeg Nordic hom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, pej xeem anthropology lees paub cov neeg Lavxias ntawm Nizhneoksky variant, uas yog hom Don Sur, uas yog Nordoid tshaj plaws. Nws yog nws uas suav hais tias yog sab qaum teb pontid. Qhov no yog haiv neeg twg?
Ntse
haiv neeg no yog ib tug ntawm cov subspecies ntawm Caucasoid. Nws yog dav ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub. Cov no yog haiv neeg xws li Abkhazians thiab Adyghes, Georgians thiab yav qab teb Ukrainians, ib feem ntawm Romanians thiab yav qab teb Russians.
Pontid yog kev sib tw thawj zaug tau piav qhia hauv 1932 los ntawm VV Bunak. Qee lub sij hawm nws raug coj los ua ke nrog Caucasian. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Pontids (saib daim duab hauv qab no) muaj lub ntsej muag nqaim dua.
Qee zaum cov neeg no raug hu ua haiv neeg Mediterranean. Ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, cov Hutts tau zoo li Pontid. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no yog qee zaum cov neeg muaj plaub hau daj thiab ob lub qhov muag. Yog tias koj saib Pontida hauv profile, koj tuaj yeem pom tias lub qhov ntswg ncaj ncaj tuaj yeem txo qis me ntsis.
Keeb Kwm
Kev sib xyaw ntawm Pontic, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, yog ib qho ntawm cov kab sib txawv ntawm sab qab teb ceg ntawm Caucasoids, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe hauv Neolithic era. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis suav nrog kev nkag mus ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg yav qab teb rau hauv thaj av no hauv lub sijhawm dhau los.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais craniological, kev txav ntawm pab pawg, uas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom Pontic, mus rau thaj tsam Volga thiab mus rau Lavxias teb sab steppes ntawm Caucasus thiab Mediterranean txuas ntxiv mus txog thaumlub hnub nyoog Bronze lig. Cov kab no tau pom nyob rau hauv East Slavic pej xeem, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm ethnographic Polyana pawg uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Txog rau tam sim no, kev txav ntawm Pontic pab pawg neeg mus rau sab qaum teb tau lees paub los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Ukraine niaj hnub, muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Prut hom, nrog rau thaj chaw Lavxias Don-Sura.
Ntau yam
Pontid yog ib haiv neeg uas tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub npe qub ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub. Thaum ub nws hu ua Pontos.
Kev sib tw no tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog North European. Nws cov neeg sawv cev yog qhov txawv ntawm lub teeb xim av ob lub qhov muag, tsaus nti (tab sis tsis dub) plaub hau. Txog niaj hnub no, cov neeg ntawm hom Pontic tuaj yeem pom hauv tebchaws Greece, Southern Balkans thiab Romania. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv qhov siab siab, nqaim hauv pliaj, tawv nqaij ncaj, muag muag.
Muaj ntau hom Pontida. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ceg, sib cais los ntawm Mediterranean haiv neeg. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj no tau nyob hauv hav zoov-steppe thiab steppe cheeb tsam sab qaum teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub, thiab tseem tau paub txog sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub tuaj txog rau Nizhny Novgorod thiab Samara.
Ntxiv rau thaj chaw ntawm Russia, Pontic haiv neeg tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm yav qab teb Ukraine, nrog rau ntawm Hiav Txwv ntawm Azov mus rau Bukovina. Koj tuaj yeem pom nws ntawm Kazan Tatars thiab qee tus neeg nyob hauv North Caucasus.
Hnub no muaj cov neeg Lavxias sawv cev rau haiv neeg Pontic hauv nws daim ntawv purest, tsis muaj B altic thiab Eastern European admixtures. Lawv tuaj ntawm nruab nrab Don lossis muaj Hiav Txwv DubWest Caucasian, Kuban, Greek, Bulgarian thiab South Ukrainian keeb kwm.
Cov cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm thaj chaw Pontic, uas nyob hauv thaj av nruab nrab Volga thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Don, tau nyob los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg no nrog Ural nta. Qhov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov nqa khoom ntawm ntau yam relict ntau yam.
Thaj chaw Pontic kuj yog sawv cev los ntawm Lower Danube hom. Cov no yog Ukrainians ntawm sab hnub poob thiab yav qab teb keeb kwm. Niaj hnub no lawv nyob compactly hauv cheeb tsam Odessa thiab hauv Transnistria. Qhov no kuj suav nrog Russified Moldavians, Bulgarians, Greeks - cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm kev sib yuav. Hom Pontic no tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm Central Russian version.
Qhov no kuj suav nrog hom Don-Sur. Cov no yog Great Russians teej tug mus rau Northern European pawg. Lawv hu lawv sab qaum teb pontis. Pab pawg no tuaj txog li cas? Sab qaum teb Pontid (duab hauv qab no) yog kev sib xyaw ntawm Pontic haiv neeg nrog Nordids thiab ib nrab nrog Cro-Manids.
Tom qab kev sib xyaw zoo li no, qee cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg no tau pib sib txawv ntawm lub teeb (xiav lossis grey) ob lub qhov muag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv cov plaub hau khaws nws lub suab tsaus, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub spectrum ntawm brunette mus rau lub teeb chestnut. Thaum piav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm sab qaum teb pontid, nws pom tseeb tias nws tau dhau los ua ze rau Nordic. Kev tawm mus los ntawm hom Mediterranean ua rau cov tawv nqaij sib dua li B altids thiab Nordids.
Northern Pontic kev faib tawm
Anthropological hom, thaj chaw hauv thaj av ntawm Oka, Seim, Desna tus dej, nrog rau sab saud ntawm Khopra,Sura, Tsna thiab Don, muaj, tsis zoo li lwm pab pawg ntawm Russians, ib co manifestations yam ntxwv ntawm yav qab teb Caucasians.
Yog li, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm sab qaum teb Pontida - ib tug poj niam - yog tus tswv ntawm lub ntsej muag nqaim thiab qis dua, uas tseem muaj qhov qhia tau yooj yim dua kab rov tav profile. Hauv cov txiv neej ntawm hom no, ntxiv rau, hwj txwv loj hlob zoo nkauj.
Lub npe "sab qaum teb pontide", raws li tau hais los saum no, tau muab rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg Lavxias los ntawm V. V. Bunak. Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau kho hom no hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev. Lawv hu nws Eastern Great Lavxias teb sab, Ryazan, Ryazan-Penza, Don-Sura, Tambov-Penza, Middle Oka, thiab qee zaum qis Oka-Don-Sura.
Keeb Kwm
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Northern Pontid hom, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, tej zaum yuav yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb suav tias lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv yog pab pawg neeg nyob rau sab hnub tuaj (sab qab teb) ceg ntawm Slavs uas nyob hauv Ryazan-Murom, Pereslavl, Seversk thiab Chernigov thaj av. Lwm tus yog cov kev xav tias sab qaum teb Pontid yog hom anthropological, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pab pawg neeg thiab kev sib yuav nrog cov Slavs, uas nyob rau yav tas los nyob hauv thaj chaw nyob raws li ciam teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kievan Rus. Thaum lub sij hawm muaj nyob ntawm Khazar Khaganate, North Pontics, muaj peev xwm, tau nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv. Nws yog xav tias lawv tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam Eastern Slavs. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev swb ntawm Khazars thiab kev puas tsuajLawv lub xeev, Pontics, hloov mus rau symbiosis nrog cov Slavs. Tom qab ntawd, lawv cov tsiaj sab qaum teb tau tsim.
Tseem muaj kev xav tias hom Pontic muaj lub hauv paus chiv keeb autochthonous hauv thaj chaw ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub-Caspian steppes. Raws li cov kev txiav txim no, kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg los ntawm Mediterranean tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog qhov no.
Nyob zoo
Tus txiv neej thiab poj niam ntawm Northern Pontids yooj yim taug qab ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov neeg zoo li no yog me me. Lawv tsis zoo li yuav ua tau ntau dua 10-15% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem hauv lub tebchaws.
Severopontians feem ntau pom ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm thaj av dub nyob hauv thaj tsam nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov channel ntawm Middle Oka. Cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm hom no, raws li lawv cov cim txawv ntawm cov neeg ntawm B altic hom, qee zaum suav tias yog "tsis yog Lavxias". Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog ib tug delusion nyob rau hauv relation mus rau sab qaum teb pontid. Qhov kev xav no tsis yog rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tiam 15-20.
Ntse
Northern Pontics yog ib ceg ntawm haiv neeg dawb, uas tsis yog ib feem ntawm nws sab qab teb lossis sab qaum teb ntau yam. Dab tsi yog yam ntxwv ntawm hom haiv neeg no? Piv txwv li, ib tug ntxhais qaum teb Pontid yog txaus nyiam nrog nws slenderness, me ntsis slanting xim av los yog grey-ntsuab-xiav ob lub qhov muag ntawm ib tug indefinite xim, tuab nyias ncaj los yog me ntsis curly plaub hau ntawm tsaus, tab sis tsis dub tones. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no muaj lub ntsej muag nqaim. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm rau lawv yog ib qho o me ntsis ntawm daim tawv muag sab sauv. Zoo sib xwsqhov tshwm sim tshwm sim nrog qhov loj ntawm qhov muag qhov muag. Lawv kuj hu ua khoob lossis gothic. Yog li ntawd, thaum xaiv cov neeg ua yeeb yam rau cov yeeb yaj kiab txog vampires, tus thawj coj, raws li txoj cai, nrhiav kev caw ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Northern Pontids los tua.
Lwm tus yam ntxwv thiab qhov xav tsis thoob ntawm hom anthropological no yog tias thaum lub sij hawm sib xyaw ua txij ua nkawm lawv nqus, zoo li "kev tawg" hauv lawv tus kheej, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas lwm haiv neeg muaj. Ntawd yog, tsuas yog North Pontics yug los ntawm North Pontic thiab ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm tus neeg. Ntxiv mus, xws heredity tuaj yeem taug tsis tau tsuas yog sab nraud, tab sis kuj los ntawm phenotype thiab genotype.
Lub ntsej muag ntawm North Pontics yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov uas yog ib txwm rau cov neeg ntawm Mediterranean. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv lub ntsej muag yeej tsis nthuav upwards. Qhov muag me ntsis slanted. Thiab lawv lub qhov ntswg qee zaum ncaj, thiab qee zaum snub-nosed. Tab sis yeej tsis humpbacked thiab yeej me me. Qhov no yog dab tsi distinguishes lawv los ntawm Mediterraneans. Los ntawm txoj kev, me ntsis slanted ob lub qhov muag yog ib qho ncha ntawm haiv neeg Mongoloid. Xws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib xyaw cov khoom no nrog Caucasoid yog tib qho. Tom qab tag nrho, vim yog kev sib yuav, cov xeeb ntxwv ib txwm muaj lub ntsej muag siab thiab dav, tsis nqaim lub ntsej muag.
Tus cwj pwm zoo
Nyob rau hauv lawv lub hlwb thiab tus cwj pwm, Northern Pontics muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog hom haiv neeg Nordic.
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom anthropological no yog qhov tsaus ntuj, ua siab loj thiab tawv ncauj heev. Tej zaum lawv ua phem. Cov neeg no tsis yog dag thiabkev ntxeev siab.
Raws li cov Mediterraneans, uas cov Pontics zoo li, lawv frivolous heev. Lawv txawv los ntawm liveliness ntawm tus cwj pwm. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom anthropological no nyiam ua suab nrov, gesticulate ntau thiab hlub. Nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm no, nws yog txaus kom nco qab lub qab teb Fabkis thiab Italians. Cov neeg no hais tias "nyob rau hauv lawv lub siab", sib ntaus sib tua thiab yeej tsis nco lawv lub sij hawm kom tau tus kheej nce.
Kev piav qhia
Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias sab qaum teb pontide yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm peb hom. Ntawm lawv:
- leptorosopic, dolichocephalic hom ntawm Central European keeb kwm;
- meso- lossis leptoprosopic, dolichocephalic hom Golind-B alts;
- leptorosopic, hom dolichocephalic, muaj "steppe" keeb kwm.
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau haiv neeg tam sim no, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nyob hauv Russia thiab Ukraine, Bulgaria thiab Romania, Poland, Serbia thiab Croatia.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov yam ntxwv txawv ntawm cov neeg no. Xws li:
- kev loj hlob;
- leptosome lub cev hom;
- cov kab plaub hau tau tsim heev;
- xiav, xim av, lub ntsej muag sib xyaw;
- nruab nrab pob txha dav;
- dawb-daj-liab xim tawv nqaij;
- ncaj pob muag;
- daim di ncauj muaj tuab tuab;
- ncaj lossis snub nose;
- nruab nrab cheekbone dav;
- lub puab tsaig;
- mediumlub hauv pliaj qhov siab nrog ib tug me ntsis sloping duab;
- ntsej muag nqaim nrog lub ntsej muag index tshaj 88;
- rov qab lub taub hau me ntsis convex.
Kev txiav txim siab lwm yam
Cov kws tshawb fawb uas siv cov txheej txheem typological rau kev faib haiv neeg tsis siv lo lus "Northern Pontid". Lub tswv yim no tau qhia los ntawm V. Bunak rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv pej xeem txoj kev los daws teeb meem kev tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1932, tus kws tshawb fawb no tau taw qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm North Pontic hom, nthuav tawm nws nrog peb ntau yam. Ntawm lawv yog Polissya, Central-East European thiab General, uas sib haum mus rau East Great Lavxias teb sab. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tom qab, sau nyob rau hauv 1962, V. Bunak me ntsis hloov cov kev faib nws tsim.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm txoj kev xav txog txoj haujlwm no. Piv txwv li, Alekseev qhia ib qho txawv me ntsis ntawm kev xav. Nws ntseeg hais tias lub xub ntiag ntawm lub teeb qhov muag thiab cov plaub hau daj tsaus nti tsis muab txoj cai los sib sau ua ke ntau haiv neeg rau hauv ib pawg. Tom qab tag nrho, cov paib zoo li no tau nthuav dav heev.
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, Alekseev tau hais tawm qhov kev xav tias peb qhov sib txawv ntawm sab qaum teb Pontics, uas Bunak tau taw qhia, tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog hom no thaum xav txog nws ntawm cov pejxeem. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov pej xeem Polissian tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau hom Cro-Magnoid, thiab tej zaum kuj yog Cro-Magnid-Alpine sib tov. Raws li rau Central East European ntau haiv neeg, nws yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov haiv neeg xws li Nordic, Cromanoid thiab East B altic. Txhua tus tib lub sijhawmmuaj qhov sib txawv. Cov pej xeem East Velikorosskaya, raws li Alekseev, tau nthuav tawm tsuas yog los ntawm hom Nordic. Tsuas muaj me me ntawm Eastern B altids thiab Mediterraneans hauv nws. Raws li cov lus piav qhia no, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov neeg uas tau nthuav tawm tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog Pontians lossis lawv cov khoom sib xyaw.
